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INTRODUCTION 



TO 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 

|r.ont Jitam to t\t ^mtnt&m at €\mt: 



COMPRISING 5573 YEARS OF THE WORLD, SYNCHRONIZED 
WITH JULIAN TIME. 



WITH SUCH CALENDARS, CYCLES, TABLES, AND EXPLANATIONS, 
AS RENDER THE WHOLE SUBJECT EASY OF COMPRE- 
HENSION TO EVERY BIBLE STUDENT. 



BY REV. PETER AKERS, D. D., 

PRESIDENT OF m'kENDREE COLLEGE. 



Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, 
and he -will show thee ; thy elders, and they will tell thee. — Moses. 




&.A s/um** IS 



Cincinnati: 

PRINTED AT THE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN, 
FOR THE AUTHOR. 

R. P. THOMPSON, PRINTER. 
1855. 



,/\7 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, 

BY PETER AKERS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Ohio. 



MAR 26 1929 



.\\\\\ v.\ 



/ I / /? 



PREFACE. jio 



It is proved, in this -work, that the ancient solar year, as 
noted in the Scriptures, before the dispersion from Babel, 
and afterward used by various nations, without any regard 
to the precession of the equinoxes, consisted of twelve months 
of thirty days each, with five added after the last of them, 
and six every fourth year. Not only did the covenant people 
of God use this kind of year, as late as the exodus, but the 
Egyptians also did from the beginning of their national exist- 
ence by Mizraim ; for when Thoth, a grandson of Ham, and 
son of Misor, furnished them, for sacred purposes, a calendar, 
whose year contained 365 days only, he made its first day 
begin with the first day of A. M. 2540; that is, the 278th 
year after the Flood, as required by the Septuagint Scrip- 
tures. This day synchronized with Wednesday, September 
fourteenth, A. J. P. 1707. From this beginning day of 
Egyptian years, to A. M. 3899, the year required for the 
exodus by the Septuagint -copy of the Scriptures, every 
definite chronological call, in Egyptian history, is exactly 
met; and the last call, made by Manetho, for " Hoses'' " to 
depart out of Egypt, as leader of a people, " 511 years from 
the first year of Salatis," the first shepherd king, synchro- 
nizes exactly with the required year for the exodus last 
mentioned. This was the Egyptian sacred year 1361, from 
the beginning of their calendar. In demonstration of the 
correctness of this synchronism, continue to run the Egyp- 



4 PREFACE. 

tian calendar from the exodus through the years of the 
world, and those of the Julian period, to the first day of 
the era of Nabonassar, a fixed point in chronology, and 
Wednesday, the twenty-sixth of February, A. J. P. 3967, 
will prove to be both the first day of that era and also 
the first day of the Egyptian sacred year 2262, numbered 
from the first of Mizraim, as above stated. This unmistak- 
able synchronism of Egyptian and Scripture years is thus 
established, from the first day of A. M. 2540, A. J. P. 
1707, Wednesday, September fourteenth, unto A. M. 4799, 
Adar sixteenth; that is, A. J. P. 3967, Wednesday, Feb- 
ruary twenty-sixth. And this synchronism, thus confirmed, 
establishes the truth of the Septuagint numbers from Adam 
to the exodus ; for from no other day of the week, nor 
day of the month, nor year of the world, could the synchro- 
nism begin and correspond throughout with the demands of 
history. It also establishes the number of years, as we have 
counted them, from the exodus to the era of ISTabonassar ; 
for no other than A. M. 3899, and A. J. P. 3067, would 
both correspond to the Egyptian year required for the 
exodus, and, also, by continuing the synchronism, admit of 
its actual connection with the era of Nabonassar. It affords 
irresistible proof that this Babylonian and this Egyptian year 
always began on the same day, and that the latter began, 
as above stated, on the first day of A. M. 2540.' It repu- 
diates the notion entertained by Censorinus, and others, that 
this Egyptian year had its beginning coincident with the 
Heliacal rising of Sirius, the rising of which, according to 
Clemens Alexandrinus, was unknown to the Egyptians till 
hundreds of years after the exodus. It shows that the years 
of the world began in autumn, and fixes the accession of 
Menes to Wednesday, July twenty-second, A. J. P. 1924; 
B. C. 2790; A. M. 2756. As there can be no dispute about 



PREFACE. O 

the number of years from the era of Nabonassar to the 
Christian era, our number, from Adam to the last date, we 
consider as verified by the above-mentioned synchronism. 

We have ascertained, from the Scriptures, the calendar, 
as altered at the exodus for commemorative and typical pur- 
poses, and used by the Jews unto Christ. We bespeak for 
it a close, constant Scriptural examination. It is the only 
one used in the Scriptures after the exodus. Lunar calen- 
dars, and that of Archbishop Usher, have been sufficiently 
explained to enable general readers of the Bible to under- 
stand and test their merits when applied to Scripture chro- 
nology. 

The work itself was commenced and prosecuted to its 
present state in very embarrassing circumstances. Books of 
reference were remarkably scarce and unsatisfactory. Inves- 
tigations, however difficult, had often to be made, mentally, 
from a few recollections, either in actual travel from place 
to place, or in the dark and silent bed-room, when anxiety 
precluded needful sleep, or amid necessary hinderances in the 
constant service of the Church. The author had no previous 
plan, nor, indeed, any leader to consult on some of the most 
interesting points of inquiry. The form, therefore, which it 
has assumed, is chiefly the result of progressive efforts to 
elicit truth, and detect error, on this neglected subject of 
deep interest. His constant aim has been to rescue the cal- 
endar of the holy Scriptures from the darkness cast upon 
it by the Jews, and those who have adopted their traditions, 
and to make it available, like other portions of Bible teach- 
ing, to the edification of the Church of God. 

Continued subjection to a double amount of labor super- 
induced such an affliction as occasioned a delay of the work, 
and also a termination of it somewhat short of what was 
desirable; yet it is believed that the most important points 



6 PREFACE, 

have been sufficiently noticed to enable Bible readers gener- 
ally to comprehend the whole subject, and correctly to inves- 
tigate every kindred question that may arise. As a help, 
therefore, to those who need it, this " Introduction to Bib- 
lical Chronology" is diffidently submitted, in hope that the 
mere critic will spare its numerous faults, and that the Great 
Head of the Church will make it a blessing to his people. 

P. Akers. 
MKendree College, June 2, 1855. 



DIRECTIONS 



1. In every synchronical cycle the corresponding Sabbaths, 
in the months of the two synchronized years, are indicated 
by the figures on parallel lines, by which figures, also, the 
correspondent intervening days of the week, in each kind 
of month, will readily be suggested. 

2. To find the correspondent day of the month and of the 
week in years of different eras : If they be a year of the 
world, and its corresponding year of the Julian period, divide 
the year of the world by twenty-eight, the remainder will 
be the year of the synchronical cycle, between pp. 33-40; 
or, if no remainder, the twenty-eighth will be the year of 
the cycle. Look for the required day of the month in that 
year of the world, and on the right hand parallel may be 
found the correspondent day of the month, and of the week, 
in Julian time, according to the first direction above. 

3. Proceed in the same way for any year of the Exode of 
Israel, to find its synchronisms with Julian time. This syn- 
chronical cycle is on pp. 123-131. 

4. For any Usherian year of the world, and Julian time, 
proceed in the same manner. This cycle is found on pp. 
203-209. 

5. The days of any Egyptian sacred year, or of any year 
of Xabonassar, as found in the General Table, may be syn- 
chronized with those of any corresponding year of the Julian 
period, year of the world, or Rabbinical year of the world, 
according to illustrations given pp. 78-80. 



8 DIRECTIONS. 

6. To avoid mistakes, pay particular attention to the times 
of the beginning and ending of different kinds of years. All 
years of the world begin in the autumn of the Julian years, 
which precede those in which the former end, and with which 
they stand parallel in the General Table. All years of the 
Exode of Israel begin in the spring of one Julian year and 
end in the next. All sacred Egyptian years, and those of 
Nabonassar, Olympic years, and years A. U. C, begin, as 
noted in the General Table, in the parallel Julian years, and 
end in the following. All years of Jewish reigns, servitudes, 
etc., begin in the preceding and end in the Julian years oppo- 
site their respective numbers. 

Finally. This A. M. 7400, composed of parts of A. D. 
1854 and 1855, will end Wednesday, September twenty-sixth. 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER I. 

Scripture method of recording the years of the world — Table of years to the 
Flood, according to the Hebrew, Samaritan, Alexandrian Septuagint, and Jose- 
phus — Thence a Table, by same authorities, to the birth of Abraham, with a 
correction of sixty years — Short account of these different authorities — Years 
continued to exodus, A. M. 3899 Page 11 

CHAPTER II. 

The length of years and months prior to the exodus — Synchronical cycle of 
the years of the world and of Julian time 20 

CHAPTER III. 

Explanations of A. M., B. C, A. J. P., A. D., Dominical or Sunday Letters, 
Olympic years, A. U. C, the Julian cycle 41 

CHAPTER IY. 

Era of Nabonassar explained — Reigns of its kings for 424 years — Correction 
of one year — Length of the years of this era — Calendar and cycle of these 
years — This measure used among the Egyptians 2261 years before the era of 
Nabonassar began 51 

CHAPTER V. 

The years of the world, as noted in the Scriptures, and those of the Egyptians, 
as noted by Manetho, synchronized at the exodus — This is proved by reversing 
the years of Nabonassar to the first day demanded for the 217 years reported by 
Syncellus, in the "Old Egyptian Chronicle," and by the 511 years of Manetho, 
beginning with Salatis, the first shepherd king, and ending with the year that 
" Osarsiph," or " Moses," as he says, conducted the Israelites, or " descendants 
of the shepherd kings, out of Egypt" — Synchronisms of Egyptian and other 
years — Equinoxes and their precession did not regulate the calendar of Moses 59 

CHAPTER VI. 

Confusion of tongues and dispersion from Babylon synchronical with the set- 
tlement of Egypt — The division of the earth, which occasioned the name of 
Peleg, was physical, not political — Various reasons and proofs of this view of 
the subject 81 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER VII. 

Mosaic calendar, collected from the Bible and Josephus— First day of the feast 
of unleavened bread, or Jewish Passover, proved to be always on Saturday, 
their Sabbath — The original and Christian Sabbath proved to be always on the 
day of Pentecost, Sunday Page 98 

CHAPTER VIII. 

The Jewish calendar is synchronized with Julian time, in a cycle of twenty 
eight years — This proved to be true by its correspondence to the claims of the 
law 122 

CHAPTER IX. 

The Rabbinical cycle of 247 years, containing thirteen Lunar cycles of nine- 
teen years each, beginning on Monday, October seventh, A. J. P. 953, or in Gre- 
gorian time reversed, Monday, October third, the same as in A. D. 1921, etc. (See 
the cycle) — A table of fourteen different kinds of Jewish years, to one or other 
of which each year in the 247 refers by its index — Days in each Lunar cycle, 
and in each cycle of 247 years, and beginning and ending of each in Julian 
time— Metonic cycle of Julius Caesar — Epact — Metonic cycle of the Council of 
Nice — Thoughts on the calendar of the Jews — Thirty-nine Jewish years syn- 
chronized with Julian time, according to the calendar adopted by the Council 
of Nice 136 

CHAPTER X. 

Usher's chronology proved to be in a state of confusion, as it appears in 
Clarke's Commentary, and shown to be incorrect and discordant with Scrip- 
ture requirements, as adjusted by the Archbishop himself — A synchronical 
cycle of it with Julian time is given 197 

CHAPTER XI. 
Some practical uses of the Mosaic calendar, beginning at the exodus. . . . 211 

CHAPTER XII. 

The time which elapsed between the exodus and laying the foundation of 
the Temple, in the fourth year of Solomon, being An. Ex. Isr. 621 227 

CHAPTER XIII. 

This chapter contains thirty-six years of Solomon's reign, and niuety-five 
years thence to the deaths of Jehoram and Ahaziah on the same day, making, 
in all, 131 years 241 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Athaliah, Joash, or Jehoash, Amaziah, minority and reign of Uzziah, Jotham, 
Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Anion, Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiakin, 
and Zedekiah reigned over the house of Judah; and Jehu, Jehoahaz, Jehoash, 
Jeroboam 1\, Zechariah, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah, P«kah, and Hoshei 



CONTENTS. XI 

reigned over the house of Israel, which was taken into captivity by Skalmane- 
zer B. C. 719 — This chapter extends through 308 years, from the first of Atha- 
liah, B. C. 895, A. J. P. 3819, to the last of Zedekiah, B. 0. 587, A. J. P. 
4127 Page 244 

CHAPTER XV. 

The beginning and ending of the seventy years captivity fixed; and the 
chapter contains, also, from the burning of the Temple to the dedication of 
the new one, in the sixth year of Darius Hystaspes, just seventy years, thus 
making two beginnings and endings for the seventy years captivity 250 

CHAPTER XVI. 

This chapter contains 514 years, to the crucifixion of Christ, A. J. P. 4741, 
A. D. 28, as established by the prophecy of Daniel and other events. ..... 257 

CHAPTER XVII. 

This chapter contains twenty-four selected prophecies, on each of which 
only a few leading remarks are submitted 262 

General Table 283 

Public Ministry of Christ 385 

Questions on the Chapters 389 



INTRODUCTION 

TO 

BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CHAPTER I. 

SCRIPTURAL YEARS OF THE WORLD. 

1. Chronology is tlie science of time, the method of ascertain- 
ing the true periods, or years, when past events took place, and 
arranging them in their proper order, according to their dates. 

2. Biblical chronology must be sought, chiefly, in that method 
which is found in the Holy Bible, by which a true knowledge of 
past events, as there perpetuated, may be obtained. 

3. This method varies somewhat, at different times and 
places, as noted in the Scriptures. 

4. From Adam to the birth of Jacob, the method chiefly used 
for this purpose, by the progenitors of the promised Messiah, 
was, as Josephus says — Antq., b. i, c. 3, sec. 3 — " Those who 
then lived noted down, with great accuracy, both the births 
and the deaths of illustrious men." 

5. One of the books of the antediluvian patriarchs, contain- 
ing such an account, is still to be found in the fifth chapter 
of Genesis. It is there said, in our common Bible, Adam 
lived 130 years, and begat Seth. And Seth lived 105 years, 
and begat Enos, etc. 

6. The years which each patriarch lived before the birth of 
his successor, must be added together, till they are brought 
down to some given event, as the Flood, in order to ascertain 
in what year of the world it occurred. 

7. In thus keeping the chronology, "with great accuracy," 
the past fraction of the current year of the world, at the birth 
of the successor, would most likely be counted in his first year ; 
for this method of computation, in respect to successors in 
government, was evidently practiced by the Jews, Babylonians, 



12 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Egyptians, and Persians, in after times. The whole of the 
current year might have been counted to the progenitor, and 
then his successor's first year would begin, without deranging 
the years of the world. But we have no illustration of a 
similar practice, in relation to the succession of kings. And 
the former method seems to be indicated by subsequent prac- 
tice, while the first year of the world was also the first in the 
life of Adam, though he was created on its sixth day. 

8. The year of the Flood is noticed — Gen. vii, 11 — according 
to this method of noting the chronology of the world. "In 
the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, 
the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the 
fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of 
heaven were opened." The years of Noah's life, as they were 
noted in "the book of the generations of Adam," synchronized 
in months and days with the current years of the world ; and 
so did those of all the patriarchs, from Adam to the birth of 
Jacob. A short-lived notice of the clay of one's birth may 
have been kept in each family; but the years of the world 
could only be kept accurately for " our instruction, upon whom 
the ends of the world are come," as above stated. 

9. These genealogical tables, so far as the ages of persons 
are mentioned in the Bible, are chiefly confined to the pro- 
genitors of the Messiah — whose early promise to mankind 
seems to have been the reason of their early adoption. 

The following table presents the generations of the Ante- 
diluvian Patriarchs, according to the respective authorities of 
the Hebrew, Samaritan, Septuagint, and Josephus : 

TABLE, NO. I. 



Adam 


Lived before the birth of his Successor. 


Total length of Life. 


Heb. 


Sam. 


Sep. 


Jos. 


Heb. 

"930 
912 
905 
910 
895 
962 
365 
969 
777 


Sam. 

~930~ 
912 
905 
910 
895 
847 
365 
720 
653 


Sep. 


Jos. 


130 

105 

90 

70 

65 

162 

65 

187 

182 

600 


130 

105 

90 

70 

65 

62 

65 

67 

53 

600 

"1307 


230 
205 
190 
170 
165 
162 
165 
187 
188 
600 

2262 


230 
205 
190 
170 
165 
162 
165 
187 
182 
600 
"2256" 


930 
912 
905 
910 
895 
962 
365 
969 
753 


930 
912 
905 
910 
895 
962 
365 
969 
777 


Seth 






Mahalaleel 


Enoch 


Methusalah 


Noah at the Flood 
Total to the Flood 


1656 



YEARS OF THE WO ELD. 



13 



10. "We have, in the foregoing table, the principal authorities 
upon which chronology depends for support, from the creation 
of Adam to the year of the Flood inclusive — the Hebrew, 
Samaritan, and the Alexandrian Septuagint copies of the 
holy Scriptures, together with the chronology of Josephus, 
for the same period, as by himself — see preface to his An- 
tiquities — "interpreted out of the Hebrew Scriptures." He 
having translated his Antiquities from the Hebrew Scriptures, 
and published them in the Greek language, about A. D. 93, 
has thus proved, as may be seen by the above table, that, 
when he wrote them, the Hebrew and Septuagint chronology, 
for that period, exactly agreed, except six years in the life 
of Lamech, before the birth of Noah. 

In the following table we give the generations of the Post- 
diluvian Patriarchs, to the birth of Abraham : 







TABLE, NO. II. 








Shem after the Flood 

Arphaxad 

Cainan 


Lived tefore his Successor. 


Total Length of Lii'e. j 


Heb. 


Sam-. 


Sep. 


Jos. 


Heb. 


Sam. 


Sep. 


2 
35 

30 
34 
30 
32 
30 
29 
70 


2 
135 

130 
134 
130 
132 
130 
79 
70 


2 
135 
130 
130 
134 
130 
132 
130 
79 
70 


12 
135 

130 
134 
130 
130 
132 
120 
70 


600 

438 

433 
464 
239 
239 
230 
148 
205 


600 
438 

433 

404 
239 
239 
230 
148 
145 


600 
538 
460 
433 
404 
339 
339 
230 
208 
205 


Salah 

Eber 

Peleg.. ." 

Reu 




Nahor 


Terah 


To Abraham 

To Flood 

Total to Abraham 


292 
1656 
1948 


942 
1307 

2249 


1072 
2262 


993 
2256 

~3249~ 


3334 



11. A single correction is required in the second table. 
Though Terah was only seventy years old at the birth of 
his first son, yet, as the Hebrew and Septuagint both say — 
Gen. xi, 32 — that he died aged 205, when Abraham was 
called, being seventy-five years old — Gen. xii, 4 — it is evident 
that his birth was sixty years later in the life of Terah. This 
correction requires the birth of Abraham, according to the 
Hebrew, A. M. 2008 ; the Samaritan, A. M. 2309 ; Septuagint, 
A. M. 3394 ; and, according to Josephus, A. M. 3309. We 
adopt the Septuagint thus corrected. 

12. The Hebrew text was preserved with great care, and 



14 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

commanded by Moses to be put by the side of the "ark of 
the covenant," "where it chiefly remained till the destruction 
of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar, B. C. 587. Copies of the 
sacred books were held by pious Jews during the captivity. 
And about the 30th of December, A. J. P. 4254, B. C. 460, 
under the decree of Artaxerxes Longimanus, a Persian king, 
Ezra, assisted by others of the great synagogue, commenced 
arrangements for a removal from Babylon to Jerusalem, for 
the purpose of restoring the Jewish law and worship, under 
the second temple, which had been built according to the 
decree of Cyrus, which issued B. C. 536. This great work 
was faithfully executed by Ezra, the inspired scribe of the 
Lord, by collecting the copies of the law, and enforcing a 
corrected edition of the whole upon the Jews. In doing this, 
and till his own writings, the book of Nehemiah, and the 
prophecy of Malachi, were added, the first "seven weeks," or 
forty-nine years of Daniel's " seventy weeks," were occupied. 
Malachi, the last of the prophets, then told the Jews "to 
remember the law of Moses, which was commanded in Horeb, 
for all Israel, with the statutes and judgments." Then were 
"sealed up the vision and prophecy." This was A. J. P. 4303, 
B. C. 411. The Hebrew text, as thus presented, continued 
without material alteration till the time of Christ ; when the 
Hebrew Scriptures became much neglected, because of the 
prevalence of the Greek language, which had contained a faith- 
ful translation of the Hebrew Scriptures for about three hun- 
dred years. However, in the second century, both Jews and 
Christians turned their attention to the critical study of the 
Hebrew Bible ; and some Greek versions were completed. One 
of these was by Aquilla, an apostate from Christianity to 
Judaism. And the Hexapla of Origen gives the Hebrew text, 
as it existed in the east, from A. D. 200 to the end of the 
fifth century. Many discrepancies were discovered in the 
Hebrew manuscripts, and the Jews collated copies, and col- 
lected various readings, which appeared in the Jerusalem Tal- 
mud, about A. D. 280. About the beginning of the sixth 
century, the learned Jews revised and published the sacred 
text in two parts. The true reading they called the Masorah ; 



YEARS OF THE WORLD. 15 

and the meaning, they named the Mishna and Gemara. Since 
that time, the Hebrew Bible has remained about the same. 
(See Home's Introduction.) 

13. The Samaritan copy of the Pentateuch was used by the 
people of Samaria. They were a mixture, descended of rem- 
nants of the ten tribes, and such nations as the king of Assyria 
put in the place of the former, when they were carried into 
captivity. The priest who was sent back into Samaria, by the 
king of Assyria, to teach the new settlers " the manner of the 
God of the land," could only give them such Scriptures as the 
ten tribes then had — the five books of Moses. These were 
written in the old Phenician letters. And when, on the return 
of the other tribes from captivity at Babylon, certain disaf- 
fected Jews, with Manasseh, a son of Jehoiada, the high-priest, 
at their head, attached themselves to the Samaritans, no other 
parts of the sacred text were added, lest it might be discovered 
that Jerusalem was the only place where they should offer their 
sacrifices. From this time, their worship better resembled that 
of the Jews. And in the time of Alexander, they obtained 
leave to build a temple on Mount Gerizim. They preserved 
copies of the Pentateuch in the original Hebrew character. 

14. The Septuagint copy of the Scriptures is a Greek transla- 
tion from the Hebrew, made at Alexandria, about B. C. 280. It 
received the stamp of the highest Jewish authorities ; was intro- 
duced into their synagogues ; was statedly used by Jesus Christ 
and his apostles ; and for about four hundred years was consid- 
ered by all the Jews as a faithful translation of the word of God. 

15. By reference to Table I, it may be seen, that Josephus, 

who compiled his history, as he states, "out of the Hebrew 

Scriptures," entirely supports the Septuagint numbers down to 

the Flood, except six years already mentioned. This fact carries 

the more force in it, because, as he wrote in the latter part of 

the first century, and before the Jews were charged with 

corrupting the Hebrew text, it proves that the Greek and 

Hebrew Scriptures were then in agreement. And in Table II, 

reaching from the Flood to the birth of Abraham, there is an 

exact agreement between the Samaritan and Septuagint, except 

in the life of Cainan, which the latter alone retains. 

2 



16 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

16. In the second table, the Septuagint gives 130 years to 
Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, before the birth of Salah. This 
number of years is lost from the other copies of that period. 
But Luke, one of the inspired penmen of the New Testament — 
ch. iii, 35, 36 — confirms the Septuagint, and numbers the 
" Cainan" now omitted in the Hebrew — "Salah, which was 
the son of Cainan, which was the son of Arphaxad," etc., thus 
giving Cainan a place in the genealogical line of which the 
Christ came. Without him Abram would not belong to "the 
tenth generation after the Flood." 

17. About sixty years after the Septuagint translation was 
made, B. C. 220, Demetrius, as quoted by Polyhister, and pre- 
served in the works of Eusebius, stated, that, from Adam to the 
coming of Jacob's family into Egypt, there were 3624 years; 
and from the Elood to the same event, that there were 1362 
years. This agrees exactly with the Septuagint at present, 
And allowing the correction of sixty years in the life of Terah, 
before the birth of Abraham, as proved in this chapter, these 
sums present the identical chronology which is adopted in this 
work, down to the exodus. 

18. Eupolemus, who wrote many years after the above writer, 
states that from Adam to the fifth year of Demetrius, King of 
Syria, there were 5349 years. This agrees with the above 
writer, and with the Septuagint chronology. But the author of 
this Introduction has been compelled to receive thirty-nine years 
more after the exode than Eupolemus mentions, as reaching to 
the fifth year of that king from Adam. This makes 5388 to 
the "fifth year of Demetrius." The Septuagint numbers, like 
the dates of other copies of the inspired testimony, have been 
subject, more or less, to alterations; and, therefore, they may 
sometimes need correction. 

19. According to the Hebrew numbers of the second table, 
there was evidently not sufficient time, 101 years, between the 
Elood and the birth of Peleg, to justify what must have been 
done before, or about the time of that event — confounding " the 
language of the whole earth," at the building of Babel, that 
they might not understand one another's speech — "scattering 
them abroad upon the face of the whole earth" — "dividing 



YEARS OP THE WORLD. 17 

them into nations," and the founding of cities and empires. 
There could not, on the most liberal mode of calculation, have 
been more than 1,000 or 1,200 human beings, great and small, 
on the earth at the time of the birth of Peleg, according to the 
present numbers of the Hebrew. And of these a third part 
could not have been grown men ; the whole could have been 
comfortably seated in one of our city churches of respectable 
size. And again, Abraham, according to the short numbers, 
was called to leave "his kindred" only 427 years after the 
Flood. In the " family" of this "kindred" of Abraham, at 
the same time, Shem, Arphaxad, Salah, and Eber were still 
living. And at the same time, not only were populous king- 
doms nourishing in different countries, but some nations were 
old enough to be in a state of decline. (See Gen. xv. 16-21.) 
Moreover, the Hebrew, Samaritan, and Septuagint agree in 
giving Shem 500 years after the Flood; the last 148 years of 
which the Hebrew makes him live cotemporary with Abraham ; 
thus extending his life nearly through nine generations after 
the Flood ! But the most ancient authors who have referred to 
Abraham, represent him as living in the "tenth generation after 
the Flood" — to half of which number of generations no ancestor 
ever lived. 

20. From the foregoing, we think it is evident that, from the 
time of the translation of the Old Testament by the Seventy, 
under Ptolemy Philadelphus, B. C. 280, till about the close of 
A. D. 100, there was no material discrepancy between the Greek 
and Hebrew numbers of the holy Scriptures. For about 400 
years, the Septuagint received the sanction of the whole Jewish 
nation ; and, in the mean time, Jesus Christ and his apostles, 
and all the Jews, made constant use of the same, when the 
Scriptures were "searched diligently;" but without a word of 
complaint of their supposed incorrectness. 

21. As the Septuagint contains now the same numbers that it 
did, in the times above referred to, and as the Hebrew and 
Greek copies then agreed, it follows that the former must since 
have been altered. Accordingly the Jews have been gravely 
charged with this enormous offense, by the Christian fathers, 
Justin Martyr, Irenseus, Tertullian, Origen, Eusebius, etc. 



18 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

(See Patriarchial Age, p. 28.) The object which they seem to 
have in view, in offering this violence to the word of God, was 
so to shorten the chronology of the Old Testament that it might 
not appear from the world's age that the time had come in 
which to expect the promised Messiah. They believed that he 
would come in the sixth millenary, and that was verified by the 
chronology of the Bible when he was born at Bethlehem ; it 
being, as we hope to prove, more than midway in the sixth mil- 
lenary of the world. Hence the Jews, after they had rejected 
him, and their temple and city were demolished, and they them- 
selves were perpetually confounded by the Christians, subtracted 
100 years from each of the antediluvian and postdiluvian patri- 
archs, before the birth of their respective successors, except 
Jared, Methusalah, Lamech, and Noah, of the former, and 
Nahor, of the latter ; from which last they only took fifty years. 
Thus they shortened the chronology of the world, from Adam 
to the birth of Abraham — having left out 130 which had been 
given to Cainan — 1330 years. We have, therefore, adopted the 
Septuagint numbers from Adam to Abraham, with a single cor- 
rection already mentioned — in the age of Terah at Abraham's 
birth. After this period no serious difficulty occurs till the days 
of Joshua. We, therefore, set down the years from Adam to 
the exode of Israel, as follows : 

From Adam to the year of the Flood, inclusive 2262 

From the Flood to the birth of Abraham, as corrected 1132 

Thence to the call of Abraham, Gen. xii, 4 75 

Thence to the birth of Isaac, Gen. xxi, 5 25 

Thence to the birth of Jacob, Gen. xxv, 26 60 

Thence to his removal to Egypt, Gen. xlvii, 9 •. 130 

Thence to the exode under Moses 215 

Total from Adam to the exodus, A. M 3899 

That the Israelites were 215 years in Egypt, will be manifest 
if we consider the age of Abraham — seventy-five — when "he 
departed out of Haran," and became "a sojourner in the land 
of promise as in a strange country." From that time till Jacob 
and his family went into Egypt, were only 215 years ; but when 
they left Egypt — Ex. xii, 40 — it is said, " Now the sojourning of 
the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was 430 years." But 
the parallel places, in both the Septuagint and Samaritan copies, 



YEARS OF THE WORLD. 19 

according to Drs. Kennicott, Clarke, and others, read thus: 
"Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, and of their 
fathers, which they sojourned in the land of Canaan, and the 
land of Egypt, was 430 years." Paul — Gal. iii, 17 — says, while 
discussing a question of the law, "it was given 430 years after 
the promise." This was true to the letter; for much of the law, 
including the Jewish Sabbath also, was enforced from the very 
day of their departure from bondage. (See the 12th chapter of 
Exodus.) The 41st verse declares, that they went out on "the 
self -same day" that the 430 years ended. The items from the 
promise to Abraham, to the arrival of Jacob with his family 
in Egypt, being 215 years, it is, therefore, proved by the above 
Scriptures, that their stay in Egypt was 215 more; thus making 
the sum of 430 years, from the day of the promise to the day 
of the exode. 

We shall next aim at fixing upon the length of those years, 
and the number and length of their months. 



20 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



CHAPTER II. 

THE LENGTH OP YEARS AND MONTHS PRIOR TO THE 

EXODE. 

i. Richard Watson, evidently following Calmet, Michaelis, 
and other distinguished chronologers, says, "The Hebrews 
had always years of twelve months each; but at the beginning, 
and in the time of Moses, these were solar years, of twelve 
months, each having thirty days, except the twelfth, which had 
thirty-five. We see by the reckoning that Moses gives us of 
the days of the Deluge — Gen. vii — that the Hebrew year con- 
sisted of three hundred and sixty-five days. It is supposed that 
they had an intercalary month at the end of one hundred and 
twenty years, at which time the beginning of their year would 
be out of its place full thirty days." (Bib. Die, word Year.) 

2. Dr. Prideaux says, "Kepler indeed holds, that the Jewish 
year was a solar year, consisting of twelve months, of thirty 
days each, and an addition of five days after the last of them ; 
and our countrymen, Archbishop Usher and Mr. Lydiat, two 
of the most eminent chronologers that any age hath produced, 
go into the same opinion. Such a year, I acknowledge, was in 
use among the Chaldeans, from whom Abraham was descended, 
and also among the Egyptians, with whom the Israelites long 
lived; and I doubt not but that before their coming out of the 
land of Egypt, they also reckoned their time by the same form ; 
for the time of the Flood is manifestly computed by it in the 
book of Genesis — ch. vii, 11 ; viii, 3, 4 — one hundred and fifty 
days being there made equal to five months, which proves those 
months to have been thirty-day months." (1 Vol., Pref. 53.) 

3. Dr. Shuckford represents the most learned Joseph Scaliger 
and Archbishop Usher as holding the sentiment, "that the 
ancient Israelites computed their year in twelve months of thirty 
days each, adding five days at the end of the twelfth month 
yearly, and a sixth every fourth year. (3 Vol., Preface.) To the 
testimony of the last-mentioned authors may be added, on this 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND- MONTHS. 21 

method of supplying the defective days in the last month of a 
solar year, the opinion of that distinguished chronologer, Mr. 
Jackson, who says " it ivas the most ancient method of interca- 
lating the solar year." This opinion has abundant support 
among allusions to the subject of solar years, found in different 
fragments of national histories. But though this method of 
supplying the defective days at the end of the twelfth month, 
was evidently practiced by the covenant people of God before 
the exodus from Egypt, yet, from that event, certain changes 
on this subject were ordained, which regulated the Jewish cal- 
endar "unto Christ." This we shall establish by Scripture tes- 
timony in its proper place. 

4. We see from the previous quotations, which could be greatly 
increased, that it has been the current opinion of the most able 
chronologers, that the ancient solar year consisted of twelve 
months, of thirty days each, with five additional days after the 
last of them. But in supplying the defective fragment of six 
hours, some supposed that they intercalated an additional month 
of thirty days, every one hundred and twentieth year ; while 
others, for better reasons, we think, asserted, that, instead of 
five days, six were supplied to the last month every fourth year. 
This was the method which doubtless had obtained in Egypt, 
long before the Roman calendar was reformed by Sosigines, B. 
C. 45. Therefore the Roman year was, by that Egyptian 
astronomer, made to consist of 365, and every fourth year of 
366 days. Though the odd days were distributed on several 
months in the Roman year, its length exactly corresponded to 
the solar Egyptian. The Roman year, as thus reformed, con- 
tinued without alteration to be the acknowledged measure of 
time, upward of sixteen hundred years, even to A. D. 1582. 
And it is allowed, generally, that the same measure of a solar 
year had obtained from the beginning. It was on this principle 
that the learned Joseph Justus Scaliger constructed his celebra- 
ted Julian Period, of 7980 years. Therefore, no one hesitates 
to reverse them on the years of the world, from any synchron- 
ical point which may be selected. On this principle, also, Arch- 
bishop Usher constructed his calendar of the years of the world, 
each having twelve months, of thirty days' length ; to the last of 



22 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

which five more "were added annually, and six every fourth year ; 
thus making a complete solar cycle of the first twenty-eight 
years of the world. From a conviction of the correctness of this 
calendar of the ancient years, I had composed my synchronical 
cycle, found in this chapter, before I discovered from Dr. 
Clarke's quotations, that Archbishop Usher must have had one 
of a similar kind. This I will introduce in its proper place. 

5. That the years of the world, especially those mentioned in 
the Holy Bible, had only twelve months, is proved also by its 
own testimony. We instance 1 Kings iv, 7: "And Solomon 
had twelve officers over all Israel, which provided victuals for 
the king; each man his month in a year made provision." See 
also 1 Chron. xxvii, 1-15, a positive proof. This establishes the 
fact for Old Testament times; and Rev. xxii, 2, establishes the 
same truth for New Testament years : * * " The tree of life, 
which bare tivelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every 
month" This testimony can never be reconciled with the pres- 
ent Jewish method of intercalating a thirteenth month. These 
months, the holy Scriptures also prove, contained a solar year. 
That which was appointed at the exode began and ended in the 
spring season, as regulated by the demand for "the first ripe 
fruits," at the middle of the first month. And the civil year, 
which had doubtless been used from the beginning of the past 
ages, was still used for certain purposes ; and is positively men- 
tioned, Ex. xxiii, 16. The subject mentioned there is the feast 
of tabernacles, called in that verse, "the feast of ingathering, 
which is in the end of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy 
labors out of the field." These two kinds of years, the one 
ecclesiastical, and the other civil, though beginning six months 
apart, are thus required by the seasons to be solar years. 
Josephus, whose comments may not always be right, is, how- 
ever, competent to prove the number of months in a Jewish 
year, as recognized in the Mosaic law. And he says — Antiq., 
b. iii, c. 7, sec. 7 — "When Moses ordered twelve loaves to be 
set on the table, he denoted the year, as distinguished into so 
many months." This opinion of that great historian, proves, 
as we shall show more at large in a subsequent chapter, that, 
in his day, a thirteenth month was not used in the Jewish cal- 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS. 23 

endar. Indeed, if the new moon had to open each month of 
the year, there would be thirteen moons required in every solar 
year; for twelve moons only make three hundred and fifty- 
four days, which fall short of a solar year eleven days and 
about six hours. This might not reach the season of "the 
first ripe fruits." And if another moon should be intercalated, 
according to the method of the modern Jews, it would vary by 
excess still more from a solar year, and in either case render 
it impossible to comply with the Mosaic ritual at the appointed 
seasons. 

6. That the months of the ancient year of the Scriptures, 
never had less than thirty days each, is abundantly proved, 
also, by their own testimony. This fact was asserted by others, 
as quoted in the first two sections of this chapter. Reference 
was made to the seventh and eighth chapters of Genesis, where 
five months, that is, from " the seventeenth of the second," to 
"the seventeenth of the seventh month," were just "one hun- 
dred and fifty days." The Scriptures always, in the estimation 
of the ancient Jews, meant by a month, thirty days. For 
instance, Moses was told — Num. iii, 15 — to number every male 
of the children of Levi, " from a month old, and upward." 
This passage is, therefore, rendered by Josephus — Antiq., b. iii, 
c. 12, sec. 5 — "From thirty days old" etc. It must also be 
acknowledged by all, that the varied phraseology of the pre- 
dicted period of the man of sin, " a time, and times, and the 
dividing of time," of Dan. vii, 25, the " forty and two months," 
of Rev. xi, 2, and the "thousand two hundred and threescore 
days," of verse 3, comprehends each the same twelve hundred 
and sixty years, each day, in the different forms of the predic- 
tion, being taken for a year. The time, times, and half time 
of Daniel, and the forty and two months of Saint John, repre- 
sent each the same number of days, as expressed in the last- 
cited verse — " a thousand two hundred and sixty." And we 
learn, therefore, from the different forms of these symbols, that 
twelve months make a Scriptural year; that forty and two 
months are three years and a half; and that each month is 
equal to thirty days, because it takes forty- two to make twelve 
hundred and sixty. Hence it will be readily perceived, that 



24 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

the symbolic years, thus adopted by the prophets, in the 
several forms of this prediction, are neither solar nor lunar, 
each having just three hundred and sixty days. They are 
what Mr. Jackson calls "luni-solar." Yet the years, which 
have been thus symbolized, should be understood, we think, 
as solar ; for we know that it was the practice, before the 
Israelites left Egypt, after the twelfth month of thirty days 
had passed, to add five, and about a quarter more, which were 
said to belong to no month, but which were necessary to com- 
plete the solar year. And we know by the fulfillment of the 
symbol of " seventy weeks," that the number of days contained 
in them typified four hundred and ninety solar years. There- 
fore, though the years which relate to the man of sin — if con- 
sidered of symbolic length only, as Fleming, Ousley, and others, 
long since computed — may have ended in 1848, when the seat 
of the beast was remarkably shaken, yet the signs at present 
indicate, that, as it always required at the end of the twelfth 
month the additional fragments to complete the solar year, so 
in this case, after the strictly symbolic measure was ended, the 
implied fragments required about eighteen years more, to com- 
plete the full measure of this remarkable prediction. The 
symbols employed by each prophet, in reference to this period, 
refer not to the form of calendar used in the Mosaic economy, 
which, being temporary, had served its purpose and passed 
away, before the predicted time began, but to that more 
ancient form, which had always been used prior to the exodus 
from Egypt, and to which we must yet refer, if we would 
preserve unbroken the chain of chronology. 

7. The proofs adduced in the last section, that the months 
of the Scriptures had each not less than thirty days, are sup- 
ported by all that Josephus has said, having any relation to 
this question. In his Antiq., b. iii, c. 10, sec. 3, though he 
calls Tisri, the seventh month of the sacred, and first of the 
civil year, a "lunar month" yet he says — Wars, b. ii, c. 19, 
sec. 4 — that it had "thirty days." He also speaks of Nisan, 
or Abib, and of Ab, as "lunar months." But these months 
have thirty days each, among the Jews, even at the present 
time. And in Wars, b. iii, c. 7, sec. 36, he says, Jotapata was 



LENOTII OF YEARS AND MONTIIS. 25 

taken on the first day of the month Tamuz; then, c. 9, sec. 1, 
that " Vespasian returned to Ptolemais on the fourth day of 
Tamuz;" and, in section fifth, that the lamentation in the city 
of Jerusalem, on account of the fate of Jotapata, " did not 
cease before the thirtieth day." This proves that the month 
Tamuz, in the time of Joscphus, had thirty days. But the 
rabbins of modern times only give it twenty-nine. The calen- 
dar which had been used by the Jews, from Moses to the times 
of Josephus, differed materially from that which they now use, 
as shall be more fully proved in future parts of this work. 
When "lunar months" are therefore mentioned by Josephus, 
we should not understand, as in the present calendar of the 
rabbins, an alternation of months, twenty-nine and thirty days 
long, that the moon and the month might be kept together as 
nearly as possible, and an intercalary month every two or 
three years, that the sun and solar year might be brought 
again to some agreement. It is most probable, as indicated 
by the calendars of the most ancient nations, and especially 
by that which was used at the time of the Flood, that the 
months were all computed at thirty days each, because the 
moon appeared to perform a complete revolution in so many 
days. And to this, the author of Ecclesiasticus, xliii, 8, seems 
to refer, when he says, " The month is called after her name." 
But it matters not which may have been called after the other. 
It is proved, that each month contained thirty days in the 
most ancient times ; and that these months, or any of them, 
were called " lunar," gives no countenance to the claims of 
modern Jewish months, to twenty-nine and thirty days alter- 
nately. Twelve months of thirty days each, making only three 
hundred and sixty days, fell short of a solar year about five 
days, which had to be so added as to allow the sun to complete 
his revolution. 

8. But Doctor Clarke has said, on Gen. viii, 14, " The 
months of the ancient Hebrews were lunar : the first six con- 
sisted of thirty days each, the latter six of twenty-nine ; the 
whole twelve months making three hundred and fifty four 
days." This. is a strange assertion. The commentator admits 
what could not be denied, that the first six months of the year 



26 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

of the Flood had each thirty days. But he assumes, without 
the least authority, and in opposition to the testimony of the 
context, and 2 Mac. xi, 30, that " the latter six consisted of 
twenty-nine," thus making of the whole twelve months, only 
"three hundred and fifty-four days." Hence he concluded — 
as he acknowledged the years to be solar — that Noah, by re- 
maining in the ark to the twenty-seventh of the second month — 
Gen. viii, 14, 15, 16 — occupied it exactly one year. If, 
however, the Doctor's favorite modern measure of the Jews be 
taken, and his rabbinical cycle of 247 years be applied to the 
Rab. A. M. 1413, which synchronizes with his Usherian year 
of the Flood, A. M. 1656, it will be demonstrated by his own 
rule, that the twelve months, or moons, for that year, contained 
only three hundred and fifty-three days, requiring at the end 
of them an addition of twelve days, at least, to complete the 
solar year. This would have required Noah to remain in the 
ark till the twenty-eighth, instead of the twenty-seventh of 
the second month. But we have no evidence whatever, that 
such a measure of months and years, as the rabbins now have, 
obtained at the time of the Flood. Again : it is most evident, 
that there were as many days from the " seventeenth of the 
second month," in the year when the Flood began, to the 
seventeenth of the second month of the following year, as there 
were from the first day of the first month in the year the 
Flood began, to the first day of the first month of the year 
in which Noah left the ark. But there was a full year, from 
the first day of the first month of "the six hundredth year 
of Noah's life" — Gen. vii, 11 — to the first day of the first 
month of his "six hundredth and first year" — chap, viii, 13 — 
because the latter could not begin till the former had ended. 
And as no other days were needed to complete Noah's six 
hundredth year, when his six hundredth and first began, all 
odd days required at the end of the twelfth month of his 
six hundredth year having been added, so at the seventeenth 
of the second month of his six hundredth and first year, no 
other days were needed to finish a solar year, from the begin- 
ning of the Flood. Thus it is evident, that Noah remained 
one year and eleven days in the ark, and that the tabular 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS. 27 

years of his life synchronized with the current years of the 
world. 

9. Doctor Shuckford, in the preface to his third volume of 
Connections, has proved that the Hebrew words for month and 
moon are very different in the Old Testament. " See Gen. 
xxxvii, 9 ; Deut. iv, 19 ; Josh, x, 12, 13 ; Job xxv, 5 ; Psalm 
viii, 3 ; Eccles. xii, 2 ; Isa. xiii, 10 ; Jer. viii, 2 ; Ezek. xxxii, 
7 ; Joel ii, 10, etc. ; where PTT is evidently put for moon. 
Also, see Cant, vi, 10 ; Isa. xxiv, 23 ; xxx, 26, etc. ; where 
ruib is also put for moon. But when month is intended, 
tsnn is the word used. See, for examples, Gen. viii, 4 ; Ex. 
xii, 2 ; xix, 1 ; Lev. xxiii, 24 ; Deut. i, 3 ; 1 Kings, iv, 7, etc. 
[oD'Bnn wis] Be-rashei chadsheichem, on the beginnings of 
their months/' not of then- moons, burnt-offerings were to be 
offered unto the Lord, trumpets were to be blown, etc. See 
Num. xxviii, 11. But nothing, in relation to the moon's sup- 
posed government of festivals, was ever suggested by inspired 
writers to the Israelites. Yet, in some places, it is confessed, 
our translators have rendered unn, moon, instead of month, 
where the meaning could only be month-day, and not moon- 
day. Also in the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures by the 
Seventy,, they have in most places rendered the expression for 
"the beginning of the month," by the Greek word vovp?ivt* 
or vEopqviai which is the term constantly used by the Greek 
writers for their festivals. And in the time of the author of the 
Apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus, xliii, 7, about B. C. 200, it 
was asserted, " The moon is the sign of feasts ;" and verse eighth, 
"the month is called after her name." But it is more likely, 
Dr. Shuckford thinks, that m v v, the moon, is derived from the 
word w, month ; and that the moon was never given by its 
maker as a sign of religious feasts. It is also certain, that the 
Seventy rendered the Hebrew words jareach and lebanah, by 
the Greek word cre^w?, which always signified the moon ; and 
that they rendered chodesh by men, which invariably signified 
month. Yet it is quite probable, that by vov^via, the Greek 
writers meant the beginning of the month, as regulated by the 
new moon, because it measured their months, and was an object 
of then- worship. But by the same word, the Seventy could 



28 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOai. 

only mean the beginning day of the month, whether it might 
happen at the new moon or not. Our version, after the Jewish 
error, renders it sometimes new moon. But it has been proved, 
that none of their ancient months contained less than thirty 
days ; and it will be proved, in another place,* that the Jewish 
calendar was not regulated by the moon till after the destruc- 
tion of the second temple. 

It is apparent, however, from the testimony of Apocryphal 
books, that fierce and frequent attempts were made by their 
Grecian rulers, especially by Antiochus Epiphanes, to induce 
the Jews to adopt the religion of the heathen ; and it is evident 
that some yielded in part to the demand of their conquerors. 
These, claiming still to be Jews, would naturally try to defend 
then new practices, which conflicted with the Mosaic institute. 
Hence the invention of traditions, which were supposed to be 
lodged with Moses, and transmitted verbally. Therefore, when 
the distinction of the words used in the law for month and 
moon, was so undeniable to the Jewish rabbins, that they could 
not but own, as confessed by Maimonides — More Nevoch., 
p. 3, c. 46 — that their observing the first days of months upon 
new moons did not arise from any direction of the words of 
the law, they said it was one of the matters which Moses was 
taught in the mount, and by tradition was brought down to 
them. But we think there is sufficient evidence to prove that 
the regulation, and the consequent weekly times of Jewish fes- 
tivals, as established by the writings of Moses, was not, in the 
providence of God, allowed to be changed till every jot and 
tittle of the law were fulfilled in Christ. 

10. Again : take Isa. lxvi, 23, rendered by our translators. 
"And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to 
another, and from one Sabbath to another, shall all flesh come 
to worship before me, saith the Lord." This is evidently, a 
prediction of Gospel times. But the word rendered "new 
moon" in this passage, both in Hebrew and the Greek of the 
Seventy, signifies month only, without respect to any particular 
day. By rendering it new moon, our translators have assumed, 

* Chapter ix, sec. 34. 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS. 29 

without authority, that it means the first day of the month. 
But as in Greek the word is m v , i* signifies the month in 
general. If the word had been vov^vv^ it would have signi- 
fied the first of the month, whether the new moon might come 
on the same day or not. But as the new moon did not regu- 
late the months among God's people in the times of the Old 
and New Testament writers, it is misleading for Christians to 
render the original as though it did. The apostle — Col. ii, 16, 
17 — numbers the vw^vw, of the Seventy, rendered "new 
moon" by our translators, among the types, " which are a 
shadow of good things to come; but the body is of Christ." 
But we know of nothing in the dispensation of Christ which 
recurs under the regulation of the "new moon" while it is 
notorious that much of what "is Christ's" comes under the 
regulation of months. And thus the type of the monthly burnt- 
offerings, "in the beginnings of their months" — Num. x, 10; 
xxviii, 11, etc. — finds its fulfillment in the monthly concerts of 
prayer, and in the numerous Christian offerings which are 
presented before the Lord from one month to another. 

11. On the question, whether the first year of the world 
began in the spring or autumn, it is not deemed necessary to 
dwell. The arguments for the spring are thought to be more 
fanciful than solid; and that different nations among the 
ancients have commenced their years at different seasons of the 
year, may have originated in causes very different from a 
conviction that the world began at such times. The word of 
God alone can cast light on this subject. Ex. xii, 2, proves 
that a new beginning of the year was then given to the 
Israelites. They retained, however, the old year, beginning 
with Tisri, for all civil purposes. This people, and their direct 
ancestry to Adam, always had the oracles of the true God, and 
are entitled to more credit, in deciding this question, than all 
other nations put together. But the author of the book of 
Genesis has been thought by some to speak of the same order 
of months, in the year of the Flood, that obtains in the books 
of Moses after the exode, understanding by the "first," 
"second," etc., Abib, Zif, etc., as named in the years beginning 
from that era. It is enough to say, in answer to this, that it 



30 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

does not appear that the Jews ever understood it so; they 
always believed that the world began about the autumnal 
equinox, the first day of Tisri. And in this I think they are 
supported by the word of God ; for Noah was ordered — Gen. 
vi, 21 — "to take unto him of all food that is eaten, and to 
gather it unto him, that it might be for food for him and every 
living creature." This command necessarily requires, that the 
"second month" of the year of the Flood should be under- 
stood of the more ancient civil year, beginning in autumn, and 
not of the ecclesiastical year, which, long afterward, was made 
to begin in the spring ; for in the middle of the spring month, 
Abib, the earlier fruits of the year were only beginning to 
ripen. Deut. xvi, 9. And after "the corn and wine were 
gathered in" — Deut. xvi, 13 — the Israelites were required to 
keep the feast of tabernacles, called also "the feast of 
ingathering" — Ex. xxiii, 16 — which always began in autumn, 
the fifteenth day of Tisri. Thus, we think, the command given 
to Noah, "to gather into the ark of all food that is eaten" and 
the specified time of holding the feast of tabernacles, after 
"the corn was gathered from the floor," and "the wine from 
the presses," settle this question in favor of the fall season as 
the time when the Flood began, and consequently that the years 
of the world began in autumn. 

12. The following synchronical solar cycle of twenty-eight 
years is designed to begin with the first year, first month, and 
first week of the world, as they are indicated in the Bible. 
The months of each year are numbered, and the names are 
given as sometimes found in the Scriptures. Three common 
years, of three hundred and sixty-five days each, are followed 
by a leap year of three hundred and sixty-six. And this order 
is repeated till twenty-eight are numbered, the last day of 
which, being the thirty-sixth of the month, ends at the same 
time the year, month, and week; showing that the cycle is 
complete, and that the next year must begin, in all respects, as 
did the first in the series. The figures in each month show the 
Sabbaths consecutively, from the first — Gen. ii, 2, 3 — to the last 
one of the twenty-eighth year, on the thirty-sixth day of the 
twelfth month. This cycle, if used correctly, will point out the 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS. 31 

calendar for any year, from A. M. 1, to A. M. 3899, the year 
in which the exode of Israel occurred ; when a different calendar 
was ordained, as we shall prove in due time. Let the required 
year be divided by twenty-eight, the number of years in a solar 
cycle, the remainder, and if none, the twenty-eighth of the 
cycle, will bring up for inspection the required year, in its 
months and Sabbaths ; by which any day of the month, or of 
the week, may be readily found, as called for. For instance, I 
wish to look at the calendar for the year of the Flood. I find 
that event was A. M. 2262. I therefore divide that sum by 
twenty-eight. The remainder, twenty-two, cites me to this year 
of the cycle. On turning to it, and reading Gen. vii, 11, 1 find, 
as the Flood began on the seventeenth day of the second month, 
the fourteenth being a Sabbath, that it was the third day of the 
week. I then look on the parallel line to the right of the page, 
and find, that the third day of that week, in the current year 
of the world, corresponded to Wednesday, the thirtieth of Oc- 
tober, A. J. P. 1429, this having been the year of the Julian 
period in which the Flood began, though, in its completion, it 
stands, in the General Table, parallel with A. J. P. 1430. Thus, 
with the Bible before me, I examine each chronological inci- 
dent, and learn the particular day of the week on which it 
occurred. And in the same way, if chronologically indicated, 
may the incidents of other years be examined to the time of 
the exodus. That the Julian time, on the right of the page, is 
synchronical with the years of the world, on the left, in the 
following cycle, has been carefully established. In order to 
this, the day of the resurrection of Christ has been chosen us a 
fixed point in chronology. The testimony — which shall be 
adduced in its proper place — requires for this event, Sunday, 
the twenty-eighth of March, A. D. 28; that is, A. J. P. 4741; 
and the same day of the week, the sixteenth of Abib or Nisan, 
A. M. 5573. If from Sunday, the said sixteenth of Abib 
inclusive, the weeks be reversed through the said years of the 
world, to the first Sabbath of Genesis, there will be found just 
290,767; and the number of days to the first day of Genesis 
inclusive, will be 2,035,369. And if the same number of days 
be reversed from Sunday, the said twenty-eighth of March, 



32 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

A. J. P. 4741, the last one will be Monday, the fifteenth of 
September, requiring the first Sabbath in Julian time, on Sun- 
day, the twenty-first of said month. (See the first year of the 
cycle.) This is one way in which the first Sabbath of the 
Bible is proved to correspond to our Sunday. Again: let the 
year of the exode, A. M. 3899, be divided by twenty-eight ; the 
remainder, seven, cites to that year of the cycle. Turn to it ; 
and then read, Ex. xiii, 3, 4 ; and Lev. xxiii, 5, 6 ; and it will 
appear, that the 15th of Abib — the seventh month of the old 
year, now made the first of the new — was both the first day of 
unleavened bread, and the day of Israel's departure from bond- 
age ; that it was the day next preceding the old Sabbath, and 
corresponded to Saturday, the 27th of March, A. J. P. 3067. 
This day, the day on which they rested from bondage, was 
constituted the Sabbath of the Israelites ; and the next day, 
the 16th of Abib, which had from the beginning been the 
seventh day, was constituted the first, in the new order of 
weeks, which contained important types to them, but which are 
fulfilled in Gospel measure to us. It is not only proved, by 
the previous computation in this section, that Sunday corre- 
sponded to the original Sabbath, according to the number and 
length of years as we have adopted them, but we prove the 
same fact by Jewish years, though they differ from ours, both 
in number and length. Their years, as now adjusted by the 
rabbins, are made to synchronize with Gregorian time. But 
let the Bab. A. M. 2114, which synchronizes with my year 
of the exode, A. M. 3899, be divided by 247, the number of 
solar years, in their complete revolution of thirteen lunar 
cycles, and the remainder, 138, will show — see chap, ix, sec. 5, 
and sec. 6, second common year — that the 15th day of Nisan, 
or Abib, of that Babbinical year, was Saturday. And that 
this Saturday corresponded to that of the aforesaid 27th of 
March, A. J. P. 3067, may be positively proved, either by re- 
versing, from any Jewish Sabbath of modern times, through the 
Gregorian and Julian calendars, to the 15th day of Abib, or 
Nisan, in the said Babbinical year of the world ; or by begin- 
ning from their first day of the world, and counting down to 
the first day of the exode. There is nothing more certain in 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS. 33 

chronology, than, according to the established number and 
measure of Rabbinical years, in common use, that the first day 
in the whole series began on Monday, the seventh of October, 
A. J. P. 953. Let the days, both of Julian and Rabbinical 
years, be counted from that beginning, till 771,945 are told ; 
and the last one in the Julian line will be the said Saturday, 
the 27th of March, A. J. P. 3067 ; and in the Rabbinical line 
it will be the said 15th of Abib, Rab. A. M. 2114, making just 
110,277 weeks and 6 days, thereby demonstrating, according 
to their own calendar, that Sunday, the 16th of said Abib, 
corresponded to the original Sabbath. This may suffice for 
the present. But we shall abundantly prove, in other chapters, 
that the exode occurred on Saturday, and that it was then con- 
stituted the seventh of the week, in their new calendar. 

Note. — In each of the following synchronized cycles, there 
are 10,227 days ; and 1461 Sabbaths. Multiply either num- 
ber by the number of cycles, in any number of solid years, and 
the result will be, accordingly, the number of days, or of weeks, 
in all — fractions of cycles must be counted separately. 



Cycle of Time prior to 
the Exode of Israel. 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 



28 
26 

2' 

2? 

27 
18;25 
1623 
2128 
1926 
1724 
15 22 29 
20 27 34 



•JO 



MO 



30 



29 



Synchronies! Cycle of 
28 Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



1st Year. 



D.C., Leap Year 



2d Year. 



21128 
25 1 
22 29 



20i27 
1825 
22 29 

26 3 
24 31 

2l|28 

26 2 
23130 
20!27 
20;27 
24 1 



11 



12 



12 



10 



Cycle of Julian Time. 



Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and 1ST or. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 



34 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Cycle of Time prior to 
the Exode of Israel. 



9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar , 

7 Abib 

8 Zif , 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu . . 

4 Thebet ... 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 



11 



14 
1219 



18 25 
16 23 
21 



12 
10 

8 

13 
11 

9 
14 

12J19 
1017 
15 



26 



Synchronical Cycle of 
28 Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



26 

24 

15 22 

2027 
1825 
1623 

2l|28 
26 
24 
22 

27 
25 



11 18 

9 16 

14 21 



1219 
10 17 



9 16 23 

14 2128 
12I1926 
1017124 

81522 
13|20|27 
111825 

91623 
14 2128 
121926 
10il7i24 

8 15 22 



30 



8 15!22 
13 20!27 
11I18J25 

9 16 23 
14 ! 2128 
121926 
10:1724 

815 22 29 
132027 
11 IS 25 



3d Year. 



4th Year. 



5th Year. 



F.E., Leap Year 



6th Year. 



.D. 



22 29 
1926 
24 ! 31 



14 21 28 



1825 
1623 



2 
30 

13120 27 

18125 1 
1522 29 



19 26 
26| 2 
23130 
21128 
18 ! 25 
2330 



13 20,27 



17 24 
15 22 
1926 



17 
14 
11 
18 
15 
13 
17 
15 
12 

16 

21 

18 

16J23 

1320 

17124 



1623130 

1320 27 
18|25 1 
15122 29 
1320 27 
10 17 24 



14 21 
19 26 
1623 
1421 

18 25 

15 22 
15 22 
121926 
17 24 31 
14,21128 



Cycle of Julian Time. 



May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April, 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS 



35 



Cycle of Time prior to 
the Exode of Israel. 



11 Ab 

12 EM 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . . 

4 Thebet 

5 Shebet 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Tharmnuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu.... 

4 Thebet 

5 Shebet 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thamrnuz , 

11 Ab 

12 Elul ..... 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu... 

4 Thebet 

5 Shebet 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 





no 




tJQ 


































;= 






























o 


a 


o 


o 


o 


00 


rn 




09 


w 






















^ 


ft 


— 




p. 


"i 


■^ 


16 




t 


2 


9 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 


35 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




] 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 


34 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 


33 


4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16J23 


30 


7 


14 


21 '28 




5 


12 


19 26 




3 


10 


17,24 


31 


3 


1!) 


17 24 




1 


8 


15 22 


29 


6 


13 


20 27 




4 


11 


1825 




2 


9 


16 23 


30 


7 


14 


2128 




5 


12 


19 26 




3 


10 


17 24 




1 


8 


15 22 


29 


6 


13 


20 27 




4 


11 


18 25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 



Synchronical Cycle of 
"8 Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



7th Year. 



8th Year. 



9th Year. 



A.G.,LeapYear 



10th Year. 



rr. 






















o" 










£ 


p 




p 












































CO 






M 




















































f 


5° 


■ 


? 




12 


19 


26 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 




18 


25 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21 


28 


7 




14 


21 


28 


4 


11 


18 


25 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


4 




11 


18 


25 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 


3 


10 




17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21 


28 


5 


12 


19 


26 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


5 




12 


19 26 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21 


28 


4 


11 


18 


25 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 




18 


25 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


5 




12 


19 


26 


4 


11 


18 


25 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


5 




12 


19 


26 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 




14 


21 


28 


4 


11 


is 


25 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20|27 


3 


10 


17 


24 3 


10 




17 


2431 


7 




14 


2128 


5 




12 


19 26 


2 


9 


16 


23 


3d 


7 




14 


21 


28 


4 




11 


18 


25 


1 


8 



S Cycle of Julian Time. 



July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August, 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April, 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 



36 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Cycle of Time prior t 
tbe Eiode of Israel. 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu... 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu . . 

4 Thebet ... 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri. 



9 16 23 
14i2128 



1926 

17124 
15J22 
20:27 
1825 
16 23 
2128 
19^26 
17J24 
15 22 



15 22 
20 27 

18J25 
1623 
2128 
19 26 
17 24 

15 22 
2027 
1825 
1623 
2128 

20|27 
18J25 
16J23 
2128 
19|26 
17124 
1522 
20|27 
1825 

16 23 
2128 
1926 

19'26 

17 24 
1522 
20127 
18125 
1623 
2128 
19 26 
17 24 

8 15 22 
13 20.27 
11 18125 

11 1825 



Synchronical Cycle of 
28 Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



11th Year. 



12th Year. 



13th Year. 



C.B., Leap Year 



14th Year. 



A 



15th Year. 



22 29 



2128 
20 27 



18 25 
1623 
13 20:2'< 
1825 1 

15 22 29 
1219'26 

19 26 2 

16 23 30 
1421 28 
His 25 
16 23 30 
13 20 27 



1724 



12 



11 



10 



13 



10 



10 



11 



12 



10 



Cycle of Julian Time. 



Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct, and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 



LENGTH OF TEARS AND MONTH 



3T 



Cycl© of Time prior to 
tlie Exode of Israel. 



Bul 

Chisleu. . . , 

Thebet 

Shebet 

Adar , 

Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bul 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan .... 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bul 

3 Chisleu... 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bul 

3 Chisleu . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri... 

2 Bul ... . 

3 Chisleu 



2 9 16 
7 14 21 
5 12 19 

3 11017 
815 

13 20 



1017 



1017 

815 



13 20 27 

1111825 
9;16 23 30 

28 



14 21 
1219 
10|17 

815 
1320 
1118 

916 



23 30 

28 
26 
24 

22 
27 



29 



11 18j25 
916I23130 
1421 28 
1219 26 



24 31 



24 
22 29 



815 22 
13 20 27 
111825 

91623 



2128 
1926 
1724 
1522 
2027 
1825 
1623 
2128 



Synchronical Cycle of 
'.8 Yeara. 



Dominical Letters. 



16th Year. 



15 22 29 
1926 3 
172431 

142128 

ll|l8:25 
18 25 1 
15 ! 22 29 
13 20 27 
17|24 1 
1522 29 
121926 



16 23 30 

14 21-28 

18 ; 25j 2 

,F 16:23 30 

13|2027 

17124! 3 

17|24'31 

1421 128 

12(1926 

116 23 30 

'14 2128 



17th Ye^r. 



2:) 



30 



14;2128 

12|1926 

101724 

8;i5'22 

13 20 27 
111825 

91623 
142128 
1219 26 
1017 24 

81522 29 
13 20 27 34 

13 20 27 
11 18 25 
916 23:30 



E.D., Leap Year 



15 



1825 



18th Year. 



22|29 

20J27 

1724 

15122 

19J26 

1623 

1522 

1219J26 

172431 

14 2128 

1219 26 



16,23 



20,27 
1825 
1522 



30 

4 
1 
29 
1320|27 

17i24'31 
14'2128 
142128 
18i25 2 
!l623|30 
13j20[27 
111825 
15,22 29 



19th Year. 



1926 
1724 



12 



11 



10 



Cycle of Julian Time. 



7 
411 

9| 
6| 

310 
10 

7 
5 

2 
7 
4 
1 



14 21 28 



13 



12 



10 



10 



11 



12 



Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 



12 Nov. and Dec. 



38 



BIBLICAL CHBONOLOGY. 



Cycle of Time prior to 
the Exode of Israel 



4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet^ . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan .... 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu . . 

4 Thebet 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri.... 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu.. 

4 Thebet . . 

5 Shebet . . 






7 14 2128 

5 J12 19 26 

3 10 1724 

8 15 22 

1320J27 

111825 

911623, 

14 i 21j28 

1219 26 33 



29 



30 



12119 26 
1017124 
15122 
20127 

18|25 
16123 
21S28 
19|26 
17 24 
15 22 



29 



30 



24 
22 29 
27 

25 
23 

28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 



2128 
1926 

1724 
1522 



81522 



2027 

1825 
16 23 

2128 



30 



29 



29 



30 



29 



29 



30 



Synchronical Cycle of 
28 Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



20th Yeae. 



21st Year. 



G.F., Leap Year 



22d Year. 



23d Year. 



19 26 
1623 
1320 
1320127 
17*24 1 
1522 29 
12J19 26 
17:2431 
14 21 28 



16,23 
1320 
1825 
15;22 



1219126 



19!26 
1623 
1421 



111825 
1623J30 
13 20 27 



17 24 1 

15 22 29 

19 26 3 

17 

14 

18 

17 

14 

12 

16 

14 



2431 
21:28 
25 3 
24J31 
2l!28 
19 26 
23|30 
21^28 
11I18J25 

1522 29 
20 27! 3 
1724| 1 
5 22 29 
1219 26 
16 23J 2 
1623 30 
1320 27 
18.25| 1 

15 22 29 

13 20 27 
101724 

142L28 
1926 2 

16 23 30 

14 2128 
1825' 1 



10 



10 



11 



11 



12 



10 



12 



13 



Cycle of Julian Time. 



Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August, 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 



12 Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 



11 



LENGTH OF YEARS AND MONTHS. 



39 



Cxc 

the 



le of Time prior to 
e Exode of Israel. 



6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thainnmz , 

11 Ab 

12 Elul , 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan .... 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu... 

4 Thebet... 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan .... 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu . . 

4 Thebet . . . 

5 Shebet . . . 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu . 

4 Thebet . . 

5 Shebet . . 

6 Adar. . . . 

7 Abib.... 



19 
17 
15 
20 

ll|l8 
916 

14,21 

1421 
1219 
1017 

815 
13 20 



815 
13 20 
1118 

1118 

916 

14 1 



21 

19 

17 

15 

20 

18125 

16J23 
U'21'28 
12J1926 
101724 



29 






30 



101724 

8 15 22 29 
13 20 27 

4 ill 18 25 
2 9:16 23 30 
7 14'2128 

5 12,19 26 



Synchronieal Cycle of 
28 Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



24th Year. 



25th Year. 



B.A., Leap Year 



26th Year. 



27th Year. 



Da 


Dp 


WJ 


da 


dp 












o- 


i 




g 1 


§■ 






























o 












rn 


DP 




•n 


60 


































<§ 


X 






? 


P 


f 


'." 


? 


15 


22 


1 


8 




15|22 


29 


5 




1219 


26 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21 


28 


5 




12 


19 


26 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


n 




lb 


25 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21 


2b 


7 




14 


21 


28 


4 


11 


18 


25 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


4 




11 


18 


25 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 


3 


10 




17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21 


28 


5 


12 


19 


26 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


5 


12 


19 


26 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


7 




14 


21 


2b 


4 




11 


18 


25 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


5 


1.2 


19 


26 


3 


10 




17 


24 


31 


7 




14 


21J28 


4 




11 


1825 


4 


11 


18 


25 1 


8 




15 


22 29 


6 




1312027 


3 


10 


17j24| 1 


8 




152229 


5 




12,19.26 


2 


9 


1623 30 


7 




14 21:28 


4 


11 


18,25! 2 


9 




162330 


6 




13 20 27 


3 


10 


17|24| 3 


10 




17 


24 


31 


7 





Cycle of Julian Time. 



Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August, 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August, 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and August. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
March and April. 



40 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Cycle of Time prior to 
the Erode of Israel, 



8Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Tharamuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Bui 

3 Chisleu. . . . 

4 Thebet 

5 Shebet 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Zif 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



10 17,24 

815|22 

1320j27 

1118125 

916123 



9'16 
1421 
1219 
1017 

8:15 
13|20 
11|18 

9|16 
1421 
1219 
1017 

8115 



29 

30 
30 

29 
30 

29,36 



Synckronical 

Cycle of 28 

Years. 



28th Year, 



14 21 28 



1219 
1623 
1421 
ll|l8 



15:22 
2027 
1724 
15:22 29 
1219'26 



1623 
1623 
13120 

18;25 
15 22 29 
13|20j27 

10|17j24 



9 

8 
13 

9 
11 

7,14 



Cycle of Julian Time. 



April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and Aug. 
Aug. and Sep. 

Sep. and Oct. 
Oct. and Nov. 
Nov. and Dec. 
Dec. and Jan. 
Jan. and Feb. 
Feb. and March. 
Mar. and April. 
April and May. 
May and June. 
June and July. 
July and Aug. 
Aug. and Sep. 



EXPLANATIONS OF YEARS. 41 

CHAPTER III. 

EXPLANATIONS OF DIFFERENT TEARS. 

1. A. M. stands for the year of the loorld. This era began, 
according to the chronology here adopted, 5545 years, three 
months, and nineteen days, before the common era of Chris- 
tianity — that is, the following day, the twentieth of Thebet, the 
fourth month, A. M. 5546, synchronized with Saturday, the 
first day of January, A. D. 1, or A. J. P. 4714, being the 
tenth of the solar cycle, Dominical letter B. This day is 
acknowledged by all to be a fixed point in chronology. And if, 
from the preceding day inclusive, being Friday, the thirty-first 
of December, A. J. P. 4713, there be reversed 2,025,420 days, 
the last in this order will be Monday, the fifteenth of Sep- 
tember, in the eighth year of the Julian cycle, synchronizing 
with the first day of the first month, Tisri, A. M. 1. (See the 
synchronical cycle, in the previous chapter, and the Julian, in 
this.) 

2. B. C. stands for the year before Christ. This year 
always begins on the same day of the week and month that the 
parallel year of the world does. And in this work, the year 
of the world and the parallel year before Christ, when added 
together, if right, must always make the sum of 5546. 

3. A. J. P., the year of the Julian period. This period 
was invented by Joseph Justus Scaliger, by multiplying into 
each other the solar cycle of twenty-eight years, the lunar 
cycle of nineteen years, and the Roman Indiction of fifteen 
years, making the sum of 7980 years. This period, being 
composed of years of the same length as those which had been 
used in the time of Christ, and from the beginning, was 
intended to constitute an acknowledged measure for the regula- 
tion of all chronologers. Having discovered, according to the 
Council of Nice, Victorious, and Dionysius, that the reputed 
first year of our Lord was the second year of the lunar cycle, 
the fourth year of the Roman Indiction, and, the Dominical or 



42 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Sunday Letter being B, that it was the tenth year of the solar 
cycle, Scaliger next inquired, whether there was any year of 
the whole period of 7980, which, being separately divided by 
the above cycles — twenty-eight, nineteen, and fifteen — would 
give the remainders two, four, ten, corresponding to the year of 
each of the above cycles. And the result was, that he found 
the year 4714 to be the only one which, being divided as above, 
would give those remainders. And thus was the Julian period 
connected with the Dionysian era of the birth of Christ; and 
A. D. 1, and A. J. P. 4714, being in all respects the same solar 
year, became a fixed point in chronology. Before this, 4713 
years of this factitious period are supposed to have passed; the 
first day of which, it may be seen by a backward count, began, 
according to the chronology here adopted, A. M. 833; B. C. 
4713, the fourth month, Thebet, the nineteenth day. (See the 
first year of the Julian cycle, and also the twenty-first year of 
the synchronical cycle of the years of the world.) This period 
is called Julian, because the Roman calendar, as it was 
reformed by Julius Caesar forty-five years before the Dionysian 
or Christian era, may by it be extended back indefinitely, 
so as to form a general measure of time for the regulation of 
chronologers. 

Note. — The year of the Julian period, and the parallel year 
before Christ, being added together, if right, will always make 
the sum of 4714. 

4. A. D., year of our Lord. (See the preceding section.) 
Although the A. J. P. 4714, as connected with the Dionysian 
era of our Lord's nativity, does not give the true year of the 
Advent, yet, being a fixed point of time, Christian nations 
compute from it. It will be shown in its proper place, from 
prophecy and other testimony, that the Advent was about 
Friday, the twenty-fifth of December, A. J. P. 4707; A. M. 
5540; B. C. 6, Thebet thirteenth; and An. Ex. Isr. 1641, 
Thebet twenty-two. The A. J. P. 4713, and any year of our 
Lord, when added together, will give the current year of the 
Julian period. Thus : add 4713 and the present year of our 
Lord, 1852, and the result will be the present year of that period, 
6565. Divide this sum by the Julian cycle, twenty-eight, and 



EXPLANATIONS OF YEARS. 43 

the remainder, thirteen, will show the present year of that 
cycle, without the Gregorian correction. Look for the present 
day of January, Monday, the twenty-sixth, in Gregorian time. 
The Julian year in said cycle, gives Saturday for the twenty- 
sixth of January. Take twelve days from the twenty-six, for 
the Gregorian retrenchment, and fourteen will remain, which 
will be Monday, corresponding to the twenty-sixth day in the 
almanac of this year. 

5. Adam and Eve having been created on Saturday, the sixth 
day of the first week, in the first month of A. M. 1, B. C. 
5545, were not one solar year old till Sunday, the sixth day of 
the first month in the following tabular year. But their years 
were doubtless computed by the years of the world, and there- 
fore their first year terminated with A. M. 1, B. C. 5545. 
Hence the 230th year ascribed to Adam, at the birth of Seth, 
was at the same time the 230th year of the world. 

6. Dominical or Sunday Letters are seven, A, B, C, D, E, 

F, G, which correspond to the days of the week. They are so 
arranged as to indicate the days of the month on which the 
first and following Sabbaths annually occur. A always requires 
that the first day of January should be on Sunday; and then, 
in common years, which consist of 365 days, the last of Decem- 
ber will also be on Sunday. Then the first day of the follow- 
ing year being Monday, the first Sabbath will be on the seventh 
of January, corresponding to the seventh letter of the alphabet, 

G, which will be the Sunday letter for that year ; the last day 
of which, in a common year, will also be on Monday. Then the 
first day of the following year being Tuesday, the first Sabbath 
will be on the sixth day of January, corresponding to the sixth 
letter, F, which, in another common year, will be the Sunday 
letter. The last day of the latter year being Tuesday, the first 
day of the ensuing year will be Wednesday ; and therefore the 
first Sabbath of January will be on the fifth day, corresponding to 
the fifth letter, E ; which will be the Dominical or Sunday letter 
till the twenty-third day of February. For as this is a bissex- 
tile or leap year, another day must be added to February — the 
last month of the ancient Roman year — and this is the reason 
why the next Sunday letter, D, rules as Dominical to the end 



44 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

of that year, which ends, not on Wednesday, the day on which 
it began, as in common years, but on Thursday, because of the 
additional day given to February, requiring another Dominical, 
that the year may end on the right letter. The next year 
beginning on Friday, the first Sabbath will be on the third day 
of January, agreeing with the third letter of the alphabet, C, 
which will be the Dominical for that year, etc. Common years 
have 365 days each, and one Dominical letter; but leap years, 
occurring every fourth year, in Julian time, have each 366 days, 
and two Dominical letters. And this is the reason why the same 
order of Sunday letters, in Julian years, will not return again 
in less than twenty-eight years ; which are therefore called a 
solar cycle, from Dies Solis, Sunday, or the Lord's day. 

7. 01. Ys. stands for Olympic Years. This era began A. J. 
P. 3938, about July the first, B. C. 776. Censorinus states, 
that the year in which he wrote was the 1014th from the first 
Olympiad, and the 283d from the first reformed year of Julius 
Caesar. Subtract forty-five solid years, which had elapsed 
before the first year of the vulgar era of our Lord, from the 
283d of the reformed years of Julius Csesar, when Censorinus 
wrote, and the remainder shows that he wrote A. D. 238. Add 
this last, 238, to 4713, the years of the Julian period which 
preceded the first year of the vulgar era, and you have the 
A. J. P. 4951, in which Censorinus wrote. Subtract from this 
last, A. J. P. 4951, the parallel 01. Ys. 1014, less one, and the 
remainder, 3938, shows the above year of the Julian period in 
which the Olympic games began. (See Dr. Jarvis.) 

This is also verified by an eclipse of the sun, mentioned 
by Thucydides, which took place at Athens in the summer 
of the eighty-seventh Olympiad. Astronomical calculation 
demonstrates this to have been on Wednesday, the third 
of August, A. J. P. 4283. Eighty-six Olympiads multiplied by 
four, the number of years in one Olympiad, give 344 years ; 
and the first year of the eighty-seventh Olympiad ending about 
the last of June, will make 345 solid Olympic years ; which, 
being taken from the year of the eclipse, A. J. P. 4283, leave 
for the beginning of the first Olympiad, about the first of July, 
the aforesaid A. J. P. 3938. (Idem.) 



EXPLANATIONS OF YEARS. 45 

Olympic years may be turned into Olympiads by dividing by 
four, and Olympiads into Olympic years by multiplying by four, 
because four years make one Olympiad. 

8. A. U. C, year of the building of the City, (Rome.) This 
era began April twenty-first, A. J. P. 3961; B. C. 753. Cen- 
sorinus, who followed Varro, may here be introduced again. 
He says that he wrote in the 991st year from the building of 
Rome ; and, as we have before seen, in the 283d of those years 
which are numbered from January the first, as constituted by 
Julius Csesar. This we have also seen, in the last paragraph, 
was A. D. 238, and A. J. P. 4951, when Censorinus wrote. 
Subtract 990 solid years from 4951, and the remainder, 3961, 
will be the year of the Julian period, when this era commenced, 
as above stated. 

9. The Julian cycle of 28 years, was occasioned by the 
reformed calendar of Julius Caesar, which required that every 
fourth year should have 366 days, instead of 365, as in the 
common year, because the latter falls short of a solar revolution 
about one-fourth of a day. This calendar requires a solar 
cycle of twenty-eight years, before the days of the week, Sun- 
day letters, etc., will begin, and proceed again in the same order 
as at the first. The calendar was adjusted under the authority 
of Caesar, by Sosigines, an Egyptian, and other astronomers, 
forty-five years before the Christian era, which was A. D. 1, 
A, J. P. 4714. It having been ascertained that A. D. 1 corre- 
sponded to the tenth year of the solar cycle, Dominical letter B, 
five being the concurrent — see Jarvis's Introduction, 98 — it was 
made evident by a backward count, that the first year of the 
cycle was bissextile, Dom. lett. G F; and, also, that the first 
year of the reformed calendar was a leap year, being the twen- 
ty-first of the cycle, Dom. lett. C B. This cycle continued to 
be the measure of time till A. D. 1582. It being then ascer- 
tained that the precession of the equinoxes required a retrench- 
ment of ten days from the year, Gregory the XIII issued a 
bull, making Friday, the fifth of October, for that year, count 
as the fifteenth, and requiring that every centurial year there- 
after, except such as could be divided by four without a remain- 
der, should only have three hundred and sixty-five days, though 



46 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

by the Julian cycle each would have been a leap year. Since 
that alteration, the calendar has been denominated from that 
Pontiff, and called Gregorian. But the Julian cycle is still 
retained, because it was not only the adopted measure of time, 
for upward of 1600 years, among the Eomans, from whom we 
received it, but the Jews, Egyptians, Chaldeans, and antedilu- 
vians evidently had years of similar length before them. 

To find by the Julian cycle, on what day of the week any 
event occurred, when the year of our Lord, the month, and day 
of the month are given, according to the Gregorian calendar: 

Rule. Add the year of the event to 4713 ; the sum will be 
the year of the Julian period. Divide this by twenty-eight, 
the number of years in a solar cycle, and the remainder will be 
the year of the event in the Julian cycle. Then set down the 
day of the first Sabbath in the Julian month which corresponds 
to the Gregorian month of the event ; add the number of days 
required by the retrenchment of Gregory XIII; divide the 
sum by seven, the number of days in a week, and the remainder 
will be the first Sabbath in the Gregorian month of the event, 
or if no remainder, the first Sabbath will be the seventh of said 
month. Thus: Kev. John Rucker was born A. D. 1782, Septem- 
ber the twenty-second. What day of the week was that ? Hav- 
ing ascertained, as above, the year of the Julian period, 6495, and 
after division, as directed above, that it was the twenty-seventh 
year of the current cycle, I see that the first Sabbath for Sep- 
tember of that year was the fourth day; to this number, four, 
I acid ten days for the retrenchment by Gregory, and one day 
for the centurial year 1700, and divide the sum, fifteen, by 
seven, the days in a week, and the remainder, one, shows that 
the first day of that month in the Gregorian calendar was a 
Sabbath ; consequently, the twenty-second, the birthday of Mr. 
Rucker, was Sunday. Again: The author was born Septem- 
ber first, A. D. 1790. What day of the week was that? Add 
this to 4713; the sum, 6503, divide by twenty-eight, and the 
remainder, seven, shows the year of the Julian cycle in which 
he was born. The first day of September, that year, was a 
Sabbath ; to this one, add eleven days as above. Divide the sum, 
twelve, by seven, and the remainder, five, shows the day of the 



EXPLANATIONS OF YEARS 



47 



first Sabbath for that month in Gregorian time ; consequently, 
the author was born on Wednesday. Proceed in the same way 
for any month, or year, allowing another day, if the event has 
succeeded the twenty-eighth of February, A. D. 1800. 

Note. — There are 10,227 days, and 1461 Sabbaths, in the 
following solar cycle : 



Cycle of 23 Julian Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



1st Year. G. F. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



2d Year. 
January . . , 
February . , 
March 

April , 

May , 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 



3d Year. 
January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 
September . 
October. . . . 
November . 
December. . 



4th Year. 
January . . . 
February . . 
March 



E. 





1 

p 


g 

p. 


13 

P. 

1 


I 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




9 


9 
14 


16 
21 


23 

28 


30 


7 


4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




I 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


G 


13 


20 


27 




4 

1 


11 

8 


18 
15 


25 
22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 
7 


10 
14 


17 
21 


24 

28 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 





Cycle of 28 Julian Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

5th Year. B. A 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

6th Year. GL 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

7th Year. F. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 



in 

§ 
1 


CO 

1 
1 


1 

"1 


p. 

1 


w 

a 
p. 
& 
<-3 


4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 





48 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Cycle of 28 Julian Years. = 



Dominical Letters. 



August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

8th Year. E. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

9th Year. D. C 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

10th Year. B. 

January 

February 

March 

April. . . , 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

11th Year. A. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 



m 


CO 


to 
a 

3 
| 


CO 

a 

p. 


I- 


4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 





I Cycle of 28 Julian Years. 
Dominical Letters. 



October. . . 
November 
December . 



12th Year. 
January 
February . . , 

March , 

April 



June 

July 

August . . . 
September 
October. . . 
November. 
December . 



13th Year. F. E. 

January 

February 

March , 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September , 

October 

November , 

December 



14th Year. 
January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May ... 

June 

July ...... 

August .... 

September . 
October . . . 
November . . 
December. . 



15th Year. C. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

J une 

July 

August 

September 

October 

| November 



w I w 

5 P 



11 



10 
14 
14 

11 

9 

13 

11 

8 
12 
10 
14 



15 22 
19 26 
17 24 



21 28 

18 125 



18 
15 
20 
17 
15 
19 
16 
21 
18 
16 



18 
15 
15 
19 
17 
21 
19 
16 
20 
18 
15 
20 



17 
21 
21 
18 
16 
20 
IS 
15 
19 
17 
21 



27 
24 
23 

27 
25 
22 
27 
24 
28 
26 
23 
28 



EXPLANATIONS OF TEARS. 



49 



Cycle of 28 Jalian Years. 
Dominical Letters. 

December 

16th Tear. B. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

17th Year. A. G 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

18th Year. F. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1.9th Year. E. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



in 

a 


S 

a. 


w 

5 


t/3 

a 


p 
a. 


5 


12 


19 


26 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




9, 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


P> 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 





Cycle of 23 Julian Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



20th Year. D. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

21st Year. C. B 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

22d Year. A. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

23d Year. G. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

24th Year. F. 
January 



'f 

a 


§ 
p. 


g 

1 


w 

a 

p. 

1 


1 
| 


4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


G 


13 


20 


27 





50 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Cycle of 28 Julian Years. 
Dominical Letters. 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

25th Year. E.D. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

26th Year. 0. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May , 

June , 

July 





GO 

J 


on 

p. 
p 


c 


00 

B 

a 

p- 


3 


10 


17 


24 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





Cycle of 28 Julian Years. 



Dominical Letters. 



August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

27th Year. B. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

28th Year. A 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



09 


CO 




as 


w 


H 


N 


n 


Fj 


n 


F 


£ 


a, 


1 




a 


? 






? 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




5 


12 


19 


26 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 


31 



ERA OF NABONASSAR EXPLAINED. 51 

CHAPTER IV. 

ERA OF NABONASSAR EXPLAINED. 

1. E. N., Era of Nabonassar. It has been ascertained with 
astronomical precision, that this famous era began with the 
reign of Nabonassar, king of Babylon, on the first day of the 
Egyptian month Thoth, corresponding to the twenty-sixth day 
of February, A. J. P. 396T. This king and Tiglathpileser of 
the Old Testament, were brothers, and both were the sons of 
Pul, king of Assyria. Upon the death of the latter, Tiglath- 
pileser ruled at Nineveh, and Nabonassar at Babylon, over their 
father's dominions. When Babylon was conquered by Alex- 
ander, October first, A. J. P. 4383, B. C. 330— not Julian— in 
the first month, Tisri eighteenth — though by an Egyptian rule of 
giving whole years only to each king, the canon of Ptolemy 
ends the fourth and last year of Codomanus, the Persian king, 
on the thirteenth of November, A. J. P. 4382; early in the 
year, B. C. 331 — not Julian — a catalogue of the reigns of the 
kings of Babylon, beginning with Nabonassar, was transmitted 
by Calisthenes to Aristotle in Greece ; which was subsequently 
adjusted to the Egyptian method of computing time, by Hippar- 
chus of Alexandria. Ptolemy, to whom this canon is ascribed, 
continued the catalogue down to the death of Alexander; thus 
making the round sum of 424 Egyptian years, of 365 days 
each, and ending Saturday, November eleventh, A. J. P. 4390. 
But 424 years of Julian time would not have ended before the 
twenty-fifth day of February, A. J. P. 4391. 

2. Among the records transmitted and adjusted as above, 
were certain astronomical calculations, from which Ptolemy 
gives an account of several lunar eclipses. The first occurred 
when Phanostratus was Archon, E. N. 366, the twenty-seventh 
day of Thoth, six hours and thirty minutes after midnight at 
Alexandria. Modern astronomical calculations demonstrate 
that the eclipse was on Tuesday, December twenty-three, A. J. 
P. 4331; the eleventh of Thebet, A. M. 5164, B. C. 382. The 



52 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Egyptian solid years, 365, twenty-six days, six hours, and thirty 
minutes, must be turned into Julian years. First multiply the 
solid Egyptian years 365, by 365, the number of days in each 
year ; take in the twenty-six solid days, etc., and the product 
will be 133,251 days, six hours, thirty minutes. Divide these 
by 1461, the number of days in four Julian years, the remain- 
der will be 300 days, and the quotient, ninety-one, multiply by 
four, and the product will be, in Julian time, 364 solid years, 
300 solid days, six hours, and thirty minutes. Then from the 
solid years, days, etc., of Julian time, at the eclipse, namely, A. 
J. P. 4330, 356 solid days, six hours, thirty minutes, subtract the 
aforesaid Egyptian, now turned into Julian time, namely, 364 
years, 300 days, six hours, thirty minutes, and the remainder will 
be in solid years of the Julian period 3966, and fifty-six days. 
These fifty-six solid days will give to January of the next year 
thirty-one days, and twenty-five solid days to February, which 
demonstrates that the era of Nabonassar began the next day, 
Wednesday, the twenty-sixth of February, A. J. P. 3967; the 
sixteenth of Adar, A. M. 4799; B. C. 747, old style; An. Ex. 
Isr. 900, Adar twenty-three, just ten days before the tenth 
year of the reign of Jotham, king of Judah, ended. (See Jar- 
vis's Introduction, 119.) 

3. The reigns of the kings of Babylon, from the first year 
of Nabonassar — including the reign of Alexander — for 424 



years, are as follows : 

Nabonassar 14 

Nadius 2 

Cliinzirus and Porus 5 

Juqaeus 5 

Mardoc Empadius 12 

Avkianus 5 

I Interregnum 2 

Mardoc Baladan 3 

Apronadius 6 

Bigebelus 1 

Messessimmordicus 4 

II Interregnum 8 

Esarliaddon 13 

Sasosducheus 20 

Chyniludanus.. 22 

Nabopolassarus 21 

Nebuchadnezzar , 43 



Evil Merodach 2 

Neriglissar 4 

Nabonadius 17 

Darius 2 

Cyrus 7 

Cambyses 5 ms 7 

Smerdis 7 ms ] 

Darius Hystaspes 36 

Xerxes 21 

Artaxerxes Longimanus 4] 

Darius Nothus 19 

Artaxerxes Mnemon 46 

Ochus , 21 

Arogus and Arsos 2 

Darius III Codomanus 4 

Alexander 8 



424 

The only correction needed in the above reigns is the follow- 
ing: Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, reigned only "six years." 



ERA OF NABONASSAR EXPLAINED. 53 

(See Josephus, Antiq., b. xi, c. 2, sec. 2.) Consequently the 
following reigns, including that of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
began one year sooner than is represented by the canon. But, 
according to Ctesias, the latter king reigned forty-two years, 
which made the next reigns accord with the canon again. 
This correction is confirmed by Ezra vii, T, and the demand 
of the middle year of the seventieth week of Daniel, that 
Messiah should then be "cut off." Dan. ix, 26, 27. 

4. It is generally admitted that the Egyptians, Chaldeans, 
and ancient Persians reckoned the first of the month Thoth 
always to be the first day of their civil or sacred year, which 
invariably consisted of 365 days. But it is contended, and not 
without evidence, that they had also a solar year, consisting of 
365 days, six hours; then- civil year being neither solar nor 
lunar. In Egypt, in later times, one solar year was regulated 
by the rising of Sirius, or the dog-star. It was also the opinion 
of the most learned Joseph Scaliger and Archbishop Usher, 
that the ancient Israelites, who descended from the Chaldeans, 
through Abraham, computed their year in twelve months of 
thirty days each, adding five days at the end of the twelfth 
yearly, and six days every fourth year. This, we think, is 
rendered certain by Ex. xxiii, 16, where the keeping of certain 
feasts is enjoined, "and the feast of ingathering, ivhich is in 
the end of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy labors out 
of the field." This could not be the end of the ecclesiastical 
year, which began and ended in the spring season, but the end 
of the ancient solar year, which closed the ingathering of then' 
labors for the last twelve months. This year always ended with 
the time of "ingathering," and was therefore unquestionably a 
solar year. Noah was required to observe the end of this year, 
when he was told to "take unto him of all food that is eaten, 
and to gather it to him into the ark, and it should be food for him 
and for every living creature." Gen. vi, 21. Doubtless he gath- 
ered to him of productions through the whole season of cropping 
"of all food that is eaten;" for when he had laid in sufficient 
provisions, and the end of the preparation time was come, on the 
seventeenth of the second month of the ensuing year, the Flood 
began. As the productions of the year might sometimes be 



54 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

longer ripening and being gathered in than at other times, and 
to give sufficient time for the males to repair to the place where 
the Lord would record his name, etc., therefore, when the feast 
of tabernacles was appointed to be holden, " at the end of the 
year," it was set for the fifteenth of Tisri, two weeks after the 
end of the old year, that the crops, it would seem, might 
certainly be gathered, and the people have time to assemble at 
the appointed place, and be in readiness for a feast of seven 
days, and then hold the Sabbatic "solemn assembly" before 
they dispersed. And this fact, concerning the end of the solar 
year of the Israelites in the fall, proves that the ancient 
nations, having the same origin, had also the same year. Jack- 
son — vol. 2, p. 5 — says, " The Egyptians originally began 
their year at the new moon which happened on or nearest to 
the autumnal equinox. This was their first Thoth, or beginning 
of their fixed year." This Thoth, he further said, "contained 
part of September and part of October." Their fixed solar 
year could, therefore, be no other than that which all people 
had, at the time of the Dispersion from Babel. But being a 
"fixed solar year," it could not be regulated by "the new 
moon" as Jackson supposed. Neither could it begin at the 
Heliacal rising of Sirius, which always occurred nearly two 
months before, and was not made the beginning of a solar year 
among the Egyptians, according to Clemens Alexandrinus, 
"till 345 years after the exodus of the Israelites." The solar 
year among the ancient people of God, and which belonged to 
all people before the Dispersion, began with the month Tisri, 
answering to parts of our September and October. It has been 
called their civil year, to distinguish it from that which was 
given by Moses for religious purposes, and which began in the 
spring, including parts of March and April. 

5. The sacred year of the Egyptians, mentioned in the pre- 
ceding section, and having only 365 days, began the first day 
of Thoth, at any time its length might require in the fixed 
solar year. It differed in length only about six hours from the 
original year. The months of the Egyptian sacred year had 
each thirty days, except the twelfth, which invariably had thir- 
ty-five, and only wanted another day quadrennially to make it 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 



55 



agree with the solar year. For the want of this, it recedes 
through the whole of the natural year, in 1460 solar years. 
Its calendar is as follows : 



Months. Davs. 

1. Thoth 30 

2. Paophi 3f» 

3. Athyr 30 

4. Choiac 30 

5. Tubi 30 

6. Mechir 30 

7. Phamenoth 30 



Months. Days. 

8. Phamuthi 30 

9. Pachon 30 

10. Pauni 30 

11. Ephi 30 

12. Mesori 35 

Total 365 



After the Grecian reign over Egypt ended, this calendar was 
conformed to the length of the Julian year by Augustus Caesar. 
From and after the twenty-ninth day of August, A. J. P. 4689, 
B. C. 25, Thoth was made to begin by adding another day 
to the twelfth month every Koman leap year. As this was 
the twenty-first year of the reformed calendar of Julius Caesar, 
and consequently a Roman leap-year, it required the 724th 
year of Nabonassar to be the first Roman Egyptian leap year. 
This began the latter part of the seventh of Augustus, counted 
from the battle of Actium, September second, A. J. P. 4682. 

6. A cycle of Egyptian sacred years. 



Egyptian Years began A. M, 
2540, Wed.. Tisri 1, A. J. P, 
1707, September 14. 

1 ST Yeae. 

Begins with Wednesday. 

1. Thoth 

2. Paophi 

3. Athyr 

4. Choiac 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir 

7. Phamenoth . . 

8. Phamuthi 

9. Pachon 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori 

2d Yeae. 

Begins with Thursday. 

1. Thoth 

2. Paophi 

3. Athyr ....... 

4. Choiac 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir 

7. Phamenoth. . . 



w 

a. 


1 


CO 

a. 


Op 


w 
a, 


5 


12 


19 


26 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


fi 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 


32 


4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 





Cycle of Egyptian Years. 



8. Phamuthi.... 

9. Pachon 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori 

3d Yeae. 

Begins with Friday. 

1. Thoth 

2. Paophi 

3. Athyr 

4. Choiac 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir 

7. Phamenoth .. . 

8. Phamuthi 

9. Pachon 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori 

4th Yeae. 

Begins with Saturday. 

1. Thoth 

2. Paophi 



14 



30 



31 



29 



30 



29 



30 



30 



56 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Cycle of Egyptian Years. 



3. Athyr 

4. Choiac. . . . 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir . . . 

7. Phamenoth 

8. Phamuthi. 

9. Pachon . . . 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori 

5th Year. 

Begins -with Sunday 

1. Thoth.... 

2. Paophi . . . 

3. Athyr 

4. Choiac. . . . 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir . . . 

7. Phamenoth 

8. Phamuthi . 

9. Pachon . . . 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori 

6th Year. 

Begins with Monday, 

1. Thoth 



w 


in 

3 
<< 


a 
a. 


e 

3 


to 


5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 


35 


7 


14 


21 


28 





Cycle of Egyptian Years. 



2. Paophi 

3. Athyr 

4. Choiac 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir 

7. Phamenoth 

8. Phamuthi .. 

9. Pachon 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori 

7th Year. 

Begins with Tuesday 

1. Thoth 

2. Paophi 

3. Athyr 

4. Choiac 

5. Tubi 

6. Mechir . . . . 

7. Phamenoth 

8. Phamuthi .. 

9. Pachon 

10. Pauni 

11. Ephi 

12. Mesori. 



29 



30 



30 



29 



7. As the first year and month, in the preceding cycle, began 
on Wednesday, the first Sabbath or Sunday was on the fifth day 
of the month. There being only 365 days in each year, each 
year ends on the same day of the week on which it begins, and 
after the seventh year the cycle begins again as it did on the 
first. This cycle may be run through all the Egyptian years 
down to the year which last preceded the first year of Nabonas- 
sar, by dividing any intervening number by seven, and the 
remainder will be the year of the cycle sought ; or, if there be 
no remainder, the seventh of the cycle will be that year. For 
instance, there are 2261 Egyptian sacred years, from the begin- 
ning of this era to Tuesday, the day next preceding Wednes- 
day, the first day of the era of Nabonassar, A. J. P. 3967, 
February twenty-sixth. Divide this number of years by seven, 
and the quotient will be 323 cycles of seven years each, and no 
remainder. The era of Nabonassar, therefore, begins on Wed- 
nesday, the first day of the 324th cycle ; and thus, by adding 
the wholo number of Egyptian sacred years, from the begin- 



ERA OF NABONASSAR EXPLAINED. 57 

ning, to any year demanded in the era of Nabonassar, and 
dividing the sum by seven, the remainder will show the calendar 
in the cycle for that year. The first great cycle of 1461 Egyp- 
tian years ended on Sunday, the thirteenth of September, A. J. 
P. 3167, on the last day of A. M. 3999, being the eighteenth 
year of the judgeship of Othniel. On the next day, Monday, 
began A. M. 4000, and also the Egyptian sacred year 1462, or 
No. 1 of a new cycle of 1461 years, precisely 800 of which 
ended the day preceding the first day of Nabonassar. So the 
2262d year of Egyptian history, and the first year of Nabo- 
nassar, began each on the same day, Wednesday, the twenty- 
sixth of February, A. J. P. 3967; B. C. 747. 

8. The first year of the era of Nabonassar, which began, as 
before proved, Wednesday, February twenty-sixth, A. J. P. 
3967, being also the sixteenth day of Adar, A. M. 4799, was 
the 2262d Egyptian sacred year. These Egyptian years began, 
as stated at the head of the cycle in this chapter, Wednesday, 
Tisri 1, A. M. 2540, being also the fourteenth day of Septem- 
ber, A. J. P. 1707. The proof of this is found in the fact, that 
they perfectly correspond to the calls of history and chronology 
for that whole period. Instance the following calls : Let the 
required "217 years," according to "the old Egyptian Chroni- 
cle," as transmitted by Syncellus, begin on the same day; next, 
add the required "443 years," according to the same, and other 
good authorities ; next, let the " sixteenth dynasty of 190 
years," as demanded in like manner, be added, and the day 
following the last call, Saturday, the fourteenth of February, 
A. J. P. 2557, or the third of Adar, A. M. 3389, will be the 
first day of the reign of "Salatis," the first of the "six shep- 
herd kings," according to Manetho, in Josephus against Apion — 
b. i, sec. 14. Manetho says, in the same section, "These 
people, whom we have before named kings, and called shepherds 
also, and their descendants, kept possession of Egypt five hun- 
dred and eleven years." The last of these 511 years ends in 
the first year of the exodus of Israel out of Egypt. The shep- 
herd kings, according to Manetho, reigned only 259 years, when 
they were expelled Egypt by Tethmosis, in the fifteenth year 
of whose reign Joseph was sold into Egypt. And, thirteen 



58 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

years thereafter, in the third year of the next king, Chebron, 
Joseph was promoted, and "obtained possession of the granaries 
of Egypt." And nine years after this, Jacob, with all his family, 
moved into Egypt, claiming to be " shepherds from their youth." 
This was A. M. 3684, A. J. P. 2852, and from the first of 
Salatis, the first shepherd king, the 296th year. Jacob's pos- 
terity remained in Egypt 215 years, which, added to the previ- 
ous 296, make Manetho's "511 years," during which, taking 
the Israelites to be the "descendants" of the shepherd kings, 
he said, they "kept possession of Egypt." This result synchro- 
nizes with the Scripture year of the exode, A. M. 3899. (See 
my next chapter.) Continue to run this Egyptian sacred year 
through my years of the world and those of the Julian period, 
and it hits exactly the era of Nabonassar, as above stated. 
This series of Egyptian years, 2261, thus minutely established at 
both ends, by the irrefutable testimony of ancient history, 
settles many of the most important questions in chronology for 
the same period. But a variation, from the true number, of 
only one solar year of the world, within that interval, would 
have disconnected the Egyptian year from its appropriate junc- 
ture, at one or the other end of the series. The last day of the 
Egyptian year 2261 being Tuesday, the twenty-fifth of Feb- 
ruary, A. J. P. 3967, the day which precedes the first day of 
the era of Nabonassar, a fixed point in chronology, establishes 
a regular connection between the two eras. And the perfect 
agreement between the first 1361 of those Egyptian years and 
numerous historical and chronological facts, establishes the 
correctness of the beginning of the whole series. 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 59 

CHAPTER V. 

YEARS OP TETE BIBXE, AND THOSE OF THE EGYP- 
TIANS, SYNCHRONIZED AT THE EXODUS. 

We will next synchronize the years of the Pharaohs, or Egyp- 
tian kings, and those of the Hebrews, at the time of the exode, 
A. M. 3899. 

1. It is generally allowed by modern writers, that Manetho, 
as quoted by Josephus against Apion — b. i, 14, 15, 26-34 ; b. 
ii, 2, etc. — confounds the Sycsos, or shepherd kings, with the 
Israelites. And I may add, that he evidently confounds Joseph 
and Moses, and the coming of Joseph and the Israelites into 
Egypt with the supposed return thither of the Hycsos, some 
years after thay had been expelled thence by the Theban king, 
Alisphragmuthosis, and his son Tethmosis, who succeeded Assis, 
the last shepherd king, in the throne of lower Egypt. But that 
which leads to an easy solution of this very interesting portion 
of chronology, is the following assertion of Manetho: "That 
these people, whom we have before named kings, and called 
shepherds also, and their descendants, kept possession of Egypt 
jive hundred and eleven years" These 511 years, as he states, 
began with the reign of Salatis, the first shepherd king. And 
if his following list be adopted, with a single correction by the 
monuments of Egypt, in the reign of Armais, the thirteenth 
king of the eighteenth dynasty, his 511th year will bring us 
down to the second year of Barneses — III of the monuments — 
which, we will endeavor to prove, was the Egyptian year of the 
exodus. 

2. According to the list of Manetho, Salatis reigned nine- 
teen years ; Beon, forty-four ; Apachnas, thirty-six years and 
seven months ; Apophis, sixty-one years ; Janias, fifty years and 
one month ; and then Assis reigned forty-nine years and two 
months. These six are the only shepherd kings mentioned by 
Manetho; and their reigns, when added together, make only 
259 of the required 511 years. He next gives Tethmosis, 



60 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

who, he says, drove out the shepherd people. Here Josephus 
egregiously errs, and perplexes the Hebrew chronology, by con- 
tending that the expelled shepherds, referred to by Manetho, 
were the Israelites. But the best available evidence fixes this 
expulsion on the Phenicians, as they were subsequently denom- 
inated. They settled, after this, on the coast of Syria. They 
went toward Syria, on leaving Egypt, as Manetho states ; but 
they never returned again, as he supposed. The Israelites, 
however, shortly after this, came into Egypt, who were not 
sufficiently distinguished from the expelled people, by Manetho. 
Josephus attempted to take advantage of this mistake of 
Manetho, and became himself involved in a confusion of the 
history of his own people, by supposing them to be the shep- 
herds expelled by Tethmosis. Who can believe, as the assump- 
tion of Josephus demands — founded on a want of distinction, by 
Manetho, between the expelled shepherd kings and the Israel- 
ites — that the latter people either reigned over or occupied 
Egypt "511 years," or even 259 years? But to proceed with 
Manetho's list. To Tethmosis he gives twenty-five years and 
four months ; Chebron, thirteen years ; Amenophis, twenty 
years and seven months ; Armesses, twenty-one years and nine 
months ; Mephres, twelve years and nine months ; Mephrathut- 
mosis, twenty-five years and ten months; Amenophis, thirty 
years and ten months ; Orus, Horus — or Hor of the monuments — 
thirty-six years and five months ; Achenkeres, twelve years and 
one month; Bathotis — Barneses I, of the monuments — nine 
years ; 2 Achenkeres, twenty-four years and eight months ; Ar- 
mais — Barneses II — and corrected by the monuments — fourteen 
years; and Barneses — III of the monuments — one year and 
four months. These last four months belong to the required 
511th year of Manetho, the Egyptian year of the exode, as 
here contended for. If we shall succeed in making this year a 
fixed point in Egyptian chronology, by uniting it with the 
Mosaic year of the exode, it will not be necessary, in this 
place, to discuss the question, whether the last-named Barneses 
of Manetho, and Barneses III of the monuments, are identical 
or not. Of this question we will again have something to say. 
3. If the odd months, in the foregoing list of Manetho, be 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 61 

added together, they will swell the number of years nearly to 
517, instead of 511. This, however, must not be done; for, 
according to the canon of Ptolemy — explained in the last chap- 
ter — the odd months in the reigns of the kings of Egypt are 
always counted in the first years of their successors, irrespective 
of the time of the current year in which each succeeding king 
might actually begin to reign. A remarkable instance of this 
rule occurred on the conquest of Alexander over Darius III, 
Codomanus, whose fourth and last year, according to the canon, 
being E. N. 416, ended Friday, the thirteenth of November, 
A. J. P. 4382, B. C— not Julian— 331 ; and the following day, 
Saturday, because it was the first day of Thoth, which began 
a new Egyptian year, was made the commencement of the first 
year of Alexander, although the Persian king continued to 
reign in fact till the battle of Arbela, which took place the first 
day of October, A. J. P. 4383, B. C— not Julian— 330, nearly 
ten months after the beginning of Alexander's first year, 
according to the canon. The non-observance of this rule has 
been one cause of the perplexity in which this branch of chro- 
nology has been involved. 

4. We also learn from the said canon, that the years of the 
kings of Egypt consisted only of 365 days each, beginning always 
on the first day of the first month, Thoth. These years, there- 
fore, fell short about six hours each solar year; and they 
receded 365 days in the course of 1460 solar years, making 
within that time 1461 Egyptian or civil years. Now, if we take 
the Julian year of the exode, as demanded by the Septuagint, 
and adopted in this work, A. J. P. 3067, and the 511th year of 
Manetho, as synchronical ; and then from the first year of the 
era of Nabonassar, which began — as has been proved — on Wed- 
nesday, the twenty-sixth of February, A. J. P. 3967, if we 
reverse the Egyptian years back to the second year of Barneses — 
III of the monuments — it will be found to have commenced on 
Friday, the ninth day of October, A. J. P. 3066. The begin- 
ning of the Egyptian year of the exode being thus ascertained, 
it will greatly aid us in this investigation if we can ascertain, 
also, in what time of the year the birthday of Moses recurred 
annually. For the following reasons, we place it about the 



62 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOai. 

thirteenth day of February. (1.) The first day of the eleventh 
month, Shebet, the fortieth year of the exode, he began to 
repeat the law — Deut. i, 3. This corresponded to Sunday, the 
ninth day of January, A. J. P. 3107, as may be seen by my 
cycle, founded on the Mosaic calendar. On the tenth day of 
the first month, Abib — An. Ex. Isr. 41 — the Israelites passed 
over Jordan — Josh, iv, 19. This, it may be seen in like manner, 
was on Monday, the twenty-first day of March, A. J. P. 3107. 
The two days previous to this were spent in removing from 
Shittim to Jordan — a distance of about eight miles — and in 
sanctifying themselves — Josh, iii, 1, 5. The three days previous 
to their removal to Jordan were occupied in spying out the 
land, and city of Jericho — Josh, ii, 1, 22, 23. And the thirty 
days which preceded the last three days were spent in weeping 
for Moses in the plains of Moab — Deut. xxxiv, 8. These thir- 
ty-five days would carry us back from the day of their sanctifi- 
cation at Jordan, on the ninth of Abib, to the sixth day of the 
twelfth month, Adar, as the probable day of the death of 
Moses, the thirty-sixth day after he began to repeat the law. 
Adar had thirty-two days that year. (See the cycle referred to 
above.) The sixth of Adar corresponded that year to Sunday, 
the thirteenth day of February, A. J. P. 3107. That the day 
of his death was on the anniversary of his birthday also, is 
rendered most probable from Deut. xxxi, 2 ; xxxii, 48 ; xxxiv, 
7. That his birthday was about the thirteenth of February, is 
countenanced, (2,) from Ex. vii, 7, which makes him "eighty 
years old when he spake unto Pharaoh." This was early in the 
spring of the Julian year of the exode. We have elsewhere 
proved that the exodus began the fifteenth day of Abib, and 
that this day corresponded to Saturday, March the twenty- 
seventh, A. J. P. 3067. Archbishop Usher thinks that he 
spoke unto Pharaoh about one month before the exodus. 
Moreover, Stephen says — Acts vii, 23, 30 — that he was " full 
forty years old" when he fled to Midian, and that "when forty 
years were expired" the angel of the Lord appeared unto him 
at the burning bush. He was, therefore, eighty years old when 
the Lord spoke unto him at the bush, which was probably about 
two weeks before he spoke unto Pharaoh; thus making his 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 63 

birthday about the thirteenth of February. The Targumist, as 
quoted by Dr. Clarke, says that Moses died " on the seventh 
day of the month Adar, the same day of the same month on 
which he was born." I differ one day. This time of the birth 
of Moses will be countenanced again, by the time of the death 
of Barneses, as cited by Manetho, compared with Ex. iv, 19, in 
the course of these remarks. 

5. We now invite attention to a few correspondencies between 
Manetho — as corrected by the monuments — and the Bible. 
First. Manetho represents that a very distinguished Egyptian, 
called Osarsiph, forsook the Egyptians, and joined himself to 
thousands of "polluted wretches," "lepers," and "impure 
people," who, by the king's permission, then lived in Avaris; 
that OsarsipJis name was afterward changed to that of 
Moses; that he encouraged a revolt; sent for the shepherd 
people, who had been driven out of the land by Tethmosis, 
promising to restore them to their ancient city and country, 
Avaris, and that they gladly returned; that he afterward 
issued cruel orders, injured the property of the Egyptians in 
various ways, got possession of the granaries of Egypt, com- 
mitted sacrilege, roasted their sacred animals, etc. ; then that 
the king of Egypt assembled 300,000 of the most warlike, who 
met the revolters ; yet that he did not join battle with them, 
but thinking that would be to fight against the gods, he returned 
back, etc. 

Here we have a confused allusion both to Joseph and Moses. 
The Bible tells how Joseph " got possession of the granaries of 
Egypt," and how he sent into Canaan for all his father's 
house, who told the king that "they were shepherds, that they 
might dwell in Goshen." This was "the city and country of 
Avaris," from which, according to Manetho, the Hycsos, shep- 
herd kings, had been expelled by Tethmosis, in the fifteenth 
year of whose reign, according to this chronology, Joseph came 
into that country as a captive. The Bible also explains about 
the name of Moses ; how the property of the Egyptians was 
injured by the desolating plagues which, through him, were 
brought upon the land; how "the sacred animals," the lambs — 
that "used to be worshiped" — were "roasted;" how "the cities 



64 BIBLICAL CHKONOLOGY. 

and villages were set on fire" — mentioned also by Manetho — by 
"the lightning that lightened the world;" and how the "col- 
lected army of the most warlike troops of Egypt" was "met" 
by the God of the Hebrews. This was certainly, therefore, the 
Egyptian year of the exode of Israel, the last of the 511 years 
during which, as Manetho thought, "the Hycsos and their 
descendants kept possession of Egypt." This was the second 
year of Rameses — III of the monuments — only four months of 
which does Manetho assign to this king. This year, as we have 
seen, according to Ptolemy's canon reversed, began on Friday, 
the ninth of October, A. J. P. 3066; and the four Egyptian 
months having thirty days each extended to February the fifth, 
A. J. P. 3067, when, according to Manetho, this king died. 
We have seen that the Bible requires the birthday of Moses to 
be about the thirteenth of the same month ; and it is worthy of 
special notice that just eight days after the last four months of 
that king, according to this chronology, when Moses' eightieth 
year "was expired" — Acts vii, 23, 30 — the Lord said unto 
him — Ex. iv, 19 — "All the men are dead which sought thy life." 
This Rameses, it is asserted by Champollion, and Rosellini, was 
the brother of his predecessor, Armais ; and both were the sons 
of Menephtah I — according to the monuments — who began his 
reign about the time that Moses fled to Midian, "full forty years 
old." Menephtah and his sons, therefore, were "the men who 
sought the life of Moses." 

6. Secondly. Joseph died, aged 110 years — Gen. 1, 26 — 
A. M. 3755, B. C. 1791, A. J. P. 2923, the seventeenth year 
of Mephrathutmosis — Amenophis II of the monuments — the 
367th of Manetho's 511 years, reckoned from Salatis, the first 
shepherd king, and 144 years before the exode. And Moses 
having been born eighty years before the exodus, left sixty-four 
years from the death of Joseph to that event, which was in the 
seventeenth year of Orus, Horus — or Hor of the monuments — 
the ninth king of the eighteenth dynasty, in the 431st of 
Manetho's 511 years. The reign of Horus began the forty- 
seventh year after the death of Joseph ; and this chronological 
fact points to him as the "new king that arose up over Egypt, 
that knew not Joseph" — not meaning a disapproval of his 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 65 

policy, but an ignorance of his person and excellent character, 
which had gained for the Israelites the special favor of the 
royal family for so long a time. He therefore became jealous 
of the growing numbers and strength of the people of Israel. 
Tmosis, who preceded Horus forty years, and Amenophis, who 
preceded him thirty years and ten months, must both have per- 
sonally known Joseph. But Horus, beginning his reign forty- 
seven years after the death of Joseph, and then reigning thirty- 
six years and five months, it is likely had never seen him. The 
time in which Moses was born, in the reign of Horus, agrees 
well with the time required by the Bible for that wicked king 
to have made experiments to prevent the multiplication of the 
Hebrews, (1,) by hard labor, in "building treasure-cities for 
Pharaoh ;" (2,) by the cruel orders "to the Hebrew midwives;" 
and, (3,) by his final " charge to all his people to cast every new- 
born son of the Hebrews into the river" — Ex., first chapter. 
Under this last edict Moses was born, about Thursday, the thir- 
teenth of February, A. J. P. 298T, B. 0. 172T, A. M. 3819, 
the third of Adar, then the sixth month, 0. S. — the eighteenth 
of Choiac, fourth Egyptian month. 

7. Thirdly. The Bible requires that the reigning king, at the 
birth of Moses, should have a daughter of sufficient age and 
distinction to adopt him "for her own son," by which he might 
be entitled to the throne of Egypt, in his turn. And Manetho 
assures us that Horus had a daughter, whose name was 
Achenkeres, and that after her father's death she reigned twelve 
years and one month. The monuments call her Tmauhot. 
Here is perfect agreement between Manetho, the Bible, and the 
monuments of Egypt. 

8. Fourthly. The Bible requires that the "treasure-city," 
which was built during the policy of the tyrant "who knew not 
Joseph," and called "Barneses" — Ex. i, 11 — should have been 
called after a royal person of that name ; for royal persons are 
not named after cities, but the latter are called after the former. 
And we are informed by the monuments of Egypt, that a son 
of Horus, the Rathotis of Manetho, was called Barneses I. This 
being the first Barneses of Egyptian kings, nullifies all at- 
tempts at synchronizing the year of the exode with Egyptian 



6t) BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

history, prior to the times of the Rameses. And the fact that 
the treasure-city, called Raamses, or Raineses, being built and 
named while the Israelites were extremely oppressed with hard 
labor to prevent their rapid increase, fixes the time of building 
it, either just before, or soon after the birth of Moses. It was 
not built in the time of any king who knew Joseph. And there 
were only sixty-four years between the death of the latter and 
the birth of Moses, as the Bible proves. Moreover, " all the 
generation" to which Joseph belonged, and himself also, "were 
dead" — Ex. i, 6 — before the tyrant arose who knew him not. 
And when the Israelites left Egypt, eighty years after the birth 
of Moses, they "went out from Rameses." These facts, con- 
sidered in connection with the other specified coincidences, pre- 
sent the chronology of Manetho and that of the Bible accord- 
ant, in this particular also. Neither a sooner nor later period 
in Egyptian history will ever be found to harmonize with Bible 
requirements. 

9. Fifthly. When "Moses refused to be called the son of 
Pharaoh's daughter," and renounced his right to possess "the 
treasures of Egypt," it is required in the Bible, by necessary 
implication, that the throne should be vacant. As the adopted 
son of the daughter of Horus, Moses could not succeed to the 
crown till the last living child of her father had reigned. 
Achenkeres, the oldest child, succeeded her father twelve years 
and one month ; and then Rathotis, that is, Rameses I, succeeded 
his sister for nine years. The ninth, or last year of this king, 
the last of the children of Horus, ended, according to Ptolemy's 
canon reversed, on the eighteenth day of October, A. J. P. 3027. 
And about the middle of the previous February, as we have be- 
fore proved, was the anniversary birthday of Moses, when he was 
forty years old. It was, therefore, some time after his birthday, 
the same Julian year, perhaps at the time of the death of the 
king, about the end of that Egyptian year, "when Moses was 
grown " — Ex. ii, 11 — when he "refused the treasures of Egypt," 
being "come to years" — Heb. xi, 24 — "when he was full forty 
years old" — Acts vii, 23 — that, having declined the kingdom, 
and killed an Egyptian, he fled to Midian, thus leaving behind 
him the insulted and indignant royal family. There being no 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 67 

child of Achenkeres to inherit the crown, except the adopted 
Moses, when he "refused," Menephtha I, according to the 
monuments, succeeded his father, Rameses I, for twenty-four 
years and eight months, which time is given by Manetho to two 
Achenkeres. Thus the age of Moses, when he refused the 
crown of Egypt, according to the Bible, and the time when the 
throne became vacant by the death of Rameses I, the last child 
of Horus, according to Manetho, perfectly harmonize. 

10. Sixthly. Manetho represents the people to whom Osarsiiph 
or Moses joined himself, when he became their leader and 
lawgiver, as dwelling in a place which contained 10,000 acres — 
about seventeen square miles — called Avaris; which, he said, 
had been occupied by the Hycsos, or shepherd people, whom 
Tethmosis had expelled. And the Bible says, that the people 
whose leader he became were the Israelites, and that they dwelt 
in Goshen, called also Rameses, when they left that region. 
These testimonies identify the Avaris of Manetho, with the 
Goshen and Barneses of Ex. ix, 26, and xii, 37. The same dis- 
trict of country, or city, is called "the land of Goshen," and, by 
way of anticipation, "the land of Rameses" — Gen. xlvii, 11 — 
for the book of Genesis was compiled by Moses after its chief 
city became denominated from Rameses I. The Seventy, in 
their day, called the city Heroopolis — the city of heroes — the 
place where Joseph met Jacob. The same is called Heliopolis — 
city of the sun — by Josephus, where, he says, " the king gave 
Jacob leave to live with his children, for in that city the king's 
shepherds had their pasturage." (Antiq., b. ii, 5, 6.) The same 
was the Aven of Ezek. xxx, 17, and the On of Gen. xli, 45, 
Thus evidently agree Manetho and the Bible, in respect to the 
dwelling-place of the people to whom Moses attached himself, 
when he renounced his title to the honors and treasures of 
Egypt. 

11. Seventhly. For the convenience of reference, we have 
called the Rameses of Manetho — to whose reign he gave one 
year and four months — the III of the monuments ; because, in 
Gliddon's Egypt, and other recent works, they seem, from the 
time of their commencement, to be identical. But the latter 
having about the same number of years assigned him on the 



68 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

monuments — sixty odd — that Manetho has given to his next 
king, Armesses, the son of Miammoun, being sixty-six years 
and two months, renders their identity more than doubtful. 
Manetho's Rameses was doubtless the III in numerical order, 
but he was not identical with Sesostris of the monuments, to 
whom sixty-six years and two months' reign are assigned. 
"Under the name of Sesostris," says Birch, " are, without 
doubt, combined the exploits of the whole eighteenth dynasty." 
And Hengstenberg says, "It must be considered as a fixed 
result of modern investigation, that Sesostris is not a historical, 
but a mythic personage, to whom it was the custom to trace 
back all the important measures and the great successes of the 
ancient Pharaohs." The true ground upon which these weighty 
opinions rest may be found in the fact, that at the commence- 
ment of that splendid reign of recapitulating "the successes of 
the ancient Pharaohs," the glory of Egypt departed at the 
rebuke of the God of the Hebrews. The person, whoever he 
was, that succeeded Rameses III — as mentioned by Manetho — 
and before whom Moses stood and wrought wonders, was cer- 
tainly "overthrown in the Red Sea." Psalm cxxxvi, 15. 
Manetho calls him Amenophis, the father of " Sethos, who was 
also named Rameses, from his [Amenophis] father, Rameses," 
which last must have been the Rameses who reigned one year 
and four months. Josephus, however, will have it that this 
Amenophis was a fictitious person introduced by Manetho, 
because no time is given as to the length of his reign. If he 
began, as the termination of the previous reign demanded, in 
February, and was then drowned in the Red Sea about the first 
of April, no year could be given him. Manetho says, he pur- 
sued after Moses with an army of 300,000 men, but when it 
looked like fighting against the gods he returned back, and 
shortly passed into Ethiopia, where he continued many years, 
etc. Much of fiction appears in the account given by Manetho 
of this Amenophis, and yet it is most likely that the fabulous 
part of the history is founded on the catastrophe which befell a 
real person of that name at the Red Sea. The first born of all 
Egypt being destroyed in the visit of the tenth plague — the 
productions of the earth being blasted or destroyed — and last, 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 69 

the collected troops of Egypt being overthrown, with their king, 
in the Red Sea, as we learn from the Bible, it suited the super- 
stition of the remnant to recapitulate, and sum up the glorious 
achievements of the past in honor of some fictitious personage ; 
and, therefore, Sesostris, for a long reign of sixty-six years, is 
made to perpetuate and hand down to posterity, in this manner, 
the glory of Egypt. Amenophis having perished with his 
army in the sea, in the very commencement of his reign, the 
name of Rameses III being the last Pharaoh who departed in 
the time of Egypt's glory, might have been retained in connec- 
tion with that of Sesostris. 

For the reasons above stated, we have put down the year of 
the exode and the second year of Rameses III, or rather the 
first year of Sesostris, as synchronical. This was the 511th 
Egyptian year from the first }^ear of Salatis, the first shepherd 
king; that is, A. M. 3899, B. C. 1647, A. J. P. 3067. Two 
kings of Egypt died this year, according to the Bible — one early 
in February, when God said unto Moses in Midian, "All the 
men are dead which sought thy life;" and the other was 
"destroyed in the Red Sea," early in April. The exode being 
on the fifteenth of Abib, corresponded to Saturday, the twen- 
tieth of Mechir, year of Egypt 1361. 

12. Having thus constituted a fixed point in Egyptian chro- 
nology, which perfectly harmonizes with Bible requirements, 
both before and at the time of the exodus, we next reverse the 
Egyptian years, according to Ptolemy's canon, to the beginning 
of Egyptian history. Salatis, the first shepherd king, began 
410 solid Egyptian years before the Egyptian year of the 
exode, on Saturday, February the fourteenth, A. J. P. 2557. 
The seventeenth dynasty was synchronical with that of the 
.shepherd kings. The sixteenth dynasty of 190 years began 
April second, A. J. P. 2367. The next period of 443 years, 
containing fifteen generations, or dynasties, taken from the 
"Old Egyptian Chronicle," as preserved by Syncellus, began 
with the reign of Menes, the first king, A. M. 2756, B. G. 
2790, A. J. P. 1924, the twenty-second day of July, just eight 
years before the time which Champollion fixed on for the acces- 
sion of Menes. And then the first period in Egyptian history 



70 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

of 217 years, taken from the same Old Chronicle, constituting 
the patriarchal time of the Mestrseans, or Mizraimites, began 
with the 278th year after the Flood, on Wednesday, the four- 
teenth day of September, A. J. P. 1707, being also the first 
day of Tisri, the first month, A. M. 2540 ; and also the first 
day of the first month, Thoth, in the first year of the postdi- 
luvian history of Egypt. This is a most remarkable coinci- 
dence! And it authorizes a most violent presumption, that 
we have rightly computed the number of years from the time 
of Mizraim's settlement of Egypt down to the first day of the 
era of Nabonassar, which is a fixed point in chronology, estab- 
lished with astronomical certainty. The coincidence which we 
have noticed above, the first day of the first 217 years of 
Egypt's settlement being also the first day of the parallel year 
of the world, as all people then computed it, could only occur 
once in a cycle of 1460 solar years. Erom that starting-point 
both years proceeded, one Julian in length, and the other 
defective about six hours. (Such years other nations also 
observed after the dispersion from Babel.) And the next time 
these years began again on the same day was Monday, the 
fourteenth of September, A. J. P. 3167, A. M. 4000, B. C. 
1546, the first day of Tisri, in the eighteenth year of Othniel's 
judgeship. And the next time this coincidence occurred was 
Eriday, the fourteenth of September, A. J. P. 4627, the first 
day of A. M. 5460, B. C. 86. As it is most manifest that 
the defective year of only 365 days had to recede through 
the solar years of the world, with which Mizraim was perfectly 
acquainted, and not through a year recognized ages afterward 
and beginning at the rising of Sirius, therefore, the declara- 
tion which has been attributed to Censorinus, of the third 
century, that "the last time that coincidence occurred was on 
the twentieth of July, A. D. 139," should be received with 
great caution. The years of different lengths, beginning 
together, at the time of Mizraim's settlement of Egypt, never 
began together on the twentieth of July. The solar year of 
the Israelites, who were in Egypt 215 years — and certainly 
they observed the same solar years with the Egyptians — began 
and ended in September. (See Ex. xxiii, 16, where, in the 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 71 

regulation of the feast of tabernacles, it is said, "In the end 
of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy labors out of the 
field," etc.) It is impossible that this should have been any 
other than a solar year. It began in September, the first 
month of which was called Tisri, and it was in fact the solar 
year "which had been carefully noted down" from the days 
of Adam. On leaving Egypt, however, Tisri was made the 
seventh month, in the calendar then given for religious pur- 
poses, instead of the calendar of the defective year, to which 
they had also been accustomed while in Egypt, and perhaps 
before they went thither. Syncellus, who speaks of the "443 
years," mentioned in the "Old Egyptian Chronicle," as 
belonging to "the Cynic cycle" — which last is his own com- 
ment, not the text of the Chronographeon — is in the same 
error with Censorinus. A " Cynic cycle" consists of Julian or 
solar years; but the years of the Old Chronicle, like those 
of Nabonassar, were not solar; they had only 365 days each. 
And Clemens Alexandrinus says, " The Sothiac (or Canicular) 
period did not commence till 345 years after the exodus of the 
Israelites from Egypt." "That is," says Jackson, "B.C. 
1248, and 500 years before the Nabonassarean era." (See 
Jackson, vol. ii, p. 74.) It was, therefore, not more than 800 
years after the beginning of this Sothic year that the Egyptian 
priests told Herodotus, and other Greeks, that the sun had, in 
the time of their history, risen twice in the west — alluding to 
the fact that their sacred year of 365 days and their solar year 
had twice commenced on the same day — the former receding 
through the latter in the period of 1460 solar years, when 
both years again begin on the same day. But the Sothic year 
of which Clemens Alexandrinus speaks, and the sacred year of 
365 days only, could not, on any supposition, have commenced 
more than once on the same day, between the exodus and the 
visit of Herodotus to Egypt. This fact, therefore, demands 
that a far more remote solar year be sought for the noted 
beginning of such a coincidence. If the Heliacal rising of 
Sirius, or the dog-star, hundreds of years after the exode, 
marked the first coincidence in the beginning of the solar and 
sacred years of the Egyptians, then there was prior to that 



72 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

event no such coincidence in their chronology. But there is 
abundant proof, that their years of 365 days each, receded 
from their most remote history, through those of Julian length, 
in 1460 solar years. And if the first day of Thoth, in the 
sacred year, ever coincided with the first day of a solar year, 
beginning at a different time to that of the Heliacal rising of 
Sirius, without a radical change in its calendar, it would always 
begin at a different time to that of the more recently-discov- 
ered Sothic year. Censorinus, assuming, however, that the 
Heliacal rising of Sirius fixed the point of this coincidence, 
ascertained that the current period of 1461 sacred years, 
which included the era of Nabonassar, required the next coinci- 
dence "on the twentieth of July, A. D. 139." Yet I do not 
hesitate, for reasons previously stated, to fix the coincidence 
next following the reign of Nabonassar, on Saturday, the 
"fourteenth of September, A. J. P. 4627, being at the same time 
the first day of Thoth, E. N. 662, or the Egyptian year from 
the settlement of Egypt, 2923, and also the first day of Tisri, 
A. M. 5460, B. C. 86. 

13. The results of the previous investigation supersede, in 
this place, an examination of certain statements concerning a 
supposed emendation of the Egyptian year, from 360 to 365 
days, in the reign of Assis. The truth is, that the odd days 
were never considered as belonging to any month, though 
always counted after the twelfth. It is, moreover, evident that 
Herodotus and other Greeks were very ignorant of the Egyp- 
tian calendar ; and those who have adopted their blunders have 
generally supposed, like them, that no nation, in its beginning, 
knew more of the science of time than did the Greeks and the 
Romans. This placing the pyramid on its point, once led Dr. 
Shuckford to suppose, "as most probable, that the solar and 
civil years were the same before the Elood, and that 360 days 
were the exact measure of both." In this speculation, how- 
ever, the learned Doctor relied more on the blind theories of 
Plutarch, Plato, and Anaxagoras, than on the Bible. It was 
the detection of this error that first prompted the author of 
this Introduction to trouble his readers on Bible Chronology. 

14. The older nations, planted by men of the first postdilu- 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 73 

vian generation, evidently had the two kinds of years which 
we have been considering. And this fact seems to favor the 
assumption in respect to the short or sacred year of 365 days 
only, that it was founded on some divine authority. But of 
this we can not speak positively. "Indeed," says Mr. Grliddon, 
"Champollion declares, what the great mathematician Biot 
confirms, that the astronomical dates, procured from the tombs 
of the kings of Thebes, would carry back the use of a national 
calendar in Egypt to the year B. C. 3285." This year imme- 
diately preceded that of the Flood, during which Noah was 
"gathering food for every living thing of all flesh into the 
ark." And as the Hebrew word for ark, theba, furnished the 
name of the temple dedicated to Osiris, or Noah, in that most 
ancient capital of Egypt, it is most likely that the "national 
calendar" referred both to that year and the ark. 

15. The results of this chapter may be summed up as follows : 

Years of the Cycle. 

(1.) Mestre, or Mizraim, the second son of Ham, 
settled Egypt — as demanded by the " Old Egyptian 
Chronicle," which was transmitted by Syncellus, and 
also by the reversed cycle of 1461 civil or sacred 
years, from the first year of Nabonassar — A. M. 2540, 
Tisri first, A. J. P. 170T, Wednesday, September four- 
teenth, 278th year after the Flood, being in Egypt's 
history, Thoth first, sacred year, 1 

(2.) As required by the same authorities, 217 years there- 
after, Menes, the first king of Egypt, began the first 
of fifteen generations or dynasties, comprising 443 
years of what Syncellus mistook for the "Cynic 
cycle," A. M. 2756, A. J. P. 1924, Wednesday, the 
. twenty-second day of July, Thoth first, Egyptian 
sacred year, 218 

(3.) The sixteenth dynasty of 190 Egyptian years, 
required by the same authorities, and also by Manetho 
and the monuments, began A. M. 3199, A. J. P. 2367, 
Friday, second of April, Thoth first, sacred year of 
Egypt, . 661 

(4.) The dynasty of the Hycsos, or shepherd kings, cor- 



74 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Tears of the Cycle. 

responding to the time occupied by the Theban kings 
of the seventeenth dynasty, namely, 259 years, next 
began in the person of Salatis, A. M. 3389, A. J. P. 
2557, Saturday, fourteenth of February, Thoth first, 
first of Manetho's 511 years to the exode of shepherds, 
or the Israelites, Egyptian sacred year, 851 

(5.) The eighteenth dynasty, as reported by the Old 
Chronicle, and Manetho, corrected and confirmed by 
the monuments, and now corrected again, in its length, 
being only 343, instead of 348, Egyptian years, began 
in the person of Tethmosis, son of Alisphragmuthosis, 
who expelled the shepherd people, A. M. 3647, A. J. 
P. 2815, Saturday, December eleventh, Thoth first, 
sacred year of Egypt, 1110 

(6.) Joseph was sold into Egypt before the end of the 
fifteenth year of Tethmosis, being seventeen years old, 
A. M. 3662, and before the close of the sacred year, . 1124 

(7.) Isaac died 180 years old, A. M. 3674, B. C. 1872, 
A. J. P. 2842, year of the promise to Abraham, 205, 
and before the end of the Egyptian sacred year, . . 1136 

(8.) Some time in the next year, Joseph was promoted 
to be second in authority to the king, now the third 
year of Chebron, the second ruler of this dynasty, 
and the seven years of plenty began, A. M. 3675, 
latter part of the sacred year, . 1137 

(9.) Jacob moved into Egypt in the second year of the 
famine, latter part of the twelfth year of Chebron, 
A. M. 3684, A. J. P. 2852, sacred year of Egypt, . 1146 

(10.) Jacob died, aged 147 years, A. M. 3701, A. J. P. 
2869, eightieth year of Levi, fifty-sixth of Joseph, 
sixteenth of the reign of Amenophis, Thothmes II of 
the monuments, third king of this dynasty, sacred 
year of Egypt, * 1163 

(11.) Joseph died, aged 110 years, A. M. 3755, A. J. P. 
2923, latter part of the seventeenth year' of Mephra- 
thutmosis, sixth king of this dynasty, and in the sacred 
year of Egypt, 1217 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 75 

Tears of the Cycle. 

(12.) Horus, or Hor, the king " who knew not Joseph," 
began to reign forty-seven years after his death, 
A. M. 3802, A. J. P. 2970, sacred year of Egypt, . . 1265 
This was the ninth king of this dynasty. 

(13.) Moses was born A. M. 3819, Adar third, A. J. P. 
2987, Thursday, February thirteenth, B. C. 1727, 
sixty-four years after the death of Joseph, the seven- 
teenth year of Horus, eighteenth day of Choiac, the 
fourth month of the sacred year, 1281 

(14.) Achenkeres, Horus's daughter, who adopted Moses 
as her own son, began to reign, on the demise of 
her father, A. J. P. 3006, Monday, twenty-fourth of 
October, Moses being upward of nineteen years old, 
Thoth first, national year of Egypt, 1301 

(15.) Rathotis, Raraeses I, after whom a treasure-city 
was named, built during the oppressive laws of his 
father Horus, began to reign, A. J. P. 3018, Saturday, 
twenty-first of October, Moses being past thirty-one 
years old, Thoth first, sacred year, 1313 

(16.) Two Achenkeres, according to Manetho, but Me- 
nephtha, son of Rameses I, according to the monu- 
ments, began to reign, twenty-four years, Monday, 
nineteenth of October, A. J. P. 3027, Moses having 
fled to Midian, full forty years old, Thoth first, sacred 
year, 1322 

(17.) Armais, Rameses II, thirteenth sovereign of this 
dynasty, son of Menephtha, began to reign fourteen 
years, A. J. P. 3051, Thursday, thirteenth of October, 
Moses being sixty-four years old, Thoth first, sacred 
year, 1346 

(18.) Rameses III, fourteenth king of this dynasty, 
brother of Armais, and both sons of Menephtha, 
began for one year and four months, according to 
Manetho, Thursday, ninth of October, A. J. P. 3065, 
Moses being seventy-eight years and nearly eight 
months old, Thoth first, sacred year, 1360 

(19.) Sesostris comes next — instead of the real successor 



76 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOdY. 

Tears of the Cycle. 

to the crown, who was drowned in the Red Sea — to 
whom, according to established custom, was counted 
the last four months of Rameses III, which began the 
reputed first year of his reign, Friday, ninth of Oc- 
tober, A. J. P. 3066 — Moses having filled his seventy- 
ninth year in the February preceding — being, Thoth 
first, the 511th year of Manetho from the first year of 
the shepherd kings, sacred year of the Egyptians, . . 1361 
These four months extended to Friday, the fifth day of 
the ensuing February ; about Saturday, the thirteenth 
of which, A. J. P. 3067, Moses finished his eightieth 
year. The second forty years of his life, according to 
Stephen, having " expired," the angel of the Lord ap- 
peared to him in a flame of fire, in a bush. He then 
repaired to Egypt. And on Saturday, the twenty- 
seventh of March, the same Julian year, A. M. 3899, 
B. C. 1647, Abib fifteenth, the twentieth day of Mechir, 
the sixth month of the 511th year, which ended the 
time during which Manetho supposed the " shepherd 
kings and their descendants kept possession of Egypt," 
Moses conducted the Israelites out of bondage, sacred 

year of Egyptian history, 1361 

16. Some further account of the method, by which we ascer- 
tained that the reversed canon of Ptolemy had its beginning, 
in Egyptian chronology, on Wednesday, September fourteenth, 
A. J. P. 1707, being the very day with which A. M. 2540, and 
the 217 years given to Mizraim, in the " Old Chronicle," com- 
menced, may here be given. 

We shall state this as briefly as possible, yet, we trust, with 
sufficient plainness, so as to present it in its just claims to our 
readers. Let this be particularly marked. 

Having calculated the whole line of Bible chronology, ac- 
cording to our maturest convictions, from Adam to the Chris- 
tian era, we found that the exodus of Israel from Egypt must 
have occurred, according to our calculation, B. C. 1647, A. J. P. 
3067. To ascertain next the Egyptian year corresponding to 
that event, the statement of Manetho, as already quoted in 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 77 

this chapter, was taken as a guide, namely : " These people 
whom we have before named kings, and called shepherds also, 
and their descendants, kept possession of Egypt jive hundred 
and eleven years." These years, he states, began with the 
reign of Salatis. Believing that these Egyptian years, and 
those of the canon of Ptolemy, had the same origin, we reversed 
those of the latter, from the first clay of Nabonassar, Wednesday, 
February twenty-sixth, A. J. P. 3967, being the first day of 
Thoth, exclusive, to the said time of the exode, B. C. 1647, 
A. J. P. 3067 ; and found that the current Egyptian year 
began, as already stated, A. J. P. 3066, on Friday, October 
ninth. Taking this as the 511th year mentioned by Manetho, 
after witnessing the astonishing agreement between his state- 
ments, as corrected by the monuments, and those of the Bible, 
from the birth of Moses to the exode, we next reversed to the 
first of the said 511 years, and found, accordingly, that the 
said Salatis, as Manetho stated, began his reign with it, on 
Saturday, the fourteenth of February, A. J. P. 2557, B. C. 
2157. We then reversed 190 years, demanded for the six- 
teenth dynasty, and found that they began on Friday, the 
second day of April, A. J. P. 2367. Thence we reversed 443 
years, as demanded by the "Old Chronicle," and found that 
they began with Menes, on Wednesday, July twenty-second, 
A. J. P. 1924, B. C. 2790. And lastly, we reversed the 
remaining 217 years, as reported by Syncellus, from the " Old 
Chronicle," and found that they began on Wednesday, the four- 
teenth day of September, A. J. P. 1707, B. C. — not Julian — 
3006 ; being, at the same time, both the first day of Thoth, in 
the first of the 217 Egyptian years, and the first day of the 
first month, Tisri, A. M. 2540. Here is a list of the most 
marvelous coincidences. The Egyptian years reversed, are 
precisely 2261. The first in the reversion regularly precedes 
the first year of Nabonassar, a fixed point in chronology — 511 
years of that series in their appropriate place, as demanded by 
Manetho and the Bible, point out the Egyptian year of the 
exode. And the last day of the last reversed year of the whole 
series, being the' first clay of two very different years — a coinci- 
dence which can only happen once in 1460 solar years — proves, 



78 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



we think, that this Egyptian calendar was adjusted at the com- 
mencement of the first reported 217 years of the " Old Chron- 
icle." This was probably done by Thoth, the son of Misor, 
whose names are given to the first and last months of their 
sacred year. 

17. The days of any year of the Egyptian cycle, or of the 
era of Nabonassar, found in the large table, may be synchro- 
nized with those of corresponding Julian years, or of my years 
of the world, or of Rabbinical years of the world, by beginning 
the synchronism on the first day of Thoth, and on the corre- 
spondent day of any one of the other eras — thus: Take, for 
instance, the Egyptian year of the exode, 1361. This, it may 
be seen in the large table, began Friday, October ninth, 
A. J. P. 3066. Divide the Egyptian year of the exode, 1361, 
by 7, according to chapter iv, sec. 7, and the remainder, 3, 
will designate the third year of the cycle, in section 6th of 
the said chapter, as the year of the exode. As this begins on 
Friday, as above stated, the first Sunday fell on the third day 
of the first month, Thoth. Then the synchronism will be as 
follows : 



Eg. Y. 1361. 



Thoth 
Paophi 

Athyr. 
Choiac 
Tubi. . 
Mechir 



10 17 24 

8 15 22 

1320i27 

111825 



October 

29 November . . . 
i December. . . . 
January 



9 1623 30 Febr 



uary 



11 18 25 1 
15 22 29 
13 20;27| 3 

10 17 24 31 
7 14 21 28 



14,21 [28| ! March |14j21|28| 4 



November. 

December. 

Jan., A. J. P. 3067 

February. 

March. 

April, etc. 



As Saturday, the twentieth of Mechir, in Egyptian time, 
and Saturday, the twenty-seventh of March, in Julian time, 
correspond, as has been shown, to the Scripture day of the 
exode, let the same synchronism be extended to my year of 
the world, embracing that event. This was A. M. 3899. 
Divide this by 28, and the remainder, 7, will be the year of 
the Synchronical Cycle, prior to the exode, found in chapter ii. 
By examining this year of the world, it may be seen, that the 
first day of Thoth aforesaid, corresponded to Friday, the 
twenty-sixth of Tisri. This requires the following synchronism : 



BIBLE AND EGYPTIAN TIME. 



79 



Eg. Year, 1361. 



Thoth 
Paophi 
Athyr. 
Choiac 
Tubi.. 
Mechir 



10 17 24 

15 22 29 
13 20 27 

11 IS 25 



91623 

14|2l|28 



30 



Tisri.. 
Bui . . . 

Thebet 
Thebet 
Shebet 
Abib.. 



1623 



Bui. 
24 1 Casleu. 
Thebet. 
Shebet. 
5| Adar. 
Abib, etc. 



Thus it may be seen, that Saturday, the fifteenth of Abib, 
A. M. 3899, as required by the Scriptures for the exode, syn- 
chronized with Saturday, the twentieth of Mechir, in the said 
Egyptian year ; and also with Saturday, the twenty-seventh of 
March, A. J. P. 3067. 

A similar synchronism may be made between the current 
Rab. A. M. 2114, and the said Egyptian year of the exode, 
1361. The former began, Thursday, the seventeenth of Sep- 
tember, A. J. P. 3066 ; and the latter, on Eriday, the twenty- 
third day of Tisri, Rab. A. M. 2114. The synchronism must, 
therefore, be as follows : 



Eg. Year, 1361. 



Thoth. 
Paophi 
Athyr. 
Choiac 
Tubi.. 
Mechir 



-f. 


1 
«5 


1 


'1 


V- 

gl 


3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 


10 

8 

13 

11 

9 
14 


17 

15 
20 
IS 

16 
•21 


24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 


29 

30 



Tisri . 
Mar. .. 
Casleu 
Thebet 
Sebat . 
Abib. . 



-r 


■r 


































o. 


p. 














?• 




i" 


? 


25 


2 


9 


16 




23 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 




27 


5 


12 


IS 




26 


3 


10 


17 


24 


I 2 


9 


16 


23 





Rab. A. M. 2114. 



Marchesvan. 

Casleu. 

Thebet. 

Sebat. 

Adar. 

Etc. 



Here it is demonstrated again, that Saturday, the fifteenth 
of the Rabbinical year of the world, 2114 — which era began 
Monday, the seventh of October, A. J. P. 953 — synchronized 
with the aforesaid Saturday, the twentieth of Mechir, Egyptian 
year 1361, with Saturday, the twenty-seventh of March, A. 
J. P. 3067, and with Saturday, the fifteenth of Abib, or Nisan, 
A. M. 3899. To start right with the last synchronism, the 
Rab. A. M. 2114 must be divided by the great Jewish cycle 
of 247 years, the remainder, 138, see, in chapter ix, sec. 5 ; 
and opposite the 138th year of the cycle, it will be seen that it 
began, in Gregorian time reversed, Thursday, September nine- 
teenth, and that the index is 5 d 7. This directs to the second 



80 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

common year of 354 days, in section sixth of said ninth chap- 
ter, where the calendar for that year is found — turn the Gre- 
gorian into Julian time, by counting from the first day of the 
first Rabbinical year of the world, Monday, seventh of October, 
A. J. P. 953, to that which synchronizes with the first day of 
the Rab. A. M. 2114, and thus on to the twenty-third of Tisri 
of that year, which will be Friday, October ninth, A. J. P. 
3066, the same as the first day of Thoth, Egyptian year 1361 — 
as may be seen in the last synchronism. 

18. The ancient Jews were neither accustomed nor required 
to keep the Passoyer at the vernal equinox, as some have 
asserted. Jackson says, vol. ii, p. 21, in the year B. C. 1593 — 
his year of the exodus — A. J. P. 3121, that the vernal equinox 
came on the 26th of April, which, he also says, was both the 
fifteenth of Nisan and the fifteenth of Phamenoth. He cal- 
culated from A. D. 1748, when the vernal equinox was reck- 
oned in the beginning of the tenth of March. But the fif- 
teenth of Nisan for my corresponding year of the exode, 55, 
which is proved to be correct, was Saturday, the twenty-second 
of March. The fifteenth of Nisan, for the corresponding 
Rab. A. M. 2168, was on Saturday, the twenty-ninth of March. 
The Nicene calendar, for the same Julian year, requires the 
fifteenth of Nisan to be on Sunday, the twenty-third of March. 
And as to Jackson's fifteenth of Nisan, twenty-sixth of April, 
and the fifteenth of the Egyptian month Phamenoth, being that 
year on the same day, it is impossible. If he means the Egyp- 
tian solar year, the fifteenth of its Phamenoth was Thursday, 
the twenty-seventh of March. And if he intended the receding 
shorter year, the twenty-sixth of April would require the fourth 
of Phamuthi, the eighth month, for its synchronism. The whole 
proves that calculations, however accurately made, as founded 
on the precession of the equinoxes, must fail to accord with the 
calendars of ancient years — and no wonder, as before the times 
of Hipparchus, who died B. C. 125, nobody knew any thing 
of such precession. Numerous illustrations might be added 
to the foregoing, but these must suffice. 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 81 



CHAPTER VI. 

TIME OF THE DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 

1. Before we attempt to fix on the time when other nations 
had their commencement, it may be proper to inquire when the 
confusion of tongues, and the consequent dispersion from Babel, 
took place; for it is impossible, allowing the Scriptures to be 
true, that even a partial separation from the main body should 
have been effected, before the confusion of tongues. The Scrip- 
tures strongly indicate that all remained together, till their 
language was confounded. The settlement of the different por- 
tions of the postdiluvian earth, by the three grand divisions of 
Noah's posterity, was the fulfillment of an early decree, or com- 
mand of God, both in respect to the times and the bounds of 
such settlement. See Deut. xxxii, 8, 9 ; Acts xvii, 26. Jo- 
sephus says — Antiq., b. i, chap, iv, sec. 1, 2 — that God twice 
commanded the people, as they greatly multiplied, to form 
colonies in different countries, that they might not raise sedi- 
tions among themselves, but might cultivate a great part of the 
earth. But an opposition to this Divine order was headed by 
Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, whose project was defeated by 
the confusion of tongues, and the consequent dispersion of the 
people to the several parts of the earth, whither the decree of 
God had predestinated them; for if their several "inherit- 
ances" had not been pointed out beforehand, it would not have 
been rebellion in them not to go to them. But this rod of the 
Lord's displeasure had the desired effect. The varying tongues 
separated them by families ; and, generally, one of the first 
postdiluvian generation was taken as the patriarch of his own 
descendants, to whom the same language was limited ; when 
each company, thus formed, was conducted by divine Provi- 
dence to its own "inheritance." Each patriarch thus inherit- 
ing his lot, impressed on it, according to a universal custom, 
his own name. Hence the Scriptures repeatedly speak of tracts 



82 BIBLICAL CHBONOLOGY. 

of country bearing the names of the men of the first gener- 
ation after the Flood. Of the children of Shem, Elam was 
the first name which was given to the land which was allotted 
to him. Ashur gave name to his own, Assyria. And Jo- 
sephus tells us that Arphaxad first gave name to the country, 
which has since been called Chaldea. Lydia was called after 
Lud. Of the sons of Ham, Mestre, Mezr, or Mizraim, was the 
first name given to that part of Egypt which fell to his lot. 
Canaan is the name of the land which he settled. The same 
is true of others, and of the children of Japheth. 

2. But the question must be met directly. Did these men 
of the first generation, the immediate sons of Shem, Ham, and 
Japheth, personally occupy the countries which bore their 
names, as it was in the case of lands assigned to the twelve 
tribes of Israel, and denominated from the sons of Jacob, who 
once lived in that country themselves? It is the opinion of 
the writer, that the personal occupancy and improvement of 
the lands which bear the names of men of the first generation 
after the Flood, is the teaching of holy Scripture, and also 
the voice of history. Those who maintain that the dispersion 
from Babel was the cause of Peleg's name being given to him, 
have insurmountable difiiculties to obviate. The following are 
samples : Those who adopt the Hebrew numbers are compelled 
to maintain, that the name, Peleg, was given in anticipation of 
the dispersion, which was to occur " in his days" — some time 
before his death ; for, according to the present Hebrew, being 
born 101 years after the Flood, they acknowledge the time is 
too short to that event, and the population too limited to answer 
Scriptural requirements at the dispersion. Hence they claim 
all the days of Peleg for the accomplishment of the dispersion. 
But if this were a good reason for giving the name Peleg to 
one, because the dispersion took place in his lifetime, it is not 
easy to see why every body else might not, for the same reason, 
have been called by the same name. 

3. Those who adopt the Samaritan numbers, though they 
have 401 years from the Flood to the birth of Peleg, yet put 
off the dispersion till his life is far advanced, in order to allow 
Noah, and his sons of the old world, time to go hence, before 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 83 

the rebellion of Nhnrod and his associates led to the confusion 
of tongues and the general dispersion. These, therefore, force 
themselves into the same difficulties with others, who give Peleg 
his name in anticipation; for there is no hint that his name 
was given under prophetic influence. 

4. Those who adopt the Septuagint, and are consistent 
enough to allow that the name Peleg was given because of the 
"division of the earth," which doubtless occurred about the time 
of his birth, 531 years after the Flood, yet involve the subject, 
we think, in never-ending difficulty, by allowing that the "divi- 
sion of the earth," which afforded a name to Peleg, and the dis- 
persion of the people from Babel, at the confusion of tongues, 
were one and the same event. According to this interpreta- 
tion, those of the first generation after the Flood, who were 
living at the birth of Peleg — and we have one instance in 
Arphaxad — "were [as Mr. Smith allows] the old and infirm 
men of the age;" and even those of the second generation, like 
Nimrod and others, could hardly be, "because of strength and 
age, the natural leaders of their day," as contended for by 
Mr. Smith, in his Patriarchal Age; for he has Nimrod's 
decease only two years after the birth of Peleg. But he seems 
to forget that Ashur, "the second son of Sheni," was of the 
first generation ; and that after the dispersion — pp. 344, 345 — 
"he occupied the land, which the Bible, from his name, calls 
Assyria." And we think he rightly contends, that "Moses 
informs us that this patriarch built Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, 
and Resin." Here, then, is an insuperable difficulty, into 
which the scheme of Mr. Smith goes. The age of Arphaxad, 
next to that of his brother Ashur, doubtless made him and his 
cotemporaries of the first generation, at the birth of Peleg, as 
Mr. Smith allows, "the old and infirm men of their day." 
Arphaxad must be taken as a sample ; and he died just nine 
years after the birth of Peleg. And yet Ashur, an older 
brother, is supposed, by the same scheme, to have sufficient 
strength and years remaining, after the dispersion, to conduct 
his posterity from Shinar into his own land, and there, as their 
multiplication demanded, to build for them renowned cities, to 
the number of four ! It is true, an absurd and feeble attempt 



84 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

has been made "by some respectable authors," to fix on Nim- 
rod the honor of founding those cities. But this inconsistent 
interpretation, we think, Mr. Smith h \s justly exposed ; though, 
in so doing, he has established one of the Scrip tural objections 
to the year of the dispersion and that of the birth of Peleg 
being synchronical. 

5. While the birth of Peleg, according to the true numbers 
of that part of the Septuagint in which it is recorded, makes 
the time of the dispersion too late, in the lifetime of the first 
generation, for the accomplishment of Scriptural demands on 
them, as instanced in the case of Ashur, it also makes it too 
late for the requirements of history, as may be instanced in 
the case of Egypt, China, and some other countries. It does 
not satisfy us, when the history of several nations calls for 
extension back of the days of Peleg, to be told "all is fable 
before his time." This liberal excision of years from the 
claims of national histories would not, we think, be so confi- 
dently resorted to, were it not thought necessary, for the credit 
of the Bible, to have the dispersion in the days of Peleg. This 
interpretation, however, does not confine its nullifications to the 
claims of profane history; it also robs the patriarchs of the 
first generation of the honor of having settled the countries to 
which the divine record has given their names and appropriated 
their achievements. Take Ashur for illustration. 

6. We have not been able to see any solid reason why chro- 
nologers have manifested so much anxiety to have Noah and 
his sons removed hence before the rebellion at Babel, which, 
by divine Providence, issued in the confusion of tongues and 
the dispersion of the different families to their several allot- 
ments. The political divisions having been evidently pointed 
out in the days of these patriarchs, for the occupancy of their 
posterity, they must have felt — allowing their piety — great 
anxiety to see, before their demise, the thousands of their 
respective descendants happily settled in their own lands. 
But that the multitudes, for reasons hinted at in Scripture, 
should be opposed to such an extensive separation, as contem- 
plated the "replenishing of the earth," was natural enough for 
short-sighted human nature. And that this principle should 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 85 

lead its possessors, in defiance of patriarchal authority, to 
open rebellion, even against the Divine authority, was not 
greatly to be wondered at by men who had witnessed the more 
extensive rebellions of the old world. Opposite influences were 
evidently at work when it was proposed to build a tower whose 
top should reach to heaven — a lest," said they, "we be scattered 
abroad upon the face of the whole earth." But this implied 
its opposite influence, the object of which was "to scatter them 
abroad upon the face of the whole earth." This was God's 
counsel and purpose, for this he ultimately did. But by whom 
was this counsel enforced upon the multitudes, if not by Noah, 
Shem, Ham, and Japheth? They were the depositories of 
instruction, counsel, and government, under God, to the whole 
progeny. And that they should witness insubordination 
among their descendants, when the patriarchal government 
crossed the natural inclination of their children, was only 
proving again what, I suppose, they well understood before, 
that the principle of rebellion in children is often found to be 
stronger than the influence of parental instruction on them. 
At this juncture divine Providence interposed, and they were 
scattered abroad "over the whole earth" to their appointed 
"inheritance." The old patriarchs saw the care of God thus 
manifested over their progeny, and were doubtless comforted. 
7. For reasons hinted at in the foregoing remarks, we there- 
fore conclude that the dispersion took place before the days of 
Peleg, and in the lifetime of Noah and his sons. The Scrip- 
tures require a considerable time, after the dispersion, for the 
patriarchs of the first postdiluvian generation, to need, for 
multitude, and then to make, so many cities as are ascribed to 
Ashur, who seems to be given as a sample of what was common. 
In the previous chapter, the chronology of Mizraim, one of the 
families of the dispersion, has been traced by history to its com- 
mencement, Tisri first, A. M. 2540, year after the Flood the 
278th. This was the 878th year of Noah, the 376th of Shem, 
the 276th of Arphaxad, the 141st of his son Cainan, and the 
eleventh of Salah. If we take Arphaxad's age as a sample of 
that of his cotemporaries of the same generation, then, begin- 
ning with the said 278th year after the Flood, when the calen- 



86 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

dar of the Mizraimites began, and the patriarchs of the first 
generation, Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and 
Tiras, sons of Japheth, and Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan, 
sons of Ham, and Elam, Ashur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram, 
sons of Shem, would each have 263 years before his death to 
rule his posterity and make improvements ; Mestre would have 
his "217 years" assigned him in the Old Egyptian Chronicle; 
Ashur would have sufficient time both to need and to build 
the great cities ascribed to him in the Bible. Then take the 
age of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, as a sample of the age 
of his cotemporaries of the second generation, and at the set- 
tlement of Egypt Nimrod would be 141 years old ; and this 
would be about the age of his numerous cotemporaries of that 
generation, while each would live after that about as long as 
Cainan, whose life is given in the Septuagint at 460, leaving 
319 years to live after the dispersion. This would give time 
for Nirnrod to need, and to build Babel, Erech, Accad, and 
Calneh, cities in the land of Shinar, or Babylonia, the founding 
of which is ascribed to him in the Bible. 

8. We therefore place the dispersion from Babel in the year 
after the Flood, 277. At this time there were, perhaps, not 
less than 2,000,000 of persons living; but whatever the whole 
number may have been, it was separated into comparatively 
small companies, which were mostly, but not always, headed by 
patriarchs of the first generation; instance Mestre, Mezr, or 
Mizraim, of the first generation, who went to Egypt, and Nim- 
rod, of the second, who remained at Babel. The Divine pur- 
pose was, "to scatter them abroad upon the face of the whole 
earth." To the children of Shem had been given, principally, 
Asia ; to those of Ham, Africa was the chief allotment ; and to 
the children of Japheth, Europe and America were given. 
Gen. ix, 27; x, 5. 

9. It may be expected that we should now dispose of the 
text which says of one of the sons of Eber, "his name was 
Peleg, for in his days was the earth divided." For reasons 
stated in the preceding paragraphs, we adopt the views which 
Dr. Clarke has represented on the passage — Gen. x, 25. He 
says, " Some are of opinion that a physical division, and not a 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 87 

political one, is what is intended here; namely, a separation 
of continents and islands from the main land, the earthy parts 
having been united in one great continent previous to the days 
of Peleg. This opinion appears to me the most likely, for 
what is said, verse 5, is spoken by way of anticipation." I 
suppose, moreover, that, as the Flood had been universal, there 
were no land animals in America till they reached it from the 
deposit of the ark, by the land which connected the whole 
earth, and made our country accessible for both man and beast, 
as in the providence of God they were directed hither, before it 
was divided by water from other portions of the earth, in the 
year of Peleg's birth, 531 years after the Flood. Within that 
time America became sufficiently stocked with the various land 
animals which were suited to its climate. Within the same 
period, also, many of Japheth's progeny became settled in this 
country, and they have left behind them many evidences that 
they possessed a far greater amount of intelligence and civili- 
zation than their degenerate posterity, the Indians of the 
present day. In the absence of such a primitive access to this 
country from Armenia, where the ark rested, we hold it to be 
impossible for the various animals with which the country was 
found supplied at the earliest discoveries, ever to have reached 
America. Divine benevolence and wisdom were both richly 
manifested in arranging for a speedy and happy replenishing 
of the earth, after its destruction by the Flood. He did not 
leave every creature to take its unguided course in the compar- 
atively empty world. And when every principal portion of the 
habitable globe had received a supply of men and beasts, the 
Lord divided them from each other by proper fencings, that 
they might, with less hinderance from abroad, improve and 
enjoy their own lots. The experiment is yet in its course. 

10. This view of the whole subject requires, we think, that 
the national history of Assyria, by Ashur ; of Elam, or Persia, 
byElam; of Babel, by Nimrod ; of Canaan, by Canaan; of 
China, by Fo-hee, etc., should begin about the same time in 
which Mizraim's reign began in Egypt. (See General Table, 
Cycle of Egyptian time, year 1.) But it is, perhaps, at this 
distance of time, and in the present defective and curtailed 



88 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

condition of chronological data, next to an impossibility to add 
another complete national list to that which begins with the 
first year of Mizraim. The Chinese history which begins with 
Fo-hee, the fifty-fifth year of Mizraim, large Table, makes the 
nearest definite approximation. We think it should, in fact, 
begin about the same time with Egyptian history. Moreover, 
the catalogue of Nimrod's reign, only six and one-third years, 
found in the General Table, A. M. 2789, has been so arranged 
by chronologers as barely to include the birth of Peleg. This 
having evidently been done by those who believed that the 
dispersion of the race and the birth of Peleg were synchronical, 
authorizes a strong presumption that the time of Nimrod's 
leadership has been curtailed to make it correspond to the 
latter event. According to Mr. Smith's Patriarchal Age — p. 
433 — Nimrod died "two years after the birth of Peleg." 
Though he might have died about that time, yet this fact 
requires that the dispersion should have taken place many 
years before that ; for it was certainly after the general disper- 
sion that Nimrod built the cities, "Babel, Erech, Accad, and 
Calneh, in the land of Shinar." Some of these were 200 miles 
from each other; and it must have been a long time after the 
dispersion before his portion of followers could need for them- 
selves, and actually found, so many cities. If, therefore, Nim- 
rod died two years after the birth of Peleg, and we think it 
probable, it furnishes strong additional evidence that the dis- 
persion occurred many years before that event. 

11. Though Elam, the oldest son of Shem, doubtless settled 
the country which, for a long time, was called after him, and 
then named Persia, yet we have a very defective list of its 
rulers. And not till A. M. 3254, are we able to give an 
allowed ruler's name, in the person of Kaiomars; before which 
year, in all probability, there had elapsed, since the settlement 
of the country by Elam, 715 years. (See the Egyptian Cycle, 
in the large Table.) This curtailed chronology of Persia is 
then represented, after 180 years, as suddenly merging into that 
of Assyria, by the conquest of Ninus over the former country. 
This occurred A. M. 3433, in the year of the Egyptian cycle, 
895 ; and about forty-five years after that event, A. M. 3478, 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 89 

the eighty-fourth year of Abram — Gen. xiv, 1 — Chederlaorner 
is mentioned as "king of Elain." This was Ninyas, the king 
of Assyria, whose seat of empire was then at Elam, in Persia. 
His deputy over Shinar, Amraphel, had his seat then at 
Babylon. Ninyas was the son of Ninus and Semiramis. 

12. Ninus, according to Diodorus Siculus, was the first 
recorded king of Assyria, whose name has come down to pos- 
terity. His name is first on the list which Ctesias copied from 
the archives of the Persian court, B. C. 400; but Diodorus 
allowed that Assyria had her native kings before Ninus. His 
reign began, according to our arrangement, B. C. 2165 ; in the 
Egyptian cycle, 843. About 842 years had, therefore, elapsed 
onder previous rulers. It was some time in the reign of Ninus, 
perhaps about his thirtieth year, as Mr. Smith conjectured, that 
Babylon became subject to Assyria. By reference to the 
General Table it may be seen what kings ruled over Assyria 
after Ninus, according to the Greek physician, Ctesias, and 
others. 

13. The preceding investigations now enable us to set down 
the month of the exodus, as synchronizing with different parts 
of the following years, according to the time of the commence- 
ment of each, namely, A. M. 3899; B. C. 1647; A. J. P. 3067. 
Moses had just entered eighty-one; Sparthseus, the fifteenth 
sovereign of Assyria from Ninus, was still in the nineteenth 
year of his reign; it was the first year assigned to Sesostris, 
which had been commenced by Barneses III, and was left unfin- 
ished by his successor, who perished in the Red Sea ; it was the 
end of the 430 years which elapsed between the promise made 
to Abraham and the giving of the law; the 511th mentioned 
by Manetho from the first year of Salatis, the first shepherd 
king; the 1361st year of the Egyptian cycle, from the settle- 
ment of Egypt by Mizraim ; the 120th year of the Chinese 
Shang dynasty, which began B. C. 1766 ; the Usherian year 
of the world, 2357; and the Babbinical A. M. 2114. {See 
large Table for these years.) 

14. In the eighth section of this chapter, we allowed that, at 
the time of the dispersion, 277 years after the Elood, there 
were not less than "two millions" of the descendants of Shem, 



90 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Ham, and Japheth, then living. We will here add two illustra- 
tions, showing the absurdity of making the birth of Peleg the 
era of the dispersion, whether the time be counted by the 
present Hebrew, at 101, or by the Septuagint, at 531 years 
after the Flood. First. According to the most correct computa- 
tions of Dr. Kennicott and Mr. Skinner, Jacob was married at 
the age of sixty-four. At the age of 130, when he had been mar- 
ried sixty-six years, he moved into Egypt, having in all only 
sixty-nine souls "that came out of his loins," he himself, possi- 
bly, making the number of his house seventy. (See Gen. xlvi, 26, 
27 ; xlvii, 9.) Let these sixty -nine descendants, most of whom 
were then minors, have thirty-five more years for multiplication. 
This will give them, from the time of Jacob's marriage, 101 
years, the same length of time which the Hebrew gives from 
the Flood to the birth of Peleg, for the united multiplication of 
Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Now, according to the ratio of mul- 
tiplication in the house of Jacob, sixty-nine souls for the first 
sixty-six years after his marriage, it will be extravagant 
enough to allow they numbered, at the end of the next thirty- 
five years, 500 souls. But let this number, 500, be assumed 
for the increase of Jacob at 101 years after his marriage ; then 
multiply this number by three, for Shem, Ham, and Japheth, 
and 1500 souls, young and old, will be the utmost limit of the 
increase of the progenitors of the human race for the same 
length of time after the Flood. We will enter no objection — 
as we reasonably might do — to this result of fifteen hundred, 
as the increase of three fathers and only three mothers, in the 
beginning of that interval, on the ground that, though there 
was but one father in the case of Jacob, there were four 
mothers, his two wives and their two maids. Let his sixty-nine 
souls, however, in the last thirty-five years of the period, be 
multiplied to the extravagant number of 500 ; and then let 
three times that number, fifteen hundred, be set down for the 
whole population of the earth at the birth of Peleg, according 
to the Hebrew, 101 years after the Flood. The absurdity lies 
in supposing that this congregation of 1500 souls, about half 
of whom must have been under twenty years of age, and a full 
half of all being females, should, nevertheless, at that very 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 91 

time, be actually employed in building "a tower whose top 
might reach unto heaven;" and that they were "then scattered 
abroad upon the face of the whole earth!" The company was 
then manifestly too small, helpless, and dependent on each 
other, for such a wide-spread settlement of the different por- 
tions of the "whole earth" We learn from Deut. xxxii, 8, and 
Acts xvii, 26, that, at the very time when the Most Sigh sepa- 
rated the sons of Adam, he divided to the nations their inherit- 
ance, and he set beforehand — or appointed — the bounds of their 
habitation. This proves that, at whatsoever time the separa- 
tion of the people actually took place, at the same time u the 
nations" were dispersed to their several inheritances, and that 
the boundaries thereof were defined beforehand, as were subse- 
quently those of the lots of the twelve tribes of Israel, before 
they entered upon the possession of them. But at the end of 
101 years from the Flood, the whole human race, by no means 
exceeding 1500 souls, scarcely deserved itself to be called a 
nation, because of its infancy and the diminutiveness of its 
numbers. Three such nations, as the whole family of man then 
composed, could very conveniently be assembled at one time 
either in the Tabernacle at New York, or in Faneuil Hall in 
the city of Boston. Of the assumed 1500, 750 must have been 
minors under twenty years — the half of the rest, 375, must 
have been females, and the remainder, 375, would be all the 
men. The idea of dividing such a company into as many 
nations as would scatter them "over the face of the whole 
earth," is preposterous. 

15. Again : it will involve an equal absurdity, if we take 
the Septuagint time of the birth of Peleg, 531 years after 
the Flood, as the time of the dispersion; for the 282d 
year after the marriage of Jacob, being the first month 
of the second year of the exode, there were numbered 
of his progeny 603,550 males over twenty years of age, 
"able to go forth to war in Israel." Num. i, 45, 46. To this 
number add the separate census taken of the tribe of Levi, 
22,300, of males over a month old— iii, 15, 22, 28, 34— 
and the sum of the males, thus numbered, makes 625,850. 
Add for females over twenty, in the eleven tribes, the same 



92 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

number which they had of males, 603,550; add for males and 
females under twenty years in the eleven tribes, two for each 
female over twenty, very moderate, 1,207,100; add an equal 
number of females to that of the males in the tribe of Levi, 
22,300, and these several items will make a total of 2,458,800 
souls, the increase of Jacob for 282 years after his marriage, 
just five years more than I allow had passed, 277, from the 
Flood to the dispersion from Babel. Deduct liberally from 
Jacob's increase for these five years' excess — say the odd 
458,800 — and there will remain the sum of two millions of 
souls, Jacob's increase for the first 277 years after his marriage. 
Now, it is most reasonable to allow, that, for the same 
period after the Flood, the united increase of Shem, Ham, 
and Japheth, would amount also to two millions; for though 
Jacob's children and grandchildren began to increase earlier 
in life, than did those of the first generation after the Flood, 
yet the latter lived and multiplied much longer than the former. 
Shem, Ham, and Japheth, we know, began to have children 
when they were about one hundred years old — see Gen. v, 32 ; 
xi, 10 — and they had each his 400 years after that, in which 
they "begat sons and daughters," provided they multiplied, as 
is most likely, till they were as old as their father Noah was, 
when he begat them ; namely, 500 years. We know that Shem 
lived to be 600 years old; but if Shem, Ham, and Japheth, 
within 277 years, had increased at least to tivo millions, 
then, according to this ratio, in the year after the Flood 531, 
the Septuagint year of the birth of Peleg, they would number 
at least forty millions ! This calculation allows liberally for 
deaths, of which we hear of none, except that of Noah, which 
was 350 years after the Flood. To make the dispersion at the 
Septuagint birth of Peleg, as some have done, would therefore 
involve the palpable absurdity of crowding forty millions of 
people, nearly double the whole population of these United 
States, into the comparatively small tract of " a plain in the 
land of Shinar !" We have, therefore, discarded the birth of 
Peleg as not being synchronical with the dispersion from Babel, 
and have adopted the time required by the old Egyptian cycle 
of 1461 years, synchronized first with Biblical years in the time 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 93 

of Moses, and then reversed, as demanded by the Old Chronicle, 
and the monuments of Egypt. This time, 277 years after the 
Flood, agrees well with the Bible, profane history, and the phys- 
ical state of the earth, before its division at the birth of Peleg. 

16. We may here add a few testimonies to the time which 
we claim for the dispersion, taken from Sanchoniatho's Phe- 
nician history, as reported by Philo of Byblus, his translator, 
Porphyry, a Phenician of Tyre, Eusebius, etc. It is estab- 
lished beyond a reasonable doubt, that Sanchoniatho nourished 
in the days of Gideon. This judge of Israel is also called 
Jerubbaal — see Judges vii, 1 — and by this name he is expressly 
referred to by this author. Moreover, his translator says 
"that he obtained a correct account of Jewish history from 
Jerubbaal, priest of the God Jehovah." Gideon judged Israel 
forty years— from B. C. 1359, to B. C. 1319— within these 
dates the time of Sanchoniatho must be placed. 

17. Now let it be remembered, that when Herodotus — lib. ii, 
c. 44 — about B. C. 450, conversed with the priests of Tyre, 
they told him that the city and the temple of Hercules were 
built together, "2300 years before," and that he was worshiped 
there from that time. This proves that Tyre, in Phenicia, was 
built about B. C. 2750 years.* According to Jackson's chro- 
nology, this date for the building of that city and temple, is 
too early for the birth of Peleg by 122 years. He, therefore, 
thinks the city could not be so old by so many years, allowing 
it to be built immediately on the dispersion, which he believed 
took place at the birth of Peleg, 531 years after the Elood. 
But, according to the chronology contended for in this work, 
the time required for the building of insular Tyre agrees with 
the third year of Peleg's life. Yet this very fact demands that 
the dispersion should have occurred many years before that 
time; for Sanchoniatho constantly affirms of this Hercules, 
called also 3felicarthus, the strong king, before he was deified, 
"that he was the son of Demaroon." And of this Demaroon, 
he every-where testifies that his father was Uranus. His words 



* Dr. Clarke says, " 2760 "— Isa. xxiii, 1— that is, 412 years before the 
Usherian Flood. 



94 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

are, "Eliun, called Hypsistus, that is, the highest, and his 
wife called Beruth, who dwelt in the country about Byblus, had 
a son called Epigeus, or Autochthon, that is, an original native 
of the country, whom they afterward called Uranus." It is 
thus proved, that this Uranus was the grandfather of the man 
called Hercules — who had been worshiped at Tyre from the 
time it was built — and also being a "native of the country 
about Byblus," in Phenicia, it follows, conclusively, that the 
dispersion had taken place many years before the building of 
Tyre ; for Hercules being worshiped there from the time it was 
built, and his grandfather, Uranus, being an original native of 
that country, both facts taken together, require that the dis- 
persion should have occurred before the birth of Uranus, and 
many years before the death and deification of Hercules, his 
renowned grandson. According to the testimony of the Tyrian 
priests, when visited by Herodotus, Tyre was built, and Her- 
cules was worshiped in its temple, B. C. 2750, which was the 
534th year after the Flood. The dispersion, we contend — see 
ch. v — occurred the 277th year after the Flood. Take the last 
number, 277, from said 534, when Tyre was built, and there 
were 257 years, about which time must have intervened between 
the earliest possible birth of Uranus, a native of Phenicia, and 
the dedication of the Tyrian temple to his deified grandson, 
Hercules. The historical facts in the case manifestly demand 
about this time for their accomplishment; for "Eliun, the high- 
est," the father of Uranus, was, at the birth of his " original 
native-born son," a reigning prince of the country, since called 
Phenicia, situated hundreds of miles from the land of Shinar. 
This proves that the dispersion had taken place before that 
time. How long Eliun reigned before " he was killed by the 
wild beasts," we are not informed. At his death, his son 
Uranus " succeeded his father in his kingdom, and married his 
sister G-ee." He had "four sons" by her, and "many children 
by other wives." After Hus, or Saturn, one of his children, 
" came to manhood," for mistreatment to his mother Gee, he 
" drove his father Uranus out of his territories, and possessed 
his kingdom." Considering the age at which they arrived at 
manhood in those times, as proportioned to the length of human 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 95 

life, being about a third of the whole term, many years must 
have elapsed between the birth and expulsion of Uranus from 
his kingdom. His son Ilus, or Saturn, "seized his father's 
concubine, and gave her to his brother Dagan." She brought 
forth a son, begotten by Uranus before his expulsion, and 
called him Demaroon. This was the father of Hercules, who 
was worshiped in the Tyrian temple from the time it was built. 
Demaroon had to arrive at manhood, before the birth of his son 
Hercules ; and the latter, it may be, had finished his eventful 
life before Tyre was built, and the temple was dedicated to him. 
These events, reaching from the birth of Uranus, " an original 
native" of Phenicia, to the worship of his grandson Hercules, 
in the Tyrian temple, may very reasonably have occupied the 
required space of 257 years, from, or soon after, the disper- 
sion, B. C. 300T, to the building of Tyre, B. C. 2750. 

18. Mr. Jackson thinks that Eliun, the father of Uranus, 
was u Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan ; for he lived in the 
country about Sidon." This is most likely true. He was 
unquestionably a descendant of Ham. He was called Hypsis- 
tus, that is, the highest, being the first leader of the people in 
that country. If we allow him, at the dispersion, to be of the 
same age with Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, being of the same 
generation, he was then 140 years old. His wife, Beruth, 
seems to have given name to Berytus, a most ancient city 
between Byblus and Sidon. She was also the Baal-Berith, 
or goddess of Berytus, who was worshiped by the Israelites, 
after the death of Gideon — Judg. viii, 33 ; ix, 4. 

19. The time when Herodotus conversed with the Tyrian 
priests of Hercules, about B. C. 450 ; the testimony of the 
priests, that the city and temple of Hercules were built to- 
gether, 2300 years before, or B. C. 2750; and the historical 
facts which followed the dispersion, and preceded the time of 
this Hercules, as stated by Sanchoniatho, the Phenician his- 
torian, when taken together, abundantly establish the same 
fact, which has been proved in this chapter by other testimony, 
that the dispersion had taken place many years — about 254 — 
before the birth of Peleg, which last event was 531 years after 
the Flood, or B. C. 2753. 



96 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

20. The Tliotli of the Egyptians, the Taaut of the Phe- 
nicians, the Thoyth of the Alexandrians, and the Serines or 
Mercury of the Greeks, according to Sanchoniatho, was "the 
son of Misor," the Mizraim of the Bible. This grandson of 
Ham, Taaut, Sanchoniatho says, " invented the first letters for 
writing" This, we think, must be understood of the language 
which he spoke after the confusion of tongues at Babel, and 
not of the " one language of the whole earth," spoken before 
that event; for we have abundant proof of ivriting before 
that time; but when the universal "language was confounded," 
a new arrangement of letters had to be invented for new lan- 
guages. Thoth took the lead in this department, and gave 
letters to his kindred, the Phenicians, among whom he long 
dwelt as secretary of state, before he went into Egypt, a part 
of which had been settled from the time of the dispersion, by 
his father Misor, and therefore called "the Land of Mizraim." 
There his son Thoth taught them letters, and regulated the 
calendar for them, giving his own name to the first month, and 
that of his father to the twelfth, as will appear by looking at 
the names of their months. At that time, also, it is possible he 
may have provided for running the religious festivals through 
all the seasons of the year, by allowing only 365 days to the 
sacred year; for Philo, the translator of Sanchoniatho, says, 
that "Thoth, or Taaut, took religion from the unskillful man- 
agement of the vulgar, and formed it into a rational system." 
Thoth was cotemporary with Eliun, or Sidon, with Nimrod, 
who remained at Babel, and with Cainan, the son of Arphaxad. 
According to the age of the latter at the dispersion, 277 years 
after the Flood, Thoth might have been, at that event, 140 
years old ; and if he lived to be as old as Cainan did — 460 
years — he had 320 years to live after the dispersion. Two 
hundred and fifty-seven of these would reach to the time when 
Tyre and the temple of Hercules were built ; some time before 
which event, in the time of llus, or Saturn, the uncle of Her- 
cules, Thoth went to Egypt; for Sanchoniatho says, "When 
Saturn came into the southern parts of the earth, he made the 
god, Taaut, king of all Egypt." This must have been before 
the death of his father Misor ; for he first settled Upper Egypt, 



DISPERSION FROM BABEL. 97 

or Thebais — which was not therefore included in the grant of 
Ilus — and from him the Egyptians were called Mizraim, by the 
Canaanites, as late as the time of Jacob's burial. (See Gen. 1, 
11.) This is also confirmed by the testimony of Eusebius, who 
says " that Mizraim, when he died, left his kingdom wholly 
to Tyoth, or Taaut." This proves that Misor, or Mizraim, 
reigned in Egypt before his son Thoth. The Scriptural name 
of this son of Misor was Pathros, after whom the Thebaid 
country was also afterward denominated, and distinguished 
from other small kingdoms of Egypt. (See Jer. xliv, 1 ; Ezek. 
xxx, 14.) In Gen. x, 14, Moses mentions seven sons of Misor ; 
or Mizraim, and among these he gives the plural of Pathros, 
Pathrusim. That this was Thoth, or Taaut, is attested by 
Eusebius, Syncellus, and the general voice of antiquity. These 
historical facts require that Misor should have settled Upper 
Egypt many years before his death ; for being of the same 
generation, and perhaps about the age of Arphaxad — who died 
only seven years after the birth of Peleg — neither had he suf- 
ficient time, after that event, to found the Thebaid kingdom in 
Egypt; nor was there time for his son Thoth to perform in 
Phenicia, the achievements ascribed to him by Sanchoniatho, 
before he went into Egypt in the reign of llus, or Saturn — 
when possibly he was deified by the Phenicians. 

21. The Scriptures prove that "Noah lived 350 years after 
the Flood." Allowing that the dispersion from Babel took 
place 277 years after the Elood, there then remained seventy- 
three years of the life of that patriarch. This was sufficient 
time for that extraordinary person to perform what is unques- 
tionably attributed to him, in the "4th Triad" of the ancient 
British Druids; namely, " He conducted the several families 
of the first race to their respective settlements in the various 
regions." (See Smith's Patriarchal Age, p. 292.) This is a 
most important testimony, proving, in its own peculiar way, 
what we have shown in this chapter is so much required, both 
by the Bible and profane history, that the dispersion took 
place in the lifetime of Noah, and long before the Septuagint 
days of Peleg. 



98 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



CHAPTER VII. 

MOSAIC CALENDAR — JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN 
SABBATHS. 

In turning attention to the Jewish and Christian Sabbaths, 
as taught in the holy Scriptures, it may be proper to mention 
a few chronological data, which have already been discussed ; 
namely, the months of a Scriptural year have never exceeded 
twelve. These were originally composed of thirty days each, 
except the twelfth, which had thirty-five, and every fourth year 
they gave it thirty-six days. The Alexandrian copy of the 
Septuagint, the only defensible copy of the Scriptures, as to 
their chronology down to the exode, with a single obvious 
correction of sixty years in the age of Terah, at the birth of 
Abraham, makes the exode of Israel out of Egyptian bondage 
occur on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, A. M. 3899. 
And if this number be divided by a solar cycle of twenty-eight 
years, formed on the basis of twelve months, as above stated, it 
will prove that the original seventh day Sabbath of the Lord 
recurred for that month on the sixteenth day — the day next 
following the exode of Israel, being the seventh year of the 
140th cycle. 

I. As a new calendar was then given to the Israelites, we 
proceed to inquire, first, when their weekly Sabbath thence- 
forward recurred. 

1. Owing, we think, to Jewish departures from the Mosaic 
ritual, in introducing a lunar regulation of their festivals, and 
owing also to a strange adherence, by Christian commentators, 
to that misleading calendar, adopted from the idolatrous Greeks, 
it is to be regretted, that, while all admit there was a weekly 
Sabbath observed by the Jews, few seem to have any definite 
idea on what particular day of any of the Jewish months that 
day ever came, from the exode of Israel to the crucifixion of 
Christ. I propose a brief examination of the Scriptures on this 
question ; and I undertake to prove, that the aforesaid fifteenth 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 99 

day of the old seventh month, called Abib, or Nisan, in the 
Jewish calendar, was, by Divine appointment, established to be 
the day on which the weekly Sabbath of the Jews should recur 
annually, till the resurrection of Christ from the dead. 

2. All agree that, on the fourteenth day of this month, 
which was thenceforward to be the first month in the years of 
Jewish ecclesiastical history, the paschal lambs were to be 
annually slain — the blood was to be disposed of as directed — 
and "in that night," after sunset, in the commencement of 
the " fifteenth day" according to Jewish computation, they 
were to eat the flesh roasted, with unleavened bread, bitter 
herbs, etc. Ex. xii, 6, 7, 8. It is also agreed, that the fif- 
teenth day of this month was the established first day of " the 
feast of unleavened bread" — Numbers xxviii, 17 — and that this 
regulation was binding on the Jews all the time of their dispen- 
sation." Ex. xii, 14. 

3. The fifteenth day of this month, Abib, was distinguished 
from all other days, for its importance in the history of the 
Jews. "And this day shall be unto you for a memorial ; and 
ye shall keep it a feast to the Lord throughout your genera- 
tions ; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance forever. Seven 
days shall ye eat unleavened bread." "And in the first day 
there shall be a holy convocation, and in the seventh day there 
shall be a holy convocation to you." "And ye shall observe the 
feast of unleavened bread ; for in this self-same day have I 
brought your armies out of the land of Egypt: therefore shall 
ye observe this day in your generations by an ordinance for- 
ever. In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the 
month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, till the one and 
twentieth day of the month at even;" that is, from the begin- 
ning of the fifteenth, to the end of the twenty-first day. Ex. 
xii, 14-18; Num. xxviii, 17. "And Moses said unto the 
people, Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, 
out of the house of bondage." Ex. xiii, 3, 4. " In the four- 
teenth day of the first month at even is the Lord's Passover. 
And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of 
unleavened bread unto the Lord." Lev. xxiii, 5, 6. These 
quotations prove, first, that, though the Passover lambs were 



100 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

to be slain on the fourteenth, they were not to be eaten till 
" the night," or evening came, which made both the Passover 
and first day of unleavened bread, and also the departure of 
Israel out of bondage, occur on the said fifteenth day of Abib. 
And, second, it is thus proved, that on the same day was the 
first commemorative and typical feast appointed to be observed 
by the Jews annually, throughout their generations. This may 
serve to show the distinguished importance which was attached 
to this day, in their future history, as suggested in their obli- 
gation to "remember it." And now I shall attempt to prove, 
that it was no less distinguished for being the stationary, 
weekly Sabbath, from which, and to which, all others were to 
be counted and conformed through the months of the whole 
year. 

4. Let it be observed that the Lord appointed two very 
significant institutions to connect annually with the Passover 
and feast of unleavened bread. The first was the offering of 
the wave-sheaf: "Speak unto the children of Israel, and say 
unto them, When ye be come into the land which I give unto 
you, and shall reap the harvest thereof, then ye shall bring a 
sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest unto the priest; and he 
shall wave the sheaf before the Lord, to be accepted for you : 
on the morrow after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it." 
Lev. xxiii, 10, 11. The second institution to which we refer is 
that of the Pentecost: "And ye shall count from the morrow 
after the Sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of 
the wave-offering ; seven Sabbaths shall be complete : even unto 
the morroiu after the seventh Sabbath shall ye number fifty 
days; and ye shall offer a new meat-offering unto the Lord." 
Lev. xxiii, 15, 16. The first thing to be settled, in respect to 
these two institutions, is, what Sabbath was that, the morrow 
after which the wave-sheaf had to be offered by the priest ? and 
from the morrow after which the count for fifty days had to be 
made ? Here, again, it is admitted by all, that the wave-sheaf 
had to be offered on one of the seven days of unleavened 
bread: the Septuagint — Lev. xxiii, 11 — says, " morrow of the 
first day" According to some, who contend that lunar months 
are intended, it might occur on any day of the feast. These 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 101 

believe a weekly Sabbath is alluded to, but that it could not 
recur statedly on any fixed day of the feast. Others, holding 
also to lunar regulations, admit that it means the fifteenth day 
of Abib, or the first day of unleavened bread, but contend that 
it was only called a "sabbath," because it was made a "day of 
holy convocation," and not because it was a weekly Sabbath. 
But there are others, and among them I claim to be numbered, 
who hold that the Sabbath in question was a weekly Sabbath, 
recurring annually by Divine appointment, on the fifteenth 
day of Abib, the first day of unleavened bread; and that "the 
morrow after" this Sabbath, the sixteenth day of the month, 
when the wave-sheaf had to be offered, was always the second 
day of the feast. Josephus, who took his account from the 
Hebrew Scriptures, and not from the corrupt practices of later 
times, says, " The feast of unleavened bread succeeds that of 
the Passover, and falls on the fifteenth day of the month, and 
continues seven days." "But on the second day of unleavened 
bread, which is the sixteenth day of the month, they first par- 
take of the fruits of the earth ; for before that day they do not 
touch them. In the first place they offer the first fruits of 
their barley," etc. (Antiq., lib. iii, c. 10, sec. 5.) Now, if 
Josephus, and all who hold the same opinion, are right, in say- 
ing that the first fruits were to be offered on the sixteenth day 
of the month, and on the " second day of the feast of unleav- 
ened bread," then be it remembered that Moses says, it was 
"on the morrow after the Sabbath" which makes the said 
fifteenth day to be a Sabbath. And that this was to be the 
regular weekly Sabbath of the Jews is demonstrated by what 
Moses adds, in the same chapter, in reference to the second 
institution mentioned above — the Pentecost: "And ye shall 
count unto you from the morroiv after the Sabbath, from the 
day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave-offering ; seven Sab- 
baths shall be complete: even unto the morrow after the seventh 
Sabbath shall ye number fifty days." Here are eight weekly 
Sabbaths mentioned in succession. The first is the paschal 
Sabbath — the first day of the feast of unleavened bread — the 
day immediately preceding that of the offering of the first 
fruits, from which last the count for fifty days began ; and the 



102 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

eighth Sabbath is the day preceding the Pentecost. So that 
the idea that the wave-sheaf of first fruits was not offered on 
the morrow after a weekly Sabbath, is rendered absurd, and in 
contradiction to the inspired testimony. 

5. Let us next see whether the testimony of Josephus, that 
the first fruits were offered " on the second day of unleavened 
bread," and consequently "on the sixteenth of the month," 
and next after the Sabbath, receives confirmation from Scrip- 
tural evidence. The first Passover which was kept after the 
tribes reached the land of Canaan, just forty years after they 
left Egypt, is mentioned, Josh, v, 10-12: "And the children 
of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the Passover on the 
fourteenth day of the month at even, in the plains of Jericho. 
And they did eat of the old corn of the land on the morrow 
after the Passover, unleavened cakes and parched corn in the 
self-same day. And the manna ceased on the morrow after 
they had eaten of the old corn of the land." "They kept the 
Passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even." By the 
law which governed in keeping the Passover, we learn that they 
killed the lambs for the occasion in the afternoon of the four- 
teenth day, and "at even," "in that night," when the sun was 
set, and the fifteenth day had consequently commenced, that 
they ate the Passover with unleavened bread, etc., which was 
the first day of the feast of unleavened bread, according to the 
law. "And they did eat the old corn of the land on the mor- 
row after the Passover, unleavened cakes and parched corn in 
the self-same day." We have already proved that the fruit of 
the land could not be legally eaten till the first portion of it 
was offered unto the Lord, "on the morrow after the Sabbath." 
But it is here testified that they did eat the old corn of the 
land, "unleavened cakes and parched corn," "on the morrow 
after the Passover." Therefore, "the morrow after the Sab- 
bath," in the law, and "the morrow after the Passover," in the 
practice, must mean the same day, that is, the sixteenth, as we 
have proved. And this proves also that the day of the Pass- 
over, according to the institution, was always the fifteenth day 
of the month. Nor could it be otherwise; for, between the two 
evenings of the fourteenth day, the paschal lambs had to be 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 103 

killed and roasted. And then at night they were eaten — at 
midnight, the fifteenth, or the first Passover day, the destroying 
angel passed over the land of Egypt. This being the day of 
the Passover, the first day of unleavened bread, and the great 
paschal Sabbath day, on the morrow after the Israelites had 
thus kept it in Gilgal, on the sixteenth day, being the second 
day of unleavened bread, after complying with the law in offer- 
ing the first fruits unto the Lord, they did eat "the self-same 
day" the fruit of the land. "On the morrow after" they thus 
partook of the fruit of the land, the seventeenth day of the 
month, "the manna ceased" — there was none. The testimony 
of Josephus is thus confirmed by the practice of ancient 
Israel. The day of the feast was properly, according to the law, 
that on which they ate the Passover, which was at the begin- 
ning of the fifteenth day of the month. This one supper ended 
that feast. But this was also the first day of the feast of 
unleavened bread, which lasted seven days; on the second of 
which, the sixteenth day, "the morrow after the Sabbath," 
they offered first fruits. 

6. It will afford another proof of the fact, that the regularly- 
appointed weekly Sabbath of the Jews was annually pinned 
down to the fifteenth day of Abib, if we examine the question 
in reference to the time of the crucifixion of Christ. It is very 
plainly stated that the day following that event was the Jewish 
Sabbath. John xix, 31. "The Jews, therefore, because it was 
the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the 
cross on the Sabbath day, (for that Sabbath day was an high 
day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that 
they might be taken away." The preparation for the Sabbath 
among the Jews began at "the ninth hour," that is, at three in 
the afternoon of Friday, as may also be seen in Josephus — 
Antiq., b. xvi, c. 6, sec. 2 — which was the hour at which, accord- 
ing to Matt, xxvii, 46-50, "Jesus yielded up the ghost." But 
three hours previous to that, "the sixth hour" of the same day, 
that is, at twelve, or noon, "wa3 the preparation of the Pass- 
over," John xix, 14; that is, it was then noon of the four- 
teenth day of the Jewish first month, Abib, between which 
hour and the termination of twilight the following evening, 



104 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

according to the law governing in the case — Ex. 12th chapter — 
the paschal lambs had to be killed, the blood to be offered, and 
the flesh roasted for consumption, with unleavened bread, " in 
that night" which was both the night of the Lord's Passover 
and the first day of the feast of unleavened bread, being the 
fifteenth day of the month. Lev. xxiii, 5, 6. These testimo- 
nies confirm the view just given of the Passover which was 
kept in Gilgal, and prove that the fifteenth of Abib was both 
the weekly Sabbath and the first day of the feast of unleavened 
bread, in the beginning of which they ate the Passover. I now 
ask, what made that which followed the crucifixion "a high 
Sabbath day?" Was it not because it had been made the anni- 
versary of the Jews' deliverance out of bondage? Was it not 
because it was made the first day of the feast of the Passover? 
the day which stood first in the history of their rest from 
Egyptian servitude, and at the head of all the feasts and 
solemnities of the year? the day when all the males were to 
appear before the Lord? and the fixed day for the annual 
return both of the "high Sabbath" and of the Passover, around 
which, like the center of a great system, all other Sabbaths 
and typical festivals of the Jewish year revolved, till it had 
accomplished the design of Him who ordained it? But as 
Christians, we must look also at the prospective import of this 
"high Sabbath day" of the Jews. On the fourteenth day of 
Abib, on Friday, at once the preparation-day of the Passover 
and of the Jewish Sabbath, " Christ, our Passover, was sacri- 
ficed for us." On the fifteenth day, Saturday, "the Lord's 
Passover," connecting with that typical "night", and "day" 
"much to be remembered unto the Lord," in which the enslaved 
people of the Jews, under the protection of the sprinkled blood 
of the typical lamb, "came out of the house of bondage," the 
first day in which "no leavened bread was to be eaten;" on this 
significant and "high Sabbath day," our Lord did not show 
himself to the inhabitants of our guilty world. All had for- 
saken him ; and in his devotion to our eternal interests, he was 
engaged with our invisible foes, "spoiling principalities and 
powers," "blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was 
against us, which was contrary to us, and taking it out of the 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 105 

way, nailing it to his cross," that he might return to us, "tri- 
umphing" over all our adversaries, with every blessing which 
had been shadowed forth under so many Jewish types. There- 
fore, on the sixteenth day, being the second day of the feast of 
unleavened bread, "the morrow after the Sabbath," and being 
also "the morrow after the Lord's Passover," answering to the 
heathen Sunday, the day when the bundle of first fruits must 
be offered, the divine Savior having previously taken the body 
of our humanity into his own hand and cast it into "the dust 
of death," and having received it back again as "the first 
fruits" of the promised harvest from the dead, waved it before 
heaven and earth as our high-priest with God. These were the 
"three days" which, "according to the Scriptures," corre- 
sponded alike both to the types of killing the paschal lambs on 
the fourteenth, the passing over of the Lord on the fifteenth, 
the waving of the first fruits on the sixteenth, and the death, 
burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. From the last in this 
order, the third day from the crucifixion, the morrow after the 
Jewish paschal Sabbath, the count of fifty days had then to be 
made, the last of which had to be "the morrow after the 
seventh [Jewish] Sabbath." Then it was on Sunday, "the 
Lord's day," that the ascended Lord poured out the Holy 
Spirit, by which his believing disciples became "new lumps," a 
kind of "first fruits of the Spirit." 

7. The introduction of lunar months for the regulation of 
this most illustrious typical arrangement, "the Passover," has 
been the fruitful cause of much confusion and perplexity, we 
think, in respect to a proper understanding of the Jewish Sab- 
bath. According to lunar government, the time of killing the 
Passover might come on Monday, the second day of the Jewish 
week. On this day, therefore, it having been so managed by 
the lunar calendar as to make it the fourteenth of Abib, the 
paschal lambs, representing Christ our Passover, must all be 
slain, the blood offered, the flesh roasted with fire, and all be 
consumed "that night," so that nothing of the same might 
remain on the next day. The next day being Tuesday, would, 
in this case, be the fifteenth, "the first day of unleavened 
bread," called a Sabbath, we will suppose, with lunar comment- 



106 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

ators, because ordered for the occasion to be a clay of holy 
convocation. The next day, Wednesday, "the morrow after" 
Tuesday, thus called the Sabbath, the wave-sheaf of first fruits 
is to be offered; and then must begin the count for fifty days, 
the last of which must be "the morrow after the seventh Sab- 
bath," which, in this case, would make the Pentecost fall on 
Wednesday, the day after no Sabbath ! If it be said, in the 
above supposed case, that the feast of unleavened bread would 
go on till the day after the next Jewish weekly Sabbath, 
when the wave-offering would be made, and the count of fifty 
days begin, and that this would avoid the absurdity of making 
the Pentecost come at an unscriptural time in the week, I have 
only to acknowledge this. But I have to add, that this pro- 
vision against that difficulty would create another of an 
equally-serious nature. It would alter the types so as to repre- 
sent Christ as rising from the dead on the seventh day from his 
death, instead of the third day, which would not be "according 
to the Scriptures." The killing of the paschal lambs on Mon- 
day would, so far as the killing is concerned, be a type of 
Christ's death, but there would be nothing on the third day 
from that to represent his resurrection. Into such absurdities 
and contradictions of the Divine testimony will the government 
of lunar months ever lead its disciples, from the eminent Dr. 
Lightfoot to his humblest pupil. 

8. Having proved that the fifteenth day of Abib, or JSTisan, 
was every year to be a Sabbath, it follows that the first, eighth, 
fifteenth, twenty-second, and twenty-ninth days of that month, 
must all be Sabbaths ; and, as we have elsewhere proved that 
the months before the exodus, except the last in the year, con- 
tained thirty days each — see Gen., seventh and eighth chap. — 
the second ecclesiastical month, Ijar, must have Sabbaths on 
the sixth, thirteenth, twentieth, and twenty-seventh days ; the 
third month, Sivan, must have Sabbaths on the fourth, eleventh, 
eighteenth, and twenty-fifth days ; the fifth of Sivan was always 
the day of Pentecost ; the fourth month, Thammuz, must have 
Sabbaths the second, ninth, sixteenth, twenty-third, and thirti- 
eth days ; Ab, the fifth month, must have Sabbaths the seventh, 
fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days ; Elul, the sixth 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 107 

month, must have Sabbaths the fifth, twelfth, nineteenth, and 
twenty-sixth days. We have now to begin Tisri, the seventh 
month. But it is said, in framing a calendar of typical time — 
Lev. xxiii, 24, 25 — " Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, 
In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye 
have a Sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, a holy 
convocation. Ye shall do no servile work therein ; but ye 
shall offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord." This is a 
second alteration of the old calendar. The first made the 
seventh from creation, Abib, to be the first of the ecclesiastical 
months, which was made to commence with a Sabbath, in con- 
formity with the great paschal Sabbath, ordained for the fif- 
teenth day of the same month. The change now ordered, not 
only makes the ancient first month of the world, Tisri, the 
seventh in the new order, but, whereas the first Sabbath was 
originally the seventh day, it is now ordered to be on the first 
day of this month. This may possibly be a type of the opening 
of the new era of Christianity, in the sound of the Gospel 
trumpet, on the Lord's day ; and if so, it may indicate also the 
restoration of the lost inheritance of all that shall be Christ's 
at his coming — who shall descend, doubtless, on "the Lord's 
day, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the 
trump of God." The Sabbath appointed for the first day of 
this month, can not consistently be classed with the common 
feast days, merely appointed for "the beginnings of their 
months." Num. xxviii, 11, etc. If it could, there would 
appear no reason why the first day of the seventh month 
should be mentioned separately, and with marked peculiarity ; 
for it is also provided immediately afterward — Lev. xxiii, 27, 
etc. — "That on the tenth day of this seventh month shall be a 
day of atonement : it shall be a holy convocation unto you ; 
and ye shall afflict your souls, [showing this was not to be a 
Sabbath,] and offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord. 
And ye shall do no work in that same day : for it is a day of 
atonement, to make an atonement for you before the Lord 
your God." And as there must be six work days preceding 
every regular Sabbath, it follows that, as the last Sabbath was 
on the twenty-sixth day of the sixth month, Elul, which, being 



108 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

the last in the old calendar, had thirty-five days in common 
years, it must in future have invariably thirty-two days, so as 
to make the last day of that month end with the sixth day of 
the week, that the first day of the seventh month might begin 
with a Sabbath, according to the Divine direction. The first of 
the seventh month, Tisri, being a Sabbath, the eighth, fifteenth, 
twenty-second, and twenty-ninth must also be Sabbaths. And 
here it must be noted — Lev. xxiii, 34, etc. — that " the fifteenth 
day of this seventh month shall be the feast of tabernacles, for 
seven days unto the Lord." And see verse thirty-ninth, "Also 
in the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gath- 
ered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep a feast unto the 
Lord seven days : on the first day [of the feast] shall be a Sab- 
bath, and on the eighth day [from that] shall be a Sabbath." 
This demonstrates that we have apprehended the Sabbaths cor- 
rectly for this month. The feast of tabernacles being ordered 
to commence always on the Sabbath of the fifteenth day ; and 
the feast ending according to the law in the case, with the 
twenty-first day of the month, which was the seventh day from 
the beginning of the feast, being the sixth day of the week, 
and the following day being a regular Sabbath, when it would 
be unlawful, without special direction from the Lord, for the 
thousands of Israel to be found returning to their numerous 
and distant homes, it was particularly required on that day, 
that they should have " a solemn assembly." A remarkable 
instance of this may be found at the feast of tabernacles men- 
tioned, Neh. viii, 18, "And they kept the feast seven days' — 
the time prescribed in the law — " and on the eighth day was a 
solemn assembly, according to the manner." Another conclu- 
sive instance of the truth of this arrangement, occurred at the 
feast of tabernacles which last preceded the year of the cruci- 
fixion — John vii, 37 — " In the last day, that great day of the 
feast, Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him 
come unto me and drink." Now, as the law expressly says that 
the feast is "for seven days unto the Lord," " the last day, that 
great day of the feast," must have been the "seventh," or 
twenty-first day of Tisri ; and that the following day " was the 
Sabbath," is proved by chapter viii, 2, 59, and chapter ix, 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 109 

1-14, where it is stated that Jesus, " early in the morning 
came again into the temple, and all the people came unto him ; 
and he sat down and taught them" — and as he left the temple, 
he healed a blind man, for which the Jews accused him, because 
" it was the Sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened 
his eyes." The Sabbaths being appointed to stand as before 
stated, in the seventh month ; in the eighth month, Marchesvan, 
the sixth, thirteenth, twentieth, and twenty-seventh, must be 
Sabbaths ; in the ninth month, Casleu, the fourth, eleventh, 
eighteenth, and twenty-fifth, will be Sabbaths ; in the tenth 
month, Tebet, the second, ninth, sixteenth, twenty-third, and 
thirtieth, will be Sabbaths ; the eleventh month, Sebat, the 
seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth, will be 
Sabbaths ; and in the twelfth month, Adar, the Sabbaths will 
be the fifth, twelfth, nineteenth, and twenty-sixth. But it must 
here be recollected, that the next month, being the first in the 
following year, must begin, as we have seen, with a Sabbath, 
in order that the great paschal Sabbath, pinned down to the 
fifteenth of Abib, might return as before appointed. Therefore, 
as the last Sabbath in the twelfth month was on the twenty- 
sixth day, leaving only four days to the thirtieth, two more days 
must be added to this month, as was done in the sixth, and then 
the next Sabbath will fall on the first day of Abib, as required 
in the time of holding the annual Passover for that month. 

9. It is acknowledged, that the above calendar falls short of 
a solar year one day and nearly six hours. There are just 
fifty-two weeks, or 364 days, in it. But it could easily be 
lengthened another week, at the close of any year, as the back- 
wardness of the harvest season, which began in the month Abib, 
might indicate. Therefore, they were especially required " to 
observe the month of Abib;" not the change and full of the 
moon, but the time of beginning the harvest. And also they 
were required to " proclaim the feasts of the Lord" in their 
season. It would not do to commence the feast of unleavened 
bread, before the barley was ripe in the fields, for the first ripe 
fruit had to be offered to the Lord on the second day of that 
feast. And from that day they must begin to count the fifty 
days to the Pentecost. "Begin to number the seven weeks 



110 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the 
corn" — Deut. xvi, 9 — not from any particular day of the moon, 
but from the day of offering the first fruits, when they began 
to cut the barley. And so " the feast of tabernacles was to be 
observed, after they had gathered in their corn and their wine." 
Deut. xvi, 13. In this way the Jews had an easy and truthful 
calendar, from age to age, with none of the perplexities of 
lunar refinements, into which they long afterward entered. 
An addition of one week to Adar every sixth, eleventh, seven- 
teenth, twenty-second, and twenty-eighth year of a cycle, will 
synchronize with Julian time, beginning A. J. P. 3067, Satur- 
day, March thirteenth. 

II. In the second place, we will offer some reasons why the 
Christian Sabbath, or Lord's day, and not the Jewish Sabbath, 
should be considered as corresponding to the day of rest which 
the Lord made for man at the beginning. 

1. This was the seventh in order from the first day of crea- 
tion. "And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: 
because that in it he had rested from all his work which God 
created and made." Gen. ii, 3. Those who turn the first " six 
days" into indefinite periods, to satisfy supposed geological 
demands, should remember what is said — Ex. xx, 11 — " For in 
six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea and all that 
in them is, and rested the seventh day : wherefore the Lord 
blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it." According to this 
testimony, whatever belonged to the earth and sea when God 
spoke at Sinai, is limited for its existence to the work of the 
six days which preceded the first Sabbath. And though the 
Lord can certainly bless and sanctify any day that he may 
choose, yet it may be safest for us to allow, that the whole law 
of the Sabbath, as originally ordained, both in respect to what 
is implied in "the rest" and the particular " day" of that rest, 
is still in force, as we have no knowledge of its repeal in either 
sense ; nor are we to allow fallen man, on the ground of mere 
difficulties in rendering obedience, to alter this law in any 
respect. Without the divine Redeemer, no part of God's law 
can be kept by fallen man, as originally required. It is ad- 
mitted that a seventh portion of time is the essential portion of 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. Ill 

the Sabbath day; but this must stand as God has appointed 
it — which, we think, excludes real difficulties on account of the 
earth's diurnal motion — this law of nature, and the law of the 
Sabbath being in harmony. " The Sabbath was made for 
man," and, as interpreted in the Scriptures, it is truly moral in 
its demands. It always comprehended the sum of man's obli- 
gations and interests ; and, therefore, in reference to both, the 
sanctification of the seventh day referred him to God. The 
penal sanction of God's law is death. One transgression 
brought man under the malediction of the whole law. He 
was, therefore, under the curse of Sabbath-breaking, when 
the scheme of redemption was revealed to him. This scheme 
had especial reference to the establishment of the law. And 
if the grace of salvation be afforded to the guilty, it must be 
after a declaration and maintenance of the whole law. While 
this leading doctrine is commended to our notice, as the scheme 
of redemption opens upon us, it should not be forgotten, that 
the whole law, including promise and penalty, was committed 
to man under the claims and privileges of the holy day of the 
rest of the Lord. This was the seventh from the first, in the 
count of God's works for man ; but it was the first day in his 
created history. He appeared before his Maker on that day, 
in possession of all good, and in the probationary prospect 
of a confirmation in it forever. The day was therefore blessed 
and sanctified to man, as containing, in its present and prom- 
ised good, his everlasting inheritance. No bloody rites and 
typical shadows had conducted him to the enjoyment of that 
glorious day; it arose upon him as the "rest of God." All 
was very good ; and all was very satisfactory, both to God and 
man. But from this lofty probation he fell by transgression 
under the curse of the whole law. All good was lost, and all 
threatened evil was incurred ; and we must now keep our eye 
fixed upon this " day of the Lord," till its lost blessings shall 
be recovered through his mediation. 

2. In a prediction concerning the work of God's Messiah, 
when it is said " he will magnify the law, and make it honor- 
able," we have no right to alter, either in relation to the past 

or the future, the order in which the Sabbath day of the Lord 

8 



112 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

originally stood in this law. And if the Lord of the Sabbath 
hath not made a change himself, it must be considered as re- 
maining unaltered. Under rudimental instruction, given in 
view of the " restoration of all things''' by the Redeemer of 
man's lost inheritance, many services were enjoined, which 
originally formed no part of the law of God. Among these is 
the observance of various " holy days," often called " Sab- 
baths," because of their typical reference to the inheritance of 
the original " Sabbath," or " rest of the Lord," by Christ. 
Indeed, every day under the Mosaic dispensation was connected 
with something typical of the promised inheritance in Christ. 
Yet only one of all the days of the week could possibly syn- 
chronize with the first Sabbath day, as appointed at the crea- 
tion. It is reasonable, therefore, to expect that the Lord of the 
Sabbath, in magnifying and making honorable the violated law, 
would signally put the impress of his divine approbation and 
honor upon that holy day. On three different and most im- 
portant occasions, he seems to have done this. First. On Sun- 
day, the first day of the Jewish week, the fifth day of Sivan, 
the third ecclesiastical month, A. M. 3899, being the sixteenth 
day of May, A. J. P. 3067, and the fiftieth from the second 
day of the unleavened bread of the first Passover, amidst the 
awful solemnities of Sinai, the claims of the original Sabbath 
of the Lord were repeated by God himself, together with all 
the words of that law. Secondly. The wave-sheaf of first 
fruits, significant of our nature in the person of Christ, about 
to be raised from that death to which the broken law had re- 
duced us, was appointed to be offered on the second day of the 
feast of unleavened bread, being Sunday, the morrow after the 
great Passover Sabbath of the Jews, and on which day the Lord 
arose from the dead. And, thirdly. The fiftieth day from that 
of the wave-sheaf, or resurrection of Christ, called the Pente- 
cost, was appointed, in its significant emblems, to set forth the 
leaven of Christ, by which his followers were to become new 
lumps. This day recurred annually on our Sunday, the day 
after a Jewish Sabbath, and was the day on which the exalted 
Savior sent down the Holy Spirit, which giveth life to his dis- 
ciples. Thus has the Lord distinguished from all others the 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 113 

day we call Sunday. His holy law, which ministered death 
under the mediation of Moses, was first published by himself 
on this day, "whose voice then shook the earth;" and his 
blessed Gospel was first published on that day, when, in his 
resurrection, and after his ascension, " his voice shook not the 
earth only, but also heaven," "removing" the shaken and 
typical dispensation of Moses, with all its Sabbatic shadows^ 
that "the Lord's day," the true Sabbath, with all that he hath 
promised in connection with it, and " which can not be shaken, 
might remain." It is remarkable, also, that when the risen 
Lord "opened the understanding of his disciples, that they 
might understand the Scriptures" they immediately adopted 
"the Lord's day" as their Sabbath of rest, And why did they 
adopt this day ? It does not appear that any special change 
was ordered either by Christ or his apostles; and yet thou- 
sands of zealous Jews, after a contrary practice by Divine ap- 
pointment for the space of 1674 solid years, suddenly adopted 
the first day of their week, as the accredited Sabbath day of 
the Church of God ! Surely they did this because, when 
"their understanding was opened," they "understood the 
Scriptures " as teaching them so to do. The apostle alludes 
to this in" the fourth chapter of his epistle to the Hebrews. 
First, he speaks of the "rest," or Sabbath-keeping of "the 
seventh day," which God appointed for man when he had 
finished his works; all the blessings of which he had lost 
through sin. Secondly, he speaks of a typical rest, or keep- 
ing of a Sabbath, given to the Israelites in the land of Canaan. 
And, thirdly, he shows that the Holy Ghost had spoken pro- 
phetically unto the Israelites of "another day" of rest, or 
Sabbath-keeping, saying, in respect to their entering into it, 
that they should not harden their hearts, as their fathers had 
done in respect to entering the rest, or Sabbath-keeping, of 
Canaan. Into this promised day of rest, or keeping of a Sab- 
bath, the apostle says, they that believe in Christ do enter. So 
certainly did the Scriptures point out for the people of Messiah, 
a different Sabbath day to that of the Jews. To believe in 
Christ was to enter at once on the true Sabbath, both as to 
the particular day and its spiritual blessings, as pointed out 



114 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

by the Scriptures. It is called "the Lord's day," not, we ap- 
prehend, merely because he arose from the dead on the first 
day of the Jewish week — that was necessary that the Scrip- 
tures might be fulfilled — but principally because he thereby 
declared that to be the Sabbath day which he originally " made 
for man." A proof of this may be found in the 118th Psalm, 
which depicts the astonishment of the disciples of Christ, on 
the day of his resurrection, and the judgment to which they 
came in respect to that day : " This is the day which the Lord 
hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it." But when did 
the Lord make this day? Certainly it was when he rested 
from his own works, about that time when " the morning stars 
sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy." It 
was when, from the gloom of eternal night, there arose upon our 
newly-created, holy, and happy race, the opening glories of the 
Lord's rest ; in the light and participancy of which were seen and 
heard adoring throngs of "principalities and powers in heavenly 
places ;" but because of sin, a long night of horrible darkness 
had overspread the earth, with here and there a prophetic, or 
typical announcement, of another exhibition of that great and 
notable day of the Lord. The angels that partook of this joy 
originally, were close observers of this subject, in all its long 
and mysterious developments, till the stone was rolled from the 
mouth of the sepulcher, where our humanity had lain ; and one 
arose "to die no more;" "the first fruits of them that slept," 
"according to the hope of eternal life," and of "the eternal 
kingdom, and glory to which he hath called us." Then com- 
menced a new edition of that original Sabbath. It however 
yet remains for that day of the Lord to be opened upon the 
children of the resurrection, in heavenly grandeur, when the 
multiplied children of God shall rejoice together in the uninter- 
rupted Sabbath of the Lord, forever and ever. 

3. The Jewish Sabbath, from that of their departure out of 
Egyptian bondage to that which was buried with Christ in the 
grave, was too much burdened with bloody rites and carnal 
ordinances to be considered as the very holy and blessed Sab- 
bath which was given to man in a state of innocence. There 
was very little of the latter in the former, except the name and 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 115 

the mystery of its types and shadows, as they referred to the 
day of Christ; yet as a substitute to the Jews, for the time 
being, it involved the same obligations and interests, referring 
the worshiper, in all cases, to the Lord as his Redeemer. We 
have before shown that the moral law was repeated on Sinai, 
on the fifth day of Sivan, answering to what we now call Sun- 
day. But the third and fourth days of Sivan, Friday and 
Saturday, which last was the Jewish Sabbath day, were spent 
in a rigid course of purification and preparation, that they 
might "be ready against the third day" Ex. xix, 10, 11. So 
the words of the holy law were neither uttered on the Jewish 
Sabbath day, nor exclusively for the Jewish people, but, as it 
was at the beginning of the world, on the day on which the 
Lord rested from his works, and for the whole human race, as 
they are now to be addressed on the same day. On the very 
days of the week in which Moses was required typically to 
"sanctify the people," Friday and Saturday, that they might 
hear the law on "the third day," we are told in the New Test- 
ament, that Christ " sanctified himself, that they also [his dis- 
ciples] might be sanctified through the truth." His sanctifica- 
tion commenced with his sacrificial sufferings, on Friday, the 
fourteenth day of Abib, and continued during Saturday, the 
Jewish Sabbath of types; and then on u the third day" Sun- 
day, being risen from the dead, he commenced "sanctifying his 
disciples through the truth," by opening their understandings 
that they might understand the Scriptures. Then they began 
to distinguish between a typical Sabbath, which had commenced 
with roasted lambs, unleavened bread, bitter herbs, etc., and 
the antitypical Sabbath now restored by the resurrection of 
him who claims to be its Lord. 

4. When the Lord separated the Israelites from other 
nations, he gave them his Sabbaths "to be a sign between him 
and them, throughout their generations." (See Ez. xx, 12, 
and Ex. xxxi, 13, 14.) As a sign between the Lord and the 
Israelites, it must have been either because the Sabbath day, 
thus given, was a different day from that which other nations 
observed, or because of the significant rites and ceremonies 
to be performed on that day, or, most likely, because of both 



116 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

these distinctions, and also because death was the penalty an- 
nexed for its violation. It is, however, manifest, we think, that 
the Sabbath thus given to the Jews could not have been the one 
which had been transmitted bj the antediluvian and postdi- 
luvian patriarchs. Like that of all other parts of the moral 
law delivered to Adam, the penalty for Sabbath violation was 
doubtless death, which had been incurred by the one offense, 
when this sentence passed upon all, But we hear nothing of 
an infliction of death for any new offense against the law of 
the Sabbath, till a Sabbath is said to have been given to 
the Israelites. This is, therefore, something which distinguished 
the Jewish Sabbath from that of all others. In a word, all the 
typical and ceremonial services, appointed to be performed on 
the Jewish Sabbath days, and on those holy days which con- 
nected with them, formed no part of the claims of the original 
Sabbath of the Lord. And so far as we are informed, a pre- 
scribed ritual of typical services, exclusively intended for the 
Sabbath day, had no divine appointment till the day that the 
Israelites were " sanctified " or separated from other nations. 
Till this time we have no account that Sabbath claims and 
obligations were different among the families of the earth. 
Whatever difference might have been manifested in its observ- 
ance, it is not likely that the weekly return of the seventh day, 
as first appointed, would be changed by any people, however 
idolatrous they might become in its observance. And it is well 
known that the Chaldeans, Egyptians, Assyrians, and others, 
when they began to worship the creature rather than the Creator, 
paid their homage first of all to the sun ; and it is most likely that 
this commenced on the distinguished day of the holy Sabbath ; 
for when the Lord's day, the Christian Sabbath, was first made 
known to our idolatrous ancestors, they were found on that day 
paying adoration to the sun. And from them we received our 
Sunday, Monday, or Moonday, etc. Thus has idolatry itself 
been made to contribute to the claims of the Christian Sabbath 
to be synchronical with the original Sabbath of the Lord. 

5. The Sabbath, as regulated among the Jews, was to be a 
sign between them and the Lord "throughout their genera- 
tions." These generations, we learn from Matt, i, 17, termin- 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 117 

ated in Christ. Then they were bound by a positive covenant, 
enjoined on them at Sinai, to forsake Moses and follow the 
Christ. The wall of partition, which commenced with the 
observance of days, ceremonies, etc., having been thrown down 
by the Restorer of all things, the Jews and the Gentiles were 
again furnished with the same holy Sabbath, and the same holy, 
just, and good law, now magnified and made honorable by his 
death and resurrection, together with the same Holy Spirit, by 
which alone its righteousness can be fulfilled in them that believe. 
So Paul seems to contemplate this subject — Col. ii, 16, 17 — 
"Let no man, therefore, judge you in meat, or in drink, or in 
respect of a holy day, or of the new moon, [first day of the 
month,] or of the Sabbath days, which are a shadow of things 
to come; but the body is of Christ." We should, therefore, 
have no scruples, through fear of being left without a Sabbath, 
to surrender up all the Jewish Sabbaths at the foot of the cross. 
They were only a shadow of the true Sabbath which Christ has 
given us. 

6. It would be a manifest incongruity to make a shadow or 
type of the thing intended to be shadowed forth or typified. 
But the Jewish Sabbath, as it connected with, and was placed at 
the foundation of, the whole ceremonial law, was "a shadow of 
good things to come," and not the very image of the things. 
It could not, therefore, have been the Sabbath which was orig- 
inally given to man; yet it was so arranged in its appointed 
services, and in its annexed promises and threatenings, as to 
shadow forth and illustrate the sanctions of the Sabbath orig- 
inally made for all mankind. It could only be kept rightly by 
the Jews, to whom alone it was given, in connection with such 
offerings unto the Lord as implied an acknowledgment that the 
curse of Sabbath-breaking had already been incurred, and that 
satisfaction to the broken law could only be made by him unto 
whom these offerings were presented. Hence the stated offer- 
ings for that day included a double portion of burnt-offerings 
and peace-offerings, which, while they typically sustained the 
sanctions of the original law of the Sabbath, pointed unto Him 
who, having become one with us, suffered the just for the 
unjust; and then, on the day after the Jewish Sabbath, who 



118 BIBLICAL CHEONOLOGY. 

arose from the dead, "according to the Scriptures," that "we 
might have peace in believing." On the day of his resurrec- 
tion, justifying evidence was furnished that the offering of our 
Lord was accepted, and that God was well pleased, on that 
account, to restore to us, through faith, the original Sabbath, 
together with all its spiritual blessings and holy delights, as 
now comprehended in the whole law of our creation, preserva- 
tion, and redemption; and, finally, to grant us an improved 
edition of our bodies from death, and a confirmation in the 
eternal Sabbath, which also remains to the people of God. We 
infer, therefore, as the Jewish Sabbath contained nothing more 
than a type of the good things presented to us in the resurrec- 
tion of Christ, that it was not the original Sabbath. 

7. The Jews did not manifest a familiar acquaintance with 
their Sabbath in the early part of their history. They came 
into the wilderness of Sin " on the fifteenth day of the second 
month after departing out of the land of Egypt." This day, 
in numbering fifty days from the second day of unleavened 
bread, was required to be Monday, the second day of the 
Jewish week. Then it was, in answer to their murmurs against 
Moses and Aaron, on account of hunger, that the Lord promised 
them a double portion of flesh and bread on the sixth day of 
their week, and that he would prove them whether they would 
walk in his law or no. The first day that this occurred was the 
following Friday, the nineteenth day of the second month, just 
sixteen days before "the ten words" including the Sabbath 
were uttered at Sinai. When all the rulers of the congregation 
came to Moses for an explanation of the double provision given 
that day, he said unto them, " This is that which the Lord hath 
said, To-morrow is the rest of the holy Sabbath unto the 
Lord." But it may be asked, Where had the Lord said this? 
All that appears to have been spoken on this subject, after they 
had arrived at their present encampment, was, that on "the 
sixth day" they should gather enough for two days, and that 
"he would prove them, whether they would walk in his law or 
no." This "law," containing a special precept to keep the 
Sabbath, as referred to by Moses, must therefore have been 
made known before they reached the wilderness of Sin. And 



JEWISH AXD CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 119 

the true answer to the above question is brought within a 
narrow limit. Either the command to keep the following 
seventh day as "a Sabbath unto the Lord,''" is the same as that 
issued to man in his state of innocence, or which had recently 
been given to the Israelites by Moses, when regulations were 
made for their departure from Egypt, and for the services tc be 
rendered by them and their posterity unto the Lord throughout 
their generations. We think the latter suggestion is the truth 
in this case, and that the day they were required to keep imme- 
diately preceded the old Sabbath day. The night of the Lord's 
Passover, and first day of the feast of unleavened bread, being 
the fifteenth day of the month Abib, they were required to 
remember and keep it as a feast unto the Lord throughout then' 
generations. This, I have proved, was a Jewish Sabbath, to 
the high import of which all other Sabbath days of the Jews 
were made to conform, both in their time and significance. 
That on which they feasted, the first of these their Sabbaths, 
had been provided in the slain lambs of the previous day, 
Friday. Hence their weekly Sabbath is denominated from its 
being founded on the peculiarities of the first paschal Sabbath, 
and numbered among "the feasts of the Lord," the food for 
which day was to be provided the previous day. But after 
Moses had referred the rulers to what the Lord had recently 
ordered on this subject, by way of explaining the reason of the 
double portion of manna on the morning of the sixth, "there 
went out some of the people on the seventh day for to gather, 
and they found none." This intimates that they were not famil- 
iar with the regulations of that Sabbath. "And the Lord said 
unto Moses, How long refuse ye to keep my commandments 
and my laws?" This reproof shows that they had recently 
and plainly been instructed in the commandments and laws, 
under obligations to perform which they had lately come. 
" See," said Moses, "for that the Lord hath given unto you the 
Sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth the bread of two 
days ; abide ye every man in his place ; let no man go out of 
his place the seventh day." "So the people rested on the 
seventh day." But their acquaintance with its regulations at 
that time appears to have been of short and imperfect standing. 



120 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Lastly. The Septuagint year of the Flood, A. M. 2262, 
being the twenty-second year of the eighty-first cycle, will 
show, according to the eighth chapter of Genesis, that the 
raven and dove were dismissed by Noah at the several times 
there mentioned, on the original Sabbath day, or Sunday, the 
tenth, seventeenth, and twenty-fourth of the eleventh month, 
Ab, and the first day of Elul, the twelfth month ; which year, 
months, and days synchronize with the A. J. P. 1430, Sundays 
the twentieth and twenty-seventh July, and the third and tenth 
of August, as may be seen by using the appropriate cycles for 
those periods. (See chap, ii, in fine.) 

Again : the year of the exode, A. M. 3899, seventh year 
of the 140th cycle, and seventh month, or Abib, will show 
that the sixteenth day of that month was the original Sabbath, 
or what we call Sunday, and which day I have proved was 
then constituted the second day of the feast of unleavened 
bread, the morrow after the Jewish Sabbath, when the wave- 
sheaf had to be offered; which year, month, and day of the 
week, synchronize with Sunday, the twenty-eighth day of 
March, A. J. P. 3067. 

And again : the year of the crucifixion, A. M. 5573, A. J. 
P. 4741, An. Ex. Isr. 1675, if consulted by the appropriate 
cycles of these three eras, will show the termination of the Jew- 
ish Sabbath, Saturday, on the fifteenth day of Abib, in the 
current year of the exode, being the twenty-seventh day of 
March, in the current year of the Julian period ; and the estab- 
lishment of the next day, Sunday, the sixteenth day of Abib, 
in the current year of the world, as the original Sabbath day — 
making the whole number, from the first, in which the Lord 
rested from the works of creation, to this last, in which he 
rested from the work of redemption, just 290,767 Sabbaths. 
This subject will elsewhere be resumed; but we may here 
repeat what we have often proved. If it be allowed that the 
seventh day was the original Sabbath, which was blessed and 
sanctified — Gen. ii, 2, 3 — and that the third day after the 
crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth was Sunday, allowing the 
crucifixion to be Nisan fourteenth, then whatever number of 
years be allowed from the first Sabbath to that event, the 



JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SABBATHS. 121 

weekly Sabbath, when traced from creation, will inevitably 
correspond to the first Sunday after the crucifixion. If any 
doubt, let the experiment be made. 



122 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE JEWISH CALENDAR SYNCHRONIZED WITH 
JULIAN TIME. 

1. The following calendar of the Jewish year, beginning 
with the month of the exode, as, in the previous chapter, it 
has been deduced from the Scriptures, was first suggested by 
Doctor Shuckford, in the preface to his third volume of Con- 
nections. We have now synchronized it with Julian time, for 
one entire cycle of twenty-eight years. It can easily be used 
for purposes of Biblical instruction, by dividing by it the year 
of the exode of Israel called for, and then looking for that year 
of the cycle which the remainder suggests; or, if there is no 
remainder, then let the twenty-eighth year be taken, and it 
will show the month and day called for ; and opposite the said 
month and day of Jewish time, may be seen the correspondent 
month and day, in Julian time. The same number of Satur- 
days, or Jewish Sabbaths, will be found in each month thus 
synchronized; and the figures ranged under the Saturdays, 
and parallel with the months, both Jewish and Julian, indicate 
the Jewish Sabbaths in each month. As after the lapse of the 
first six months, in every year of the exode, a new year of the 
world began, so this fact is suggested by the initials, A. M., 
B. C, between the sixth and seventh months of each ecclesi- 
astical year of the cycle. This is done in order to keep before 
the student the run of the years of the world, and consequently 
the years before Christ, during the Mosaic dispensation; for 
though these years are proved to have been of Julian length, 
yet they did not begin at the same time. Many writers not 
observing this, or not making the necessary distinction, involve 
their pupils in endless difficulties ; and as in the latter part of 
the tenth month, Thebet, another Julian year, as reversed, is 
supposed to begin, it is indicated by A. J. P., next preceding 
the eleventh month, Shebet, and the Dominical letters are 
inserted accordingly. 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE. 



123 



2. Examples. — I wish to ascertain on what day of the week 
the children of Israel crossed over Jordan, when they entered 
the promised land. By comparing Deut. i, 3 ; xxix, 5 ; xxxi, 
2 ; xxxiv, 7-9 ; and Josh, r, 1, 2 ; iv, 19, I find that they 
crossed Jordan An. Ex. Isr. 41, " the tenth day of the first 
month;" I therefore divide forty-one by twenty-eight, and the 
remainder, thirteen, shows, in that year of the cycle, that they 
crossed over on Monday, the twenty-first day of March, just 
forty years from the day on which the first paschal lambs had 
been put up in Egypt. Again : it is said — Num. xxxiii, 38 — 
that Aaron died in the fortieth year after the children of Israel 
came out of Egypt, in the first day of the fifth month. I 
divide the forty by twenty-eight, and the remainder, twelve, 
will show for that year, month, and day in the cycle, that he 
died on Sunday, the eleventh of July ; this was A. J. P. 3106 ; 
for though, in the General Table, the An. Ex. Isr. 40 stands 
parallel with the A. J. P. 3107, yet it began March thirteenth, 
the preceding Julian year — the years from the exode being set 
down, not opposite the Julian years of their beginning, but 
opposite those in which they end. In this manner are set 
down all the years of patriarchs, kings, etc., from Adam to 
Christ, as found in the Bible; but the short years of the 
Egyptians, and of all other nations observing the same kind 
of years, are se4 down opposite the Julian years, in which they 
"began. By paying strict attention to the time in which the 
different years begin and end, many difficulties may be avoided. 
Moses and Aaron died in the same Jewish, but not in the same 
Julian year. 

3. Syn chronical cycle of Jewish and Julian time, from the 
month of the exodus, Abib first, A. M. 3899, B. C. 1647, 
A. J. P. 3067, March thirteenth, Saturday. 



Jewish Montis. 



1 Abib, or Nisan 

2 Zif, or Ijar . 

3 Sivan ...... 

4 Thammuz .. 

5 Ab 



8 15 22 
1320 27 
11 18*25 

9 16 23 
14 2128 



29 



30 



1st Tear. 
... C ... 



Julian 
Months. 



March . 
April .. 



June 
July. 



13 20 
17 24 
15|22 
12J19J26 
1712431 



10 



10 



Julian 
Months. 



April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 



124 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Jewish Months, 



6 Elul* 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri, or Ethanim 

8 Bui, or Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adarf , 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 
7Tisri 

8 Marchesvan . . 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar.. 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. 0. 
7Tisri 

8 Marchesvan . . 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib , 

2 Jiar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri , 

8 Marchesvan.. . 

9 Casleu , 

10 Thebet , 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar. . 



8 15 



13 



29 



30 



29 



30 



29 



30 



29 



30 



OQ 



30 



Dom. Letters. 



15 22 29 
20 27 

1825 
1623 
21 ! 28 
1926 



15|22 
20 27 
1825 
16J23 

2l'28 
1926 



30 



29 



30 



15 22 29 

20 27! 



. A. G. 



3d Year. 



4th Year. 



5th Year. 



Julian 
Months. 



Aug.. 14 21 



,...B 

2d Year 



Sept.. 
Oct. . . 
Nov. . 
Dec. .. 
A.J.P 
Jan. .. 
Feb.. . 

March 
April. 
May. . 
June . 
July.. 
Aug. . 

Sept. . 
Oct. . . 
Nov. . 
Dec. .. 
A.J.P. 
Jan. .. 
Feb. .. 

March 
April. 
May .. 
June . 
July . . 
Aug. . 

Sept. . 
Oct. . . 
Nov. . 
Dec. .. 
A.J.P. 
Jan. .. 
Feb. .. 

March 
April . 
May. . 
June . 
July. . 
Aug. . 

Sept. . 
Oct. .. 
Nov. . 
Dec. .. 
A.J.P. 
Jan. .. 
Feb. .. 



March 
April . 



1118 
16 23 



13 20 



17 24 
2128 
1926 
1623 

2128 
1825 



8 15 22 
13 20 27 
10 17:24 

81522 

12!l9'26 

91623 

I 

9 16 23 
13 20 27 
1118 25 

81522 
13 20 27 
10 17 24 

14 21 
12,19 26 
9 16 23 

7 14 21 

111825 

8 15 22 

8 15 22 
1219 26 



Julian 
Months. 



Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 



* This month has always 32 days. 



f This month has always 32 or 39 days. 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE 



125 



Jewish Months. 



3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . , 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar.. 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 
5Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan . 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar.. 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan..... 

4 Thammuz . 

5 Ab , 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri , 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



18 25 
1623 
21^28 

19 26 

15-22 
20,27 
18,25 
16.23 

21 '28 
19 26 



12 19 



15 
13J20 
1118 
9!16 
14J21 
1219 



14 21 
1219 

815 
1320 
1118 

9 ! 16 
14-21 
1219 



8ll5J22 
13 20 27 
11:18,25 

9,16,23 



14 21 28 
1219,26 



Dom. Letters. 



6th Year. 



...C.B... 
7th Year. 



8th Year. 



May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September . 
October .. . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 

September 
October . . 
November 
December 
A. J. P. 
January . 
February. 



March . , 
April .. , 
May 
June . . , 
July. . . , 
August.. 



September 
October .. . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 

January . . 

February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September . 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February. . 



16 23 

13 20 
18 25 
15 22 
13 20 



14 21 
1118 



18 25 
22 29 

20 27 
17 24 
22J29 
1926 

16:23 

21,28 
1825 
1623 

20|27 
17124 



Julian 
Months. 



June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nor. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August, 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 



Oct. 

jNov. 
Dec. 

6 Jan. 

JFeb. ' 
March. 






126 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



Jewish Months. 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thanimuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. 0. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 
.12 Adar.. 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 
5Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. 0. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan, 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. 0. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan. 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu .... 



815 22 
13 20 27 
111825 

91623 

14'2128 
12:1926 

811522 
13:20,27 
11J18 25 

9 16 23 



14 21 
1219 



19,26 



1522 
20!27 
18'25 
16'23 



2128 
19,26 



15 22 
20 27 
1825 

16 23 
2128 
19 26 

15 22 
13 20 27 
11|18 25 



Dom. Letters. 



9th Year. 



10th Year. 



....E.D... 



11th Year. 



12th Year. 



March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .. . 

September, 
October .. . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October .. . 
November 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September . 
October .. . 
[November 



10 17 24 
14 2128 
121926 

9 16 23 
14 2128 

11 18;25 

8 15'22 
13 20 27 



10 



1623 

20 27 

1825 
1522 

20 27 

17 24 

1421 
19J26 
16 23 

1421 

1825 
1522 



14'21 
1825 
1623 



7 
11 

9 i 
6113 20 

11 1825 

815.22 

5|l219!26 
101724131 



14 21 28 
1219 26 



16 23 
13,20 



13120 27 

17J24 1 1 
1522 29 

12 19 26 
17,24 31 
14 2128 

I I 
11 1825 
16 23 30 

13 20,27 



Julian 

Mouths. 



April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
6 March. 



10 



10 



April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE. 



127 



Jewish Montis. 



10 Thebet. 

11 Shebet . 

12 Adar . . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thanimuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan. 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar. 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet..... 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 1 



9 16 23 30 



14 2128 
12 19 26 



1 815;22 29 

6 13 20 271 

4 1118 25| 

2 916,23 30 

7 14 2128 

5 12 I9j26 

1 8 15*22 29 

6 13 20 27 



4 11 18 
2 916 



2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



;25 

•23 30 



14 2128 
1219J26 



815,22 29 

13,20 27 
li;i8;25 
9 16 23 30 
14 21J28 
121926 

8 15 22 29 
132027 
li;i8|25 

916:23 

14 2128 
1219 26 

81522 
13 20,27 
1118 ! 25 
I 9 16 23 
114 2128 
1219.26 

815 22 29 

13 20 271 
111825J 

9 16 23 30 

I | 

14 2128 
12 19 26 



30 



29 



30 



1 Abib 1 8 15 22 29 

2 Ijar 6 13 20 27 

4 11 18 25 
2 I 916 23 30 
7 14 2128 

5 11219 26 



3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz 

5 Ab , 

6 Elul 



A. M., B. C. 



13th Year. 



....A 



14th Year. 



G.F... 



15th Year. 



December 
A. J. P. 

January . 
February . 



March . 
April . . , 
May 

June . . 
July. . . 

August 



September. 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September. 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



16th Year. | 



September. 
October .... 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 

January ... 

February .. 

March 

'April 

|May 

June 



jjuly... 

'August 



111825 



1522 

12.19 

1219 
1623 
14 ! 21 

1118 
1623 
13 20 



9 16 



13 20 
1017 

916 
1320 

1118 

815 

13 20 

1017 

7 14 
1219 



916 
7 14|21 



1825 
1522 



815J22 29 
1219'26 3 
10,17 2431 

7142128 

12 19 26 2 

91623:30 



Julian 

Month*. 



Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 



5 April. 

May. 

'June. 
5 July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



128 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Jewish Months. 



7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar.. 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar.. 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul , 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan , 

4 Thammuz . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet .... 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz 





BO 
ED 

1 

i 
f 


1 


5- 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 


33 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


11 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


20 




1 


8 


L5 


22 


29 


8 


13 


20 


27 




4 


)l 


IS 


25 




2 


9 


10 


23 


30 



....D.... 



17th Year. 



18th Year. 



...B.A.. 



19th Year. 



,G... 



20th Year. 



Julian Months. 



September 
October .. . 
November 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February. . 



March . 
April .. 
May . . . 
June . . 
July... 
August. 



September 
October .. . 
November , 
December , 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February. . 



March . 
April .. 
May 

June . . 
July... 
August 



September 
October . . 
November 
December 
A. J. P. 
January . 
February . 



March 
April . 
May 



June 



22 29 
19 26 



19|26 



9 1623 

14 2128 
llll825 
16 23 

13 20 27 

10 17 24 

1017 24 

142128 

12 19 26 

9 16 23 



10 



10 



Julian 

Months. 



Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 
June. 
July. 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE 



129 



Jewish Months. 



5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thanmiuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M.,B. C 

7 Tisri 



8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 

1 Abib.. 



14 21 28 
12,19126 



815 22 29 
1320,27 
11:18 25 

916 23 



14 ! 21 
1219 



815 22 
13,20 27 
25 

23 



11118 

9|l6 
1421 
1219 



815 



20 

18 
16 

21 

19 

15 
20 
18 
16 
14,21 
12 19 



15 
20 
18 25 
16,23 



2128 
19i26 



8 15 22 
1320 27 
11118,25 

9116 23 
14 2128 
121926 



13 20 27 
ll!l825| 

9,16 23 30 

. I ! 

14 2128 
12 19 26 

I I 
815 22;29 



21st Year. 



22d Yeae. 



...D.C.. 



23d Year. 



July 

August . . , 

September, 
October .. , 
November 
December , 

A. J. P. 
January . , 
February . , 

March 

April 

May 

June , 

July 

August .. . 

September 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 
April 



24th Year. 



June 

July 

August . . . 

September. 
October .. . 
November 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February . . 

March 



14 21 
1118 



8 15 22 
13 20 27 
10 17 24 

815 22 



12 



13 20 
18 25 
15 22 

13 20 

17 24 

14 21 



13 20 27 
17 24' 1 
15)22 29 
12:19 26 
17124 31 
14.21,28 

111825 
16 23 30 
13 20 27 
11,18 25 

i 
15 22 29 
12 19 26 

i ! 
121926 



10 



10 



Julian 
Months. 



August.! 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct, 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 



9,Oct. 

jNov. 

[Dec. 

8, Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 



130 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Jewish Months, 



2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz .. 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan. 

9 Casleu 

10 Tbebet 

11 Shebet 

12 Adar 

1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thaminuz . . 
5Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan , 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 

11 Shebet 

12 Adar 

1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan , 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 

11 Shebet 

12 Adar 

1 Abib 

2 Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thammuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Elul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Marchesvan 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 

11 Shebet 















a 




^ 


^ 












g, 


c 


o. 


-•, 


3. 






















■ x 


? 


p 




p 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


b 


13 


2U 


97 




4 


11 


IS 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


91 


98 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


G 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


is 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


11 


21 


28 





25th Year. 



26th Year. 



...F. E... 



27th Year. 



Julian Months. 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October .. . 
November , 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August.. . . 

September 
October .. . 
November. 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December . 

A. J. P. 
January . . 



16 23 
14 21 
11 18 
1623 
13.20 

1017 
1522 
12(19 
10 17 



11 18 
15 22 
13l20 
1017 

15 22 
1219 



14 



17 
21 
19 
16 

21 

11J18J25 

81522 
132027 



30 
4 
2 

30 

3 
3 

31 
5 

2 

30 
4 
1 

29 
3 
10,17.24! 1 



8 15!22;29 



19 26 2 
16123 1 



8 15!22 29 
12:1926| 3 
10 17 24 31 

7il42l'28 
12,1926 2 

9 16 23 30 

6 13 20 27 

111825 1 
8 15 22 29 
6 13 20 27 

I I I 
10 17 24 31 



Julian 
Months. 



May. 
June. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct, 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August, 

Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE 



131 



Jewish Months. 



12 Adar 



1 Abib 

2Ijar 

3 Sivan 

4 Thaminuz . . 

5 Ab 

6 Eiul 

A. M., B. C. 

7 Tisri 

8 Ma relies van 

9 Casleu 

10 Thebet 



11 Shebet 

12 Adar . 



1219 26 

8 15 22 29 

13 20 27! 
11 18 25| 

9 16 23 30 

14 2128J 
121926 

I 

8 15 22 29 

13 20 27| 
1118 251 

9 16 2330 

I I I 

14 2128! 

1219 26 33 



Dom. Letters. 



28th Year. 



February . 

March . . . 

April 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 

September 
October .. 
November 
December , 

A. J. P. 
January . , 
February . 



7 14 21 



28 



7 14 2128 

11 1825! 2 

9 16 23 30 

61320 27 

11 18 251 1 

ttt 

5 12 19 26 

10 17 2431 

711421 '28 

512,1926 



6 13 20 27 



Julian 

Months. 



March. 

April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

August. 
Sept. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
March. 



4. In the foregoing calendar, it will be perceived that, 
according to the amount of time which was then assigned to a 
solar year, Adar, the last month in the Jewish ecclesiastical year, 
had thirty-nine days in the sixth, eleventh, seventeenth, twenty- 
second, and twenty-eighth years of the cycle. Every time this 
addition was made the ensuing year of the exode commenced 
precisely as the first year of that era had done, on Saturday, 
the thirteenth day of March, except the seventh of the cycle, 
in a leap year, on the twelfth day, being also the first day of 
Abib, the seventh month, in the current year of the world. 
This is the reason why, in the first month of the 1675th year 
of the exode, the day of the resurrection of Christ, being the 
sixteenth in this calendar, synchronized both with the sixteenth 
of Abib, A. M. 5573, and with Sunday, the twenty-eighth of 
March, A. J. P. 4741. In the previous year of the exode, 
being the twenty-second year of the cycle, Adar had thirty- 
nine days, which made the following month, Abib, in the next 
year of the exode, synchronize with the same month in the cur- 
rent year of the world. The force of the foregoing views will 
be seen to be important in reaching our conclusions. 

5. This calendar, as presented in the foregoing cycle of 
twenty-eight years, will be more extensively defended in the 
next chapter. It will there be established, by numerous Scrip- 
tural and historic facts, to be the same which was ordained by 



132 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Moses, and which continued, according to the design of that 
ordination, till after the death and resurrection of the Christ. 
One conclusive and infallible proof of the correctness of this 
calendar may here be given. In Ex. xl, 2-15, special direction 
was given to Moses when, and in what order, every part of the 
tabernacle should be set up, anointed, and sanctified. The 
second and seventeenth verses establish the time. The latter 
verse says, " And it came to pass in the first month, in the 
second year, on the first day of the month, that the tabernacle 
was reared up." Look to this year, month, and day, as found 
in the second year of the preceding cycle, and it may be seen 
marked as Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath ; and that it was 
positively required by the law to be a Sabbath, is proved by 
what Moses did on that day. In setting up the tabernacle — 
verse fourth — he was directed to " bring in the table, and set in 
order the things that are to be set in order upon it." And 
verses twenty-second and twenty-third assert that he did these 
things: "And he put the table in the tent of the congregation, 
upon the side of the tabernacle northward, without the vail. 
And he set the bread in order upon it before the Lord, as the 
Lord had commanded Moses." This commandment is given 
for "a perpetual statute," and is recorded, Lev. xxiv, 5-9. 
The eighth verse says, "Every Sabbath he shall set it [the 
show-bread] before the Lord continually;" the sixth verse 
says, "upon the pure table before the Lord." Moses did this 
on the first day, first month, and second year of the exode; 
therefore, that day was Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. 
Josephus — Antiq., b. iii, c. 10, sec. 7 — asserts the same fact. 
But see this subject, as discussed in the latter part of the next 
chapter. 

6. A similar instance occurred in the twenty-sixth year of 
David's life, B. C. 1075; An. Ex. Isr. 573, on Saturday, the 
fourth day of Sivan, being the fourteenth of May, A. J. P. 
3639. (See the whole case reported 1 Sam. xix, 8; xxi, 7.) 
About the first month of that Jewish year — see 2 Sam. xi, 1 — 
"David slew the Philistines with a great slaughter." Moved 
with envy on this account, Saul pursued David with intent to 
kill him. But by an arrangement with Jonathan, including the 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE. 133 

first, second, and third days of a certain month, (Heb. chodesh,) 
David, on the following morning, the fourth day, came, in his 
flight, to Ahimelech, the high-priest at Nob ; and being hungry, 
asked for bread. The priest said, " There is no common bread 
under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread." David said, 
" The bread is in a manner common, yea, though it were this 
day sanctified in the vessel." The margin reads, "Especially 
when this day there is other sanctified in the vessel." This 
proves that it was the Sabbath day, when fresh loaves, accord- 
ing to the law — Lev. xxiv, 5-9 — had been put on the table of 
the Lord. Hence it was added, " So the priest gave him hal- 
lowed bread; for there was no bread there but the hallowed 
bread, that was taken from before the Lord, to put hot bread 
in the day that it was taken away." These testimonies prove, 
that the fourth of that month was a Jewish Sabbath ; while the 
usual time of "going forth to battle, at the return of the 
year," and the subsequent time of David's persecution by Saul, 
require that it should have been the fourth of the third ecclesi- 
astical month Sivan. There can be only two months in any 
solar or lunar year having the Sabbath on the fourth day of 
each. In the calendar given to Moses, these two months were 
Sivan the third, in the spring, and Casleu the ninth, in Novem- 
ber. The Nicene Metonic cycle gives, for that Julian year, only 
one lunar month having a Sabbath on the fourth day, answer- 
ing to the tenth of September — too late in the year to agree 
with the historical facts of the case. It is also said, "A cer- 
tain man of the servants of Saul was at Nob that day detained 
before the Lord." This being a Sabbath, was a sufficient reason 
for his detention; while David pleaded the command of the 
king in justification of his traveling on the same day — "the 
king's business required haste." 

7. The Syro- Macedonians placed the months of their year, 
in Syria, Phenicia, Judea, etc., according to the Jewish calen- 
dar, one month later than those of the Asiatic {Macedonian) 
year were placed, though the years were in fact of the same 
length. Hence Josephus tells us — Antiq., lib. i, c. 3 — that 
Dius answered to the second civil month of the Jews, called 
Marchesvan ; and in his works, he frequently mentions all these 



134 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Jeivisli-Syro-Macedonian months, and in such a way as to prove 
that, in his day, the years of which he speaks had each only 
twelve months. This fact is of great importance, because it is 
inconsistent with the modern idea of lunar months, and their 
inseparable concomitants, Embolismic years of thirteen months 
each. Therefore, as a convenient reference, in reading the 
works of Josephus, we subjoin a diagram of the Jewish- Syr o- 
Macedonian year. 

No. and Names of Months. Beginning in the opposite Julian Month, 

Jewish. Syro-Mac. and ending in the following. 

1. Tisri, or Hyperberetaeus September. 

2. Marcnesvan, or Dins October. 

3. Casleu, or Appellseus November. 

4. Thebet, or Audinaeus December. 

5. Sebat, or Peritius January. 

6. Adar, or Dystrus February. 

7. JSTisan, or Xanthicus March. 

8. Ijar, or Artimisius April. 

9. Sivan, or Dsesius May. 

10. Thammuz, or Panemus June. 

11. Ab, or Lous July. 

12 Elul, or Gorpissus August. 

The names of these Syro-Macedonian months are always 
used by Josephus to express precisely the same time as the 
names of the corresponding Jewish months. Their length was 
just as had been regulated at the time of the exodus. The 
Jews, in the days of David, extended their dominion, conse- 
quently their calendar also, over the whole of the promised 
land, including Syria, Phenicia, etc. ; and when, in the course 
of time, the Jews and their dependencies became subject to the 
Macedonians in Greece, the language of the latter soon became 
the vernacular tongue of the former. And thus the Macedo- 
nian names of months, which rarely occurred in Apocryphal 
writings one or two centuries before Christ, were generally used 
by the Jews in the times of Josephus. The Macedonians in 
Greece, and the Asiatic cities subject to them, used the same 
names for months as those used by Josephus among the Syro- 
Macedonians, with this difference in their arrangement: the 
first of the latter, Hyperberetceus, was the last month of the 
former, and the first of the former, Dius, was the second month 
of the latter. In both kinds, the years were solar, and the 
months twelve; the first of each kind began in September. 
Each month of the Asiatic-Macedonian year had thirty days, 



JEWISH AND JULIAN CYCLE. 135 

with five or six added to the last of them, as might be needed, 
to complete the common or bissextile year. The Syro-Macedo- 
nian, or Jewish months, as used by Josephus, had each thirty 
days also, except as the old calendar was changed by the law of 
Moses; by which the months EM and Adar, answering to 
Gorpiasus and Dystrus, exceeded thirty, as before explained. 



136 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CHAPTER IX. 

LUNAR CYCLES OF THE RABBINS, JULIUS CESAR, 
THE COUNCIL OF NICE, ETC., DISCORD- 
ANT WITH SCRIPTURE. 

1. Although we have rejected lunar months, as never hav- 
ing been appointed in the law for the regulation of Old Testa- 
ment feasts, yet, because the Jews have gone into that error, 
and some able Christian commentators have given expositions 
of numerous passages, in such manner as to induce most readers 
to suppose that that regulation was ordained by Moses, there- 
fore, we will here add a few more things on that subject. This 
we do in order that those who adopt this view of the subject 
may be furnished with the best method of measuring lunar time. 
What we here propose is the substance of Dr. A. Clarke's 
"Perpetual Table, showing, through the course of thirteen 
lunar cycles — which embrace every possible variation — the day 
of the week with which the Jewish year begins, and on which 
the Passover is held; as, also, the length of the months 
Marchesvan and Casleu." These thirteen lunar cycles of nine- 
teen years each, make one grand cycle of 247 solar years; and 
when this number of years is completed, the same order is again 
resumed, and the same variations recur as in the first series. 
This cycle of 247 years may now be reversed through time past 
as correctly as it measures time now passing. It is indeed the 
Gregorian calendar — which is now almost universally adopted — 
synchronized with the Jewish Rabbinical years of the world. 
Doctor Clarke has given an unfinished illustration of this cycle 
in six Tables, which may be found at the end of his Comment- 
ary on the Books of Moses. I say unfinished illustration, 
because, though his Indexes in the first Table are extended 
through 247 years, and the second, third, and fourth Tables 
are likewise complete, yet the fifth and sixth Tables only 
extend through ninety years. This defect renders it impossible 
for these Tables, in their present state, to be used for any other 



L UN All CYCLES. 137 

purpose than that of ascertaining what any old almanac might 
as well tell, from year to year ; that is, when the present Jewish 
construction of the law of Moses would require them to keep 
certain feasts, read certain portions of the law, etc. However 
interesting this knowledge may be to the Jews, from whom Dr. 
Clarke, at the cost of " great labor and expense" obtained 
much aid in the construction of these Tables, yet Christians, 
who read the whole law, without waiting for particular days, 
feel not much interest on these Jewish questions at the present 
time. What would be very acceptable and profitable to Chris- 
tians now would be to know when the Jews, in the times of 
Moses and the prophets, used to keep certain feasts, etc. This 
would help them better to understand the Scriptures. But till 
Dr. Clarke's "Perpetual Table" is made capable of being 
reversed to the years of Moses and the prophets, it can not even 
gratify our curiosity by one instance of a fair experiment ; and 
when this shall be done, in the only manner practicable, the 
result will prove that the number and length of the months 
reversed will not correspond to the monthly order of time wiien 
it passed, as noted in the Bible. Nevertheless, we will furnish 
the requisite help to a fair experiment. 

2. What makes the "Perpetual Table" more perplexing, not 
to say misleading, in its present form, is, that it begins, in the 
Commentary, with the Babbinical year of the world, 5568. 
Though this is the beginning year of the 294th cycle of nine- 
teen years each, yet it is not the beginning point of a new cycle 
of 247 years, embracing "every possible variation." For this 
reason : to reverse by this cycle from that, to a remote year, 
would most likely cite the experimenter to a month, or day of 
the month, different from the one which the cycle, if rightly 
applied, would point out. I have, therefore, commenced the 
following cycle with the first year, first month, and first day 
of the world, as this era is held by the Babbins, and repre- 
sented by Dr. Clarke. In order to do this without mistake, we 
first ascertained that Sunday, October second, A. D. 1921, would 
synchronize, according to the Tables referred to, with Sunday, 
the last day of Elul, the last month of the Bab. A. M. 5681; 
and that the said Sunday would be the last day of the twenty- 



138 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

third cycle of 247 years each, and also the last day of the 
299th cycle of nineteen years each; and, consequently, that 
these two cycles of very different length began each on the 
same day ; namely, the first day of the first Rabbinical year of 
the world. We next discovered that, in each cycle of 247 Rab- 
binical years, there were precisely 90,216 days, Gregorian time. 
These days being multiplied by the 23 cycles, which finished 
the said 5681 years, give, from the first day of the Jewish A. 
M. 1, Tisri first, to the said Sunday, the second day of October, 
inclusive, 2,074,968 days. We then took the A. J. P. 6634, 
which synchronizes with the aforesaid A. D. 1921, and Sunday, 
the nineteenth of September of that Julian year, as synchro- 
nizing with the said Sunday, the second of October, A. D. 
1921, in Gregorian time ; from which Sunday, the said nine- 
teenth of September, in Julian time, we reversed the aforesaid 
2,074,968 days. And the last in the series, inclusive, termina- 
ted on Monday, the seventh day of October, A. J. P. 953, syn- 
chronizing with Monday, the third day of October, in the 
Gregorian calendar, as reversed also from the said Sunday, the 
second of October, A. D. 1921. Thus it is made absolutely 
certain, that the Jewish years of the world, when traced back 
to their first day, according to the perfect measure of days, 
weeks, and years, contained in the large cycle, are proved to 
have commenced on Monday. This stubborn fact annihilates 
the claim set up by the Jews for Saturday being the original 
Sabbath day. If the whole number of days above, as contained 
in twenty-three cycles of Jewish time, having each 247 years, 
be divided by seven, the number of days in a week, there will 
be found just 296,424 weeks or Sabbaths. And if the seventh 
day of their first year of the world was a Sabbath, as the Scrip- 
tures require, it is demonstrated by the above facts, that that 
day corresponded to Sunday. 

3. We shall, in the following cycle, synchronize only the first 
and last days of each Rabbinical year of the world, with their cor- 
respondent days in the Gregorian calendar ; and shall leave every 
person, as he may have occasion, to synchronize the intervening 
days, or any part of them ; which will not be difficult, when the 
number of days in each year is stated, and the first and last 



LUNAR CYCLES. 139 

are synchronized, as in the following cycle. The first figure in 
each I?idex shows the day of the week on which the corre- 
sponding Rabbinical year begins. The second figure in each 
Index shows the day of the week on which the Jewish Passover 
is supposed to come in that year. This must always be on the 
fifteenth day of Abib, or Nisan. And the letter of the Index 
determines the length of the months Marchesvan and Casleu; 
thus, P stands for perfect, that is, these two months are both 
perfect, each containing thirty days; D stands for defective, 
when each of these months contain only twenty-nine days ; and 
a small d denotes that one of these months is defective, which, 
in this case, is always Marchesvan. The number of days in 
each year will be stated. The following are the months and 
the number of days in each; namely, Tisri, thirty days; 
Marchesvan, twenty-nine or thirty; Casleu, twenty-nine or 
thirty ; Thebet, twenty-nine ; Sebat, thirty ; Adar, twenty-nine ; 
Nisan, or Abib, thirty ; Ijar, twenty-nine ; Sivan, thirty ; Tam- 
muz, twenty-nine; Ab, thirty; and Elul, twenty-nine. In years 
called Embolismic, containing upward of 380 days, there are 
thirteen months ; the thirteenth immediately follows Adar, and 
is called Veadar, which always has thirty days. In the follow- 
ing cycle we count Sunday the first day of the week, etc., in 
compliance with the order established for the Jews at the 
exodus, when the Sabbath was changed ; but down to that time, 
what we now, following the Jews, call the first day of the week, 
was the seventh day. 

4. What we have before proved, in this chapter, may here be 
stated again : that the first day of the first month, Tisri, Rab. 
A. M. 1, synchronized with Monday, the seventh day of Octo- 
ber, A. J. P. 953 ; and with Monday, the third day of October, 
Gregorian time reversed. This day also corresponded to Mon- 
day, the twenty-fourth of Tisri, A. M. 1786, according to the 
chronology adopted in this work — just a few days after the 
beginning of the 124th year of Noah's life, 476 years before 
the Flood. 

N. B. To find the year of the following cycle, corresponding 
to any Rabbinical year of the world, divide the latter by 247, 
and the remainder is the required year — the first figure in the 



140 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Index of which shows the day of the week on which it begins, 
in either Gregorian or Julian time ; but the day of the month is 
given in the former calendar. (See the corresponding calendar 
also, in the sixth section of this chapter.) 

5. A complete cycle of 247 Rabbinical years of the world, 
containing thirteen lunar cycles of nineteen years each, begin- 
ning Monday, the seventh of October, A. J. P. 953, or October 
third, Monday, Gregorian time — each year ending in that 
Gregorian or Julian year which follows the one in which it 
begins; the first and last days in each being synchronized 
with Gregorian time, beginning Monday, October third, reversed 
as before explained. (See the following section, eighth.) 



-9 








3 




The Reversed 


fWt 








|? 




Gregorian Years 
are the following: 
the first column 
begins, the sec- 




TMrteenCycles 
of Nineteen 
Years each. 


Gregorian Time of beginning 
each. Year. 


Indexes. 


£o 


Gregorian Time of ending 
each Rab. Year. 


?§ ,0 








n'i 




ond column ends 


o •* 








3' 




each Rab. Year. 




No. 1. 










A.D. A.D. 


1 


1 


Oct. 3, Monday .. . 


2P5 


355 


Sept. 22, Friday... 


1921-1922 


2 


2 


Sept. 23, Saturday. 


7D 1 


353 


" 10, Monday . 


1922-1923 


3 


3 


" 11, Tuesday. 


3d7 


384 


" 28, Sunday.. 


1923-1924 


4 


4 


« 29, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 18, Friday... 


1924-1925 


5 


5 


" 19, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


8, Wed 


1925-1926 


6 


6 


9, Thursday 


5D 1 


383 


" 26, Monday . 


1926-1927 


7 


7 


« 27, Tuesday. 


3d5 


354 


" 14, Friday". . 


1927-1928 


8 


8 


" 15, Saturday. 


7 P5 


385 


Oct. 4, Friday 


1928-1929 


9 


9 


Oct. 5, Saturday . . 


7 D 1 


353 


Sept. 22, Monday.. 


1929-1930 


10 


10 


Sept. 23, Tuesday . 


3d5 


354 


" 11, Friday... 


1930-1931 


11 


11 


" 12, Saturday. 


7 P5 


385 


" 30, Friday... 


1931-1932 


12 


12 


Oct. 1, Saturday. . 


7P3 


355 


" 20, Wed 


1932-1933 


13 


13 


Sept. 21, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


" 9, Sunday. . 


1933-1934 


14 


14 


" 10, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


« 27, Friday . . 


1934-1935 


15 


15 


" 28, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 16, Wed .... 


1935-1936 


16 


16 


« 17, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


" 5, Sunday. . 


1936-1937 


17 


17 


" 6, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


" 25, Sunday. . 


1937-1938 


18 


18 


" 26, Monday . 
" 14, Thursday 


2D3 


353 


" 13, Wed 


1938-1939 


19 


19 


5P3 


385 


Oct. 2, Wednesday 


.1939-1940 




L. Cy. 2. 












20 


1 


Oct. 3, Thursday . 


5d7 


354 


Sept. 21, Sunday.. 


1940-1941 


21 


2 


Sept. 22, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 11, Friday... 


1941-1942 


22 


3 


" 12, Saturday. 


7 D3 


383 


" 29, Wed 


1942-1943 


23 


4 


« 30, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


" 17, Sunday. . 


1943-1944 


24 


5 


" 18, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


7, Friday . . 


1944-1945 


25 


6 


8, Saturday. 


7 D 3 


383 


" 25, Wed 


1945-1946 


26 


7 


" 26, Thursday 


5 PI 


355 


" 15, Monday . 


1946-1947 


27 


8 


" 16, Tuesday . 


3d7 


384 Oct. 3, Sunday 


1947-1948 


28 


9 


Oct. 4, Monday . . . 


2P5 


355 Sept. 23, Friday . . 


1948-1949 


29 


10 


Sept. 24, Saturday. 


7 D 1 


353 


" 11, Monday . 


1949-1950 


30 


11 


" 12, Tuesday. 


3d7 


384 


" 30, Sunday. . 


1950-1951 


31 


12 


Oct. 1, Monday . . . 


2P5 


355 


" 19, Friday... 


1951-1952 


32 


13 


Sept. 20, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


9, Wed 


1952-1953 


33 


14 


" 10, Thursday 


5D 1 


383 


" 27, Monday . 


1953-3 954 


34 


15 


" 28, Tuesday. 


3d5 


354 


" 16, Friday . . 


1954-1955 



LUNAR CYCLES. 



141 



5$ 

8> o 


Cycles. 


Tear begins. 


Indexes. 


1? 

§ 3' 


Tear ends. 


Reversed Tears. 














A.D. A.D. 


35 


16 


Sept. 17, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


Sept. 5, Wed 


1955-1956 


36 


17 


" 6, Thursday 


5P3 385 


" 25, Wed 


1956-1957 


37 


18 


" 26, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 14, Sunday.. 


1957-1958 


38. 


19 
L. Ct. 3. 


" 15, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


Oct. 2, Friday .... 


1958-1959 


39 


1 


Oct. 3, Saturday . . 


7P3 


355 


Sept. 21, Wed 


1959-1960 


40 


2 


Sept. 22, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


* 10, Sunday.. 


1960-1961 


41 


3 


" 11, Monday . 


2 D5 


383 


" 28, Friday . . 


1961-1962 


42 


4 


" 29, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 18, Wed 


1962-1963 


43 


5 


" 19, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 6, Sunday.. 


1963-1964 


44 


6 


" 7, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


** 26, Sunday.. 


1964-1965 


45 


7 


" 27, Monday . 
" 14, Thursday 


2D3 


353 


" 14, Wed 


1965-1966 


46 


8 


5P3 


385 


Oct. 4, Wednesday. 


1966-1967 


47 


9 


Oct. 5, Thursday . 


5d 7 


354 


Sept. 22, Sunday.. 


1967-1968 


48 


10 


Sept. 23, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 12, Friday . . 


1968-1969 


49 


11 


" 13, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


" 30, Wed 


1969-1970 


50 


12 


Oct. 1, Thursday . 


5d 7 


354 


" 19, Sunday. . 


1970-1971 


51 


13 


Sept. 20, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


8, Friday . . 


1971-1972 


52 


14 


9, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


" 26, Wed 


1972-1973 


53 


15 


« 27, Thursday 


5P1 


355 


" 16, Monday . 


1973-1974 


54 


16 


" 17, Tuesday. 


3d 5 


354 


5, Friday . . 


1974-1975 


55 


17 


" 6, Saturday. 


7P5 


385 


« 24, Friday . . 


1975-1976 


56 


18 


" 25, Saturday. 


7 Dl 


353 


« 12, Monday . 


1976-1977 


57 


19 
L. Ct. 4. 


" 13, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


Oct. 1, Sunday 


1977-1978 


58 


1 


Oct. 2, Monday .. . 


2P5 


355 


Sept. 21, Friday . . 


1978-1979 


59 


2 


Sept. 22, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 10, Wed 


1979-1980 


60 


3 


" 11, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


" 28, Monday . 


1980-1981 


61 


4 


" 29, Tuesday. 


3d5 


354 


" 17, Friday . . 


1981-1982 


62 


5 


" 18, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 7, Wed 


1982-1983 


63 


6 


8, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


" 26, Wed 


1983-1984 


64 


- 7 


" 27, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 15, Sunday. . 


1984-1985 


65 


8 


" 16, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


Oct. 3, Friday 

Sept. 23, Wed 


1985-1986 


66 


9 


Oct. 4, Saturday . . 


7 P3 


355 


1986-1987 


67 


10 


Sept. 24, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 11, Sunday. . 


1987-1988 


68 


11 


" 12, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 29, Friday . . 


1988-1989 


69 


12 


" 30, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


<f 19, Wed 


1989-1990 


70 


13 


" 20, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 8, Sunday. . 


1990-1991 


71 


14 


" 9, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


" 27, Sunday. . 


1991-1992 


72 


15 


" 28, Monday . 
" 16, Thursday 


2D3 


353 


" 15, Wed 


1992-1993 


73 


16 


5P1 


355 


u 5, Monday . 


1993-1994 


74 


17 


" 6, Tuesday. 


3d7 


384 


« 24, Sunday. . 


1994-1995 


75 


18 


" 25, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


« 13, Friday . . 


1995-1996 


76 


19 
L. Ct. 5. 


" 14, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


Oct. 1, Wednesday. 


1996-1997 


77 


1 


Oct. 2, Thursday. . 


5d 7 


354 


Sept. 20, Sunday. . 


1997-1998 


78 


2 


Sept. 21, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 10, Friday . . 


1998-1999 


79 


3 


" 11, Saturday. 


7P5 


385 


" 29, Friday . . 


1999-2000 


80 


4 


" 30, Saturday., 


7D1 


353 


" 17, Monday . 


2000-2001 


81 


5 


" 18, Tuesday, i 


3d 5 


354 


6, Friday . . 


2001-2002 


82 


6 


" 7, Saturday.' 


7 P5 


385 


« 26, Friday . . 


2002-2003 


83 


7 


P 27, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 15, Wed 


2003-2004 


84 


8 


" 16, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


Oct. 3, Monday .. . 


2004-2005 


85 


9 


Oct. 4, Tuesday .. 


3d 5 


354 


Sept. 22, Friday . . 


2005-2006 


86 


10 


Sept. 23, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 12, Wed 


2006-2007 


87 


11 


" 13, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


" 29, Monday . 


2007-2008 


88 


12 


" 30, Tuesday".! 


3d 5 ; 


354 


" 18, Friday . . 


2008-2009 



142 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 





Cycles. 


Year begins. 


Indexes. 


fa 

trS 

g 3' 


Year ends. 


Reversed Years. 














A.D. A.D. 


89 


13 


Sept. 19, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


Sept. 8, Wed 


2009-2010 


90 


14 


9, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


" 28, Wed 


2010-2011 


91 


15 


" 29, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


- 16, Sunday. . 


2011-2012 


92 


16 


" 17, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 6, Friday . . 


2012-2013 


93 


17 


7, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


" 24, Wed 


2013-2014 


94 


18 


" 25, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


" 13, Sunday. . 


2014-2015 


95 


19 
L. Cy. 6. 


" 14, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


Oct. 2, Sunday . . . 


2015-2016 


96 


1 


Oct. 3, Monday .. . 


2D3 


353 


Sept. 20, Wed 


2016-2017 


97 


2 


Sept. 21, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


9, Sunday. . 


2017-2018 


98 


3 


" 10, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


" 29, Sunday. . 


2018-2019 


99 


4 


" 30, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 18, Friday . . 


2019-2020 


100 


5 


" 19, Saturday. 


7D1 


353 


" 6, Mondav . 


2020-2021 


101 


6 


« 7, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


" 25, Sunday. . 


2021-2022 


102 


7 


" 26, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 15, Friday... 


2022-2023 


103 


8 


" 16, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


Oct. 2, Wednesday 


2023-2024 


104 


9 


Oct. 3, Thursday . 


5P1 


355 


Sept. 22, Monday.. 


2024-2025 


105 


10 


Sept. 23, Tuesday . 


3d5 


354 


" 11, Friday... 


2025-2026 


106 


11 


" 12, Saturday. 


7 P5 


385 


Oct. 1, Friday 


2026-2027 


107 


12 


Oct. 2, Saturday. . 


7P3 


355 


Sept. 20, Wei.". . . . 


2027-2028 


108 


13 


Sept. 21, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


9, Sunday.. 


2028-2029 


109 


14 


" 10, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 27, Friday . . 


2029-2030 


110 


15 


« 28, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 17, Wed .... 


2030-2031 


111 


16 


" 18, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 5, Sunday. . 


2031-2032 


112 


17 


" 6, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 23, Friday... 


2032-2033 


113 


18 


" 24, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 13, Wed 


2033-2034 


114 


19 

L. Cy. 7. 


" 14, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


Oct. 3, Wednesday. 


2034-2035 


115 


1 


Oct. 4, Thursday . 


5d7 


354 


Sept. 21, Sunday.. 


2035-2036 


116 


2 


Sept. 22, Monday . 
" 10, Thursday 


2D3 


353 


" 9, Wed 


2036-2037 


117 


3 


5P3 


385 


" 29, Wed 


2037-2038 


118 


4 


« 30, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


» 18, Sunday.. 


2038-2039 


119 


5 


* 19, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


7, Friday... 


2039-2040 


120 


6 


" 8, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


" 25, Wed 


2040-2041 


121 


7 


" 26, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


« 14, Sunday.. 


2041-2042 


122 


8 


" 15, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


Oct, 4, Sunday. . . . 


2042-2043 


123 


9 


Oct. 5, Monday . . . 


2D3 


353 


Sept. 21, Wed .... 


2043-2044 


124 


10 


Sept. 22, Thursday 


5P1 


355 


" 11, Monday . 


2044-2045 


125 


11 


" 12, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


" 30, Sunday. . 


2045-2046 


126 


12 


Oct. 1, Monday . . . 


2P5 


355 


" 20, Friday... 


2046-2047 


127 


13 


Sept. 21, Saturday. 


7 Dl 


353 


" 7, Monday . 


2047-2048 


128 


14 


8, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


" 26, Sunday. . 


2048-2049 


129 


15 


" 27, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 16, Friday . . 


2049-2050 


130 


16 


" 17, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


6, Wed 


2050-2051 


131 


17 


« 7, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


" 23, Monday . 


2051-2052 


132 


18 


« 24, Tuesday . 


3d 5 


354 


" 12, Friday . . 


2052-2053 


133 


19 
L. Cy. 8. 


" 13, Saturday. 


7P5 


385 


Oct. 2, Friday .... 


2053-2054 


134 


1 


Oct, 3, Saturday.. 


7P3 


355 S 


2054-2055 


135 


2 


Sept. 22, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 10, Sunday.. 


2055-2056 


136 


3 


" 11, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 28, Friday . . 


2056-2057 


137 


4 


" 29, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 18, Wed 


2057-2058 


138 


5 


" 19, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


** 7, Sunday. . 


205S-2"59 


139 


6 


" 8, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 24, Friday... 


2059-2060 


140 


7 


" 25, Saturday . 


7 P3 


355 


" 14, Wed 


2060-2061 


141 


8 


" 15, Thursday 


5P3 


385 iOct. 4, Wednesday. 


2061-2062 


142 


9 


Oct. 5, Thursday . 


5d 7 


354 Sept. 23, Sundav. . 


2062-2063 







LUNAR CYCLES. 


141 


go 

i= 2. 
? 


Gyclet. 


Year begins. 


Indexes. 


i |« 

£ 3" 


Year ends. 


Reversed Years. 














A.D. A.D. 


143 


10 


Sept. 24, Monday . 
" 11, Thursday 


2D3 


353 


Sept. 10, Wed 


2063-2064 i 


144 


11 


| 5 P 3 


385 


" 30, Wed 


2064-2065 j 


145 


12 


Oct. 1, Thursday. . 


5 d 7 354 


" 19, Sunday. . 


2065-2066 


146 


13 


Sept. 20, Monday . 


I 2 P 5 ! 355 


9, Friday . . 


2066-2067 1 


147 


14 


" 10, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


" 26, Wed 


2067-2068 i 


148 


15 


" 27, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 15, Sunday.. 


2068-2069 1 


149 


16 


" 16, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


5, Friday . . 


2069-2070 


150 


17 


" 6, Saturday. 


7 D 3 j 383 


" 23, Wed 


2070-2071 


151 


18 


" 24, Thursday 


5 P 1 355 


" 12, Monday . 


2071-2072 


152 


19 
L. Ct. 9. 


" 13, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


Oct. 1, Sunday 


2072-2073 


153 


1 


Oct. 2, Monday .. . 


2P5 


355 


Sept. 21, Friday . . 


2073-2074 


154 


2 


Sept. 22, Saturday. 


7 Dl 


353 


" 9, Monday . 


2074-2075 


155 


3 


« 10, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


" 27, Sunday.. 


2075-2076 


156 


4 


'* 28, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 17, Friday . . 


2076-2077 


157 


5 


* 18, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


7, Wed 


2077-2078 


158 


6 


" 8, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


" 25, Monday . 


2078-2073 


159 


7 


" 26, Tuesday. 


3d5 


354 


" 13, Friday . . 


2079-2080 


160 


8 


" 14, Saturday. 


7P5 


385 


Oct. 3, Friday 

Sept. 23, Wed 


2080-2081 


161 


9 


Oct. 4, Saturday . . 


7P3 


355 


2081-2082 ! 


162 


10 


Sept. 24, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 12, Sunday. . 


2082-2083 


163 


11 


" 13, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 29, Friday . . 


2083-2084 


164 


12 


" 30, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 19, Wed 


2084-2085 


165 


13 


« 20, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


8, Sunday. . 


2085-2086 


166 


14 


" 9, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


" 28, Sunday. . 


2086-2087 


167 


15 


u 29, Monday . 


2D3 


353 


" 15, Wed 


2087-2088 


168 


16 


" 16, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 4, Sunday . . 


2088-2089 


169 


17 


u 5, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


" 24, Sunday. . 


2089-2090 


170 


18 


'? 25, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 14, Friday . . 


2090-2091 


171 


19 
L. Or. 10. 


" 15, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


Oct. 1, Wednesday. 


2091-2092 


172 


1 


Oct. 2, Thursday . 


5d 7 


354 


Sept. 20, Sunday.. 


2092-2093 


173 


2 


Sept. 21, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


tl 10, Friday . . 


2093-2094 ; 


174 


3 


" 11, Saturday. 


7D3 


383 


" 28, Wed 


2094-2095 i 


175 


4 


" 29, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 16, Sunday. . 


2095-2096 j 


176 


5 


" 17, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


6, Friday . . 


2096-2097 


177 


6 


" 7, Saturday. 


7 P5 


385 


" 26, Friday . . 


2097-2098 i 


178 


7 


" 27, Saturday. 


7 Dl 


353 


" 14, Monday . 


2098-2099 j 


179 


8 


" 15, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


Oct. 3, Sunday. . . . 


2099-2100 1 


180 


9 


Oct. 4, Monday. . . 


2P5 


355 


Sept. 23, Friday . . 


2100-2101 i 


181 


10 


Sept. 24, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 13, Wed 


2101-2102 


182 


11 


" 14, Thursday 


5D 1 


383 


Oct. 1, Monday . . . 


2102-2103 


183 


12 


Oct. 2, Tuesday . . 


3d 5 


354 


Sept. 19, Friday .. 


2103-2104 


184 


13 


Sept. 20, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


9, Wed 


2104-2105 


185 


14 


" 10, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


" 29, Wed 


2105-2106 


186 


15 


" 30, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 18, Sunday.. 


2106-2107 


187 


16 


" 19, Monday . 


2D3 


353 


5, Wed 


2107-2108 


188 


17 


« 6, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


" 25, Wed 


2108-2109 


189 


18 


" 26, Thursday 


5d 7 1 


354 


" 14, Sunday. . 


2109-2110 


190 


19 
L. Cy. 11. 


" 15, Monday.; 


2D5 


383 


Oct, 2, Friday 


2110-2111 


191 


1 


Oct, 3, Saturday . . 


7 P3 ' 


355 


Sept. 21, Wed 


2111-2112 


192 


2 


Sept. 22, Thursday 


5 a 7 1 


354 


" 10, Sunday . 


2112-2113 


193 


3 


" 11, Monday . 


2P7 j 


385 


" 30, Sunday . 


2113-2114 


194 


4 


Oct. 1, Monday . . . 


2D3 1 


353 


" 18, Wed 


2114-2115 


195 


5 


Sept. 19, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


" 6, Sunday . 


2115-2116 


196 


6 ; 


7, Monday . 


2P7 ! 


385 


w 26, Sunday . 


2116-2117 



10 



144 




BIBLICAL 


CHRONOLOGY. 




3 ^ 


Cycles. 


Year begins. 


Indexes. 


S 5' 


Year ends. 


Reversed Years. 














A.D. A.D 


197 


7 


Sept. 27, Monday . 


2P5 


355 Sept. 16, Friday . . 


2117-2118 


198 


8 


" 17, Saturday. 


7 D3 


383 Oct. 4, Wednesday 


2118-2119 


199 


9 


Oct. 5, Thursday . 


5d 7 


354 'Sept. 22, Sundav. . 


2119-2120 


200 


10 


Sept. 23, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 12, Friday . . 


2120-2121 


201 


11 


" 13, Saturday. 


7 D3 


383 


" 30, Wed 


2121-2122 


202 


12 


Oct. 1, Thursday . 


5P1 


355 


" 20, Monday . 


2122-2123 


203 


13 


Sept. 21, Tuesday . 


3d 5 


354 


8, Friday . . 


2123-2124 


204 


14 


9, Saturday. 


7P5 


385 


" 28, Friday . . 


2124-2125 


205 


15 


" 29, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 18, Wed 


2125-2126 


206 


16 


" 19, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 7, Sunday. . 


2126-2127 


207 


17 


8, Monday . 


2 D5 


383 


" 24, Friday... 


2127-2128 


208 


18 


" 25, Saturday . 


7P3 


355 


" 14, Wed 


2128-2129 


209 


19 
L. Cy. 12. 


" 15, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


Oct. 2, Monday .. . 


2129-2130 


210 


1 


Oct. 3, Tuesday . . 
Sept. 22, Saturday. 


3d 5 


354 


Sept. 21, Friday... 


2130-2131 


211 


2 


7 P3 


355 


" 10, Wed 


2131-2132 


212 


3 


" 11, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


" 30, Wed 


2132-2133 


213 


4 


Oct. 1, Thursday . 


5d 7 


354 


" 19, Sunday. . 


2133-2134 


214 


5 


Sept. 20, Monday . 
8, Thursday 


2D3 


353 


7, Wed 


2134-2135 


215 


6 


5P3 


385 


" 26, Wed 


2135-2136 


216 


7 


" 27, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 15, Sunday. . 


2136-2137 


217 


8 


" 16, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


Oct. 3, Friday, 


2137-2138 


218 


9 


Oct. 4, Saturday. . 


7 P3 


355 


Sept. 23, Wed 


2138-2139 


219 


10 


Sept. 24, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 11, Sunday.. 


2139-2140 


220 


11 


" 12, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


Oct. 1, Sunday. . . . 


2140-2141 


221 


12 


Oct. 2, Monday . . . 


2D3 


353 


Sept, 19, Wed 


2141-2142 


222 


13 


Sept, 20, Thursday 


5P1 


355 


" 9, Mondav . 


2142-2143 


223 


14 


" 10, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


3»4 


" 27, Sunday.. 


2143-2144 


224 


15 


" 28, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 17, Friday... 


2144-2145 


225 


16 


" 18, Saturday. 


7 Dl 


353 


" 5, Monday . 


2145-2146 


226 


17 


6, Tuesday. 


3d 7 


384 


" 24, Sunday. . 


2146-2147 


227 


18 


" 25, Monday . 


2P5 


355 


" 13, Friday . . 


2147-2148 


228 


19 
L. Cy. 13. 


" 14, Saturday. 


7 P5 


385 


Oct. 3, Friday .... 


2146-2149 


229 


1 


Oct. 4, Saturday. . 


7D1 


353 


Sept. 21, Monday.. 


2149-2150 


230 


2 


Sept. 22, Tuesday . 


3d 5 


354 


" 9, Friday... 


2150-2151 


231 


3 


" 10, Saturday. 


7P5 


365 


" 29, Friday . . 


2151-2152 


232 


4 


" 30, Saturday. 


7P3 


355 


" 19, Wed .... 


2152-2153 


233 


5 


" 20, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 8, Sunday. . 


2153-2151 


234 


6 


- 9, Monday . 


2D5 


383 


" 25, Friday... 


2154-2155 


235 


7 


" 26, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 15, Wed .... 


2155-2156 


236 


8 


" 16, Thursday 


5D1 


383 


Oct, 3, Monday 


2156-2157 


237 


9 


Oct. 4, Tuesday.. . 


3d 5 


354 


Sept. 22, Friday . . 


2157-2158 


238 


10 


Sept. 23, Saturday. 


7 P3 


355 


" 11, Wed 


2158-2159 


239 


11 


" 12, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


Oct. 1, Wednesday. 


2159-2160 


240 


12 


Oct. 2, Thursday.. 


5d 7 


354 


Sept. 20, Sunday.. 


216H-2161 


241 


13 


Sept. 21, Monday . 


2 D3 


353 


" 8, Wed 


2161-2162 


242 


14 


9, Thursday 


5P3 


385 


" 28, Wed 


2162-2163 


243 


15 


" 29, Thursday 


5d7 


354 


" 16, Sunday.. 


2163-2164 


244 


16 


" 17, Monday". 


2P5 


355 


6, Friday... 


21 G 1-2165 


245 


17 


" 7, Saturday. 


7 D3 


383 


< 24, Wed 


2165-2166 


246 


18 


" 25, Thursday 


5d 7 


354 


" 13, Sunday.. 


2166-21(57 


247 


19 


" 14, Monday . 


2P7 


385 


Oct. 2, Sunday. . . . 


2167-2168 



Six Indexes were found to be wrong in Dr. Clarke's cycle 
of 247 years. They are corrected in the preceding. 



LUXAK CYCLES 



145 



The Gregorian years, A. ~D., in which the Rabbinical years 
begin and end respectively, as noted in the previous cycle, are 
said to be "reversed" because the years of every Jewish cycle, 
from the beginning of their years of the world, begin, progress, 
and end, correspondent to the Gregorian calendar, precisely as 
illustrated in the above years of our Lord. 

6. A Table of fourteen different kinds of Jewish years, to 
one or other of which each of the 247 years of the preceding 
cycle points by its Index; and with which it perfectly agrees. 
By consulting the appropriate year in this table, its length 
being given, and the time of its beginning and ending in the 
week being indicated by the first and last Saturdays in each 
year, any year of the cycle of 247 years may easily be syn- 
chronized with Gregorian time, the first and last correspondent 
days in that calendar having been already carefully noted 
opposite to each Jewish year. The days of the weeks in this 
table correspond, also, to the days of the same weeks in Julian 
time, when ascertained. 



TABLE OF FOURTEEN JEWISH YEARS. 



First Embolismic Year has 363 days 
Index, 5 D 1. 



YeaeI. 

No. months. 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 



Names of months. 



Tisri .... 
Marchesvan ..II 

Cisleu 7 

Tebet 6 

Sebat 5 

Adar 3 

Yeadar 1 

Xisart 7 

Ijar 5 

Sivan 4 

Tammuz 2 

Ab 1 

Elul 6 









- r 








s 
































- 














i 


a 




"1 


■-< 


3 


10 


17 


24 





815 
14 21 

13 20 
12 19 

10 17 
I 815 

14 21 

12 19 

11 18 
9 16 
S15 

13 20 



22 29 

36 

27 

26 

24 

22 29 

38 

26; 

25 

23 

22 29 
27 



Year 2. 

No. months. 



a 

4 
5 

6 

7 
8 

9 
10 
11 
12 

13 



Names of months. 



Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan I 5 

Tammuz 3 

Ab 

Elul 



9 16 
14 21 
13 20 

11 IS 
9 16 
B 15 

13 20 

12 19 
10 17 
i 9 16 

14 21 



23 30 
28 

27 
25 
23 

22 29 
27 
26 
24 

23 30 
25 



Second Embolismic Year has 384 
dav>. Index, 3 d 7. 



Year 2. 

No. months. 



Nunes of months. 



j Tisri 

I Marchesvan 



5 12 19 26 
3 1017 24 



Third Embolismic Year of 385 days 
Index, 2 P 7. 



Year 3. 



Names of months. 



i'- 'J? 



Tisri 6 13 20 27 

I Marchesvan.. 1 4 1118 25 

j Cisleu ! 2 9 16 23 30 

Tebet 7 142128 

'Sebat 6 13 20 27 

lAdar 4 11,1625 

Yeadar 2 9 16 23 



146 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Year 3. 

No. month*. 



Names of months. 



Nisan . v 
Ijar .... 
Sivan .. . 
Taramuz 

Ab 

Elul .... 



15 22 

2027 



29 



30 



Fourth Embolismic Year of 385 days 
Index, 5 P 3. 



Year 4. 

No. months. 



1 

2 
3 

4 
5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 



Names of months. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar .... 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tamrnuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



- : ; 



30 



Fifth Embolismic Year of 383 days 
Index, 7 D 3. 



Year 5. 

No. months. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 



Names of months. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tamrnuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



15 
20 

19 

18 

17 

15 

20 

19 

17 

16 23 

21,28 
13J20 27 
11J1825 



29 



29 



30 



Sixth Embolismic Year of 385 day 
Index, 7 P 5. 



Year 6. 

No. months. 



Names of months. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 
Cisleu 



15 22 29 

20 271 
18 25 




4 
5 

6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 



Names of months. 



Tebet..., 
Sebat 
Adar 
Veadar . , 
Nisan . . , 

Ijar 

Sivan .. . , 
Taramuz 

Ab 

Elul 



16 23 

1.^22 29 

20 ! 27 

1825 

17i24 

15J22 

2128 

19'26 

18125 

16[23 



29 



Seventh 



Embolismic Year of 383 
tys. Index, 2 D 5. 



Year 7. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 



Names of months. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Taramuz 

Ab 

Elul 



13 20 
11(18 

10.17 
916 

8J15 
13'20 
11118 
10;17 

815 
1421 
12,19 
11 .18 

916 



29 



29 



First Common Year has 355 d; 
Index, 5 P 1. 



Year 8. 

No. months. 



Names of months. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Taramuz. . . . 

Ab 

Elul , 



CB 


w 


-p. 


T. 


- 


r 


- 


'§■ 


3, 


1 


3, 


a 










■ ' 


P 


? 


21 


3 


10 


17 


1 


8 


15 


22 


6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 


18 


25 


3 


10 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 22 


7 


14 


2128 


5 


12 


19 26 


4 


11 


18 25 


2 


9 


16 23 


1 


8 


15 22 


6 


13 


20 27 



29 



29 



Second Common Year has 354 days. 
Index, 5 d 7. 



Year 9. 

No. months. 
1 



Names of months. 



Tisri. 



10 17 24 



LUNAR CYCLES 



147 



Year 9. 

No months. 


Names of months. 


CD 


I 


60 

•< 


OB 
9 


so 


Fifth Common Year of 353 days. 
Index, 2 D 3. 


Year 12. 




DO 


w 


C/3 


:f 


00 


2 


March esvan . . 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 




Names of months. 


r 


g- 


| 




i. 


3 

4 


Cisleu 

Tebet 


7 
5 


14 
12 


21 

19 


2S 
26 








t- 


13 


20 


27 


- 


1 


Tisri 


6 


5 


Sebat 


4 


11 


lb 


25 




2 


Marchesvan . . 


4 


11 


18 25 




6 


Adar 


2 


y 


lb 


23 




3 


Cisleu 


3 


10 


17124 




7 


Nisan 


1 


H 


lb 


22 


29 


4 


Tebet 


2 


9 


1623 




8 


liar 


h 


1,-t 


■•11 


y\ 




5 
6 


Sebat 

Adar 


1 
6 


8 
13 


15*22 
20j27 


29 


9 


Sivan 


5 


12 


19 


26 




10 


Taramuz 


3 


10 


17 


24 




7 


Nisan 


5 


12 


19 26 




11 


Ab.. 


9 


M 


IK 


-> 3 


3U 


8 

9 

10 


Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 


3 
2 
7 


10 

9 

14 


17 

16 
21 


24 

23 

OS 




12 


Elul 


7 


14 


91 


09 




30 














Third Common Year < 
Index, 7 D 1 


)f 353 days. 


11 
12 


Ab 


6 

4 


13 
11 


20 
18 


27 
•>- 




Elul 










Sixth Common Year has 355 days. 












Year 10. 






p 






p 


Index, 2 P 5. 




Names of months. 


3 


a 


3. 


2_ 


2. 












No. months. 




» 


.^ 


■< 


v< 


■■< 


Year 13. 






g 


p 


p 


a 








' 










Names of months. 


- 


- 




5 


5 


1 

2 


Tisri 

Marches van . . 


1 

6 


8 
13 


15 

20 


22 

27 


29 


No. months. 




~ 
«< 


<§ 


<< 


1 


| 


















3 


Cisleu 





12 


19 


26 




1 


Tisri 


b 


13 


20 


2/ 




4 


Tebet 


4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


Marchesvan . . 


4 


il 


lb 


2a 




5 


Sebat 


3 


in 


17 


24 




3 


Cisleu 


2 


9 


ltj 


23 


30 


6 


Adar 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


4 


Tebet 


7 


14 


21 


2S 




7 


Nisan 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


Sebat 


6 


13 


20 


27 




8 
9 


liar 


5 

4 


12 
11 


19 
is 


26 
25 




6 

7 


Adar 

Nisan 


4 
3 


11 18 25 




Sivan 


10 


17(24 


10 
11 

12 


Tammuz 

Ab 


2 
1 
6 


9 

8 

13 


16 

15 
of) 


23 
22 
07 




8 


Ijar 


1 


H 


15 22 


•4< 


29 


9 
10 
11 
12 


Sivan 

Tammuz 


7 
5 

4 

2 


14 

12 

11 

9 


2128 
19126 
18125 
16|23 




Elul 








Fourth Common Year 
Index, 7 P i 


of 355 days. 
1. 


Elul 


Seventh Common Year has 354 days. 






Index, 3 d 5. 


Year 11. 




oa 


en 


w 


DO 
P 


w 


Year 14. 




CO 


CO 

p 


CO 


I? 


I 




Names of months. 


g. 


a 


5- 


a 


s, 




Names of months. 


5 


2. 


3. 


2. 


2. 


No. months. 




■< 


m 


1 


f 


1 


No. months. 




1 


1 


i 


<< 




1 


Tisri 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 1 


1 


Tisri 


5 


12 


1926 


2 


Marches van . . 


6 


13 


20 


27 




2 


Marchesvan . . 


3 


10 


17 24 




3 


Cisleu 


4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


Cisleu 


2 


9 


16;23 


30 


4 


Tebet 


2 


9 


16 


23 




4 


Tebet 


7 


14 


2128 




5 


Sebat 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


Sebat 


6 


13 


20:27 




6 


Adar 


6 


13 


20 


27 




6 


Adar 


4 


11 


18,25 

1724 




7 


Nisan 


5 


12 


19 


26 




7 


Nisan 


3 


10 




8 
9 


Ijar 


I 


10 
9 


17 

16 


24 
23 


30 


8 
9 


liar 


1 

7 


8 
14 


15 22 
2128 


29 


Sivan 


Sivan 


10 


Tammuz 


7 


14 


21 


28 




10 


Tammuz 


5 


12 


1926 




11 
12 


Ab 


6 
4 


13 

11 


20 
is 


27 
05 




11 

12 


Ab 


4 
2 


11 

9 


18;25 
16 23 




Elul 


Elul 



























T. Dr. Clarke stated, in his "Explanation of the Tables," that 
the month "Adar has twenty-nine days." This is true, accord- 



148 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

ing to him, in common years, but in every Embolismic year he 
gave it thirty days, and to Veadar twenty-nine. It, however, 
makes no difference in the run of weeks which has thirty days 
and which twenty-nine. 

8. Two illustrations are here given of the use that may be 
made of the foregoing cycle and Table. We select Dr. Clarke's 
year of the crucifixion, A. M. 4033— Usher's A. M. 4032— 
A. D. 29 ; Rab. A. M. 3789 ; A. J. P. 4742. In his first Table, 
at the end of the Acts, Dr. Clarke says, that the Passover for 
that year came on Friday, the fifteenth of April, and that Easter 
Sunday was the seventeenth, Dominical letter B, cycle of the 
solar year 10. Let his Rab. A. M. 3789, which is correct for 
that Julian year, be divided by its cycle of 247 years, and the 
remainder will show that it was the eighty-fourth year of the 
sixteenth cycle. The Index for that year, it may be seen, is 
5 D 1, showing, according to explanations, section three of this 
chapter, that the first day of Tisri, for the first Jewish month 
of that Embolismic year of 383 days, began on the fifth day of 
the current Jewish week, Thursday; and that the Passover, or 
first day of unleavened bread, which the law required always 
to be on the fifteenth of Nisan or Abib, was that year on Sun- 
day, the first day of the week, being the twenty-fourth of April, 
Gregorian time reversed, but the seventeenth in Julian time. 
The day of the Passover, as noted by Dr. Clarke above, and 
the day as indicated by the Index, in his cycle for that year, 
do not therefore agree. Next, multiply the quotient, fifteen, 
after division as above, by 90,216, the number of days in each 
cycle of 247 years, and to the result, 1,353,240, add for the 
first four lunar cycles, or seventy-six years of the next cycle, 
27,758; and to that sum add 2,541, being the number of days 
in the next seven years ; and to that add 221 days, which will 
include the Sunday, or first day of the week, required for the 
Passover, according to the cycle, Table, and Index; and the 
number of days, from the first in Rabbinical time to that 
required for said Passover, will be 1,383,760. Divide these 
days by seven, the number in a week, and there will be just 
197,680 weeks, proving, in this instance, that the first in the 
series began on Monday. And if, from the seventh day of 



LUNAR CYCLES. 149 

October, A. J. P. 953, being Monday — as synchronized with 
the Kabbinical first day of the world, in the second section of 
this chapter — the above number of days, 1,383,760, be counted 
in Julian time, the last one will be Sunday, the said seventeenth 
of April, A. J. P. 4742. This proves that said Sunday, the 
seventeenth of April, and the fifteenth of Abib, synchronized 
in said Jewish year, according to their cycle of 247 years. But 
Dr. Clarke, using the paschal cycle of Dionysius, or the Metonic 
cycle of nineteen years, adopted by the Council of Nice, makes 
the fifteenth of Abib for that year correspond to Friday, the 
fifteenth of April, in Julian time. Both cycles give results for 
this year contrary to the law and the facts in the case. The 
law required the fifteenth of Abib to be the first day of unleav- 
ened bread, from the second day of which the fiftieth was 
always the Pentecost ; and the facts of the New Testament 
show that it fell in the year of the crucifixion on Sunday, but 
if Friday had been the fifteenth of Abib, the Pentecost would 
have come on Saturday. The Metonic cycle, adopted by Julius 
Cassar, for that year, agrees with the present Jewish cycle of 
247 years, in requiring the fifteenth of Nisan or Abib to cor- 
respond with Sunday, the seventeenth of April. This would 
require the Pentecost to be on Monday for that year. Not 
only do these cycles fail to satisfy us in their several results, 
but the year on which we have tried them, we think, was not 
the year of the crucifixion of the Savior; it was the preceding 
year, A. D. 28. These cycles will, however, fail to point out 
the day of the crucifixion for that year, in harmony with the 
law and the facts of the New Testament; for the Nicene lunar 
cycle for A. D. 28 requires the fifteenth of Abib on Sunday, 
the twenty-eighth of March ; that of Julius Caesar required it 
on Tuesday, the thirtieth; and the Rabbinical A. M. 3788, 
according to the cycle of 247 years, likewise requires it on 
Tuesday, the thirtieth of March, all in Julian time. Thus it 
appears that neither of the lunar cycles will answer the demand 
of the Scriptures at the crucifixion of the Savior, in either A. 
D. 28 or 29. The Mosaic cycle, however, as I have presented 
it, answers to both the law of the Old Testament and the his- 
torical facts of the New. 



150 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



9. For a second example, take my year of the exode, A. M. 
3899; B. C. 1647; A. J. P. 3067; Rab. A. M. 2114. I have 
proved, in its appropriate place, that the exodus occurred in the 
above year of the world, 3899, on Saturday, the fifteenth of Abib 
or Nisan, synchronizing with the twenty-seventh of March, in the 
above Julian year. Divide the said Jewish year by the cycle 
of 247 years ; the remainder, the 138th year of the ninth cycle, 
has for its Index 5 d 7, the second common year. Turn 
to it, and you will find that the fifteenth of Nisan for that 
year was Saturday; and to prove that this was Saturday, the 
twenty-seventh of March, A. J. P. 3067, the same required by 
my current year of the world, and fifteenth of Abib or Nisan, 
count the days in all the preceding Jewish years, as in the first 
example above, to the fifteenth of Abib, Rab. A. M. 2114, 
and there will be found 771,945. Then count the days in 
Julian time from the first synchronism in the series, Monday, 
the seventh of October, A. J. P. 953, to Saturday, the twenty- 
seventh of March, A. J. P. 3067, and precisely the same num- 
ber of days will be told as in the Jewish time to the aforesaid 
fifteenth of Abib, Rab. A. M. 2114. There can, therefore, 
remain no doubt that the fifteenth of Abib, in the aforesaid 
concurrent years of the world, 3899 and 2114, was Saturday, 
synchronizing with the said twenty-seventh of March, A. J. P. 
3067. Divide the said 771,945 days by seven, the number in 
each week, and there will be 110,277 weeks and six days, prov- 
ing that the exodus was on the sixth day of the ancient week ; 
and, consequently, that the first Sabbath in the series was, as 
required by Jewish years, on Sunday, and not Saturday. But 
from the exodus, Saturday was given to the Jews as their 
Sabbath. 

As a help, we next state the number of days in each of the 
thirteen lunar cycles, making 247 years. 



Lunar Cycle. 


Days. 
6940 


Lunar Cycle. 

8 has 


Days. 
6939 


2 " 

3 " 

4 « 


6939 

6939 

6940 


9 " 

10 « 

11 ** .. 


6940 

6939 

6940 


5 " 


6941 


12 " 


6941 


6 " 


6940 


13 " 


6939 


7 " . 


6939 






Total 




90,216 



LUNAR CYCLES. 151 

10. We also synchronize below the first and last days of the 
twenty-three cycles of 247 years each, Jewish and Gregorian 
time, with Julian time, beginning B. C. 3761, A. J. P. 953, 
Monday, October seven, and ending A. J. P. 6634, September 
nineteen, Sunday, or A. D. 1921, October second. 

Jewish Cycles. A. J. P. A. J. P. 

1 begins 953, October 7, Monday ends 1200, October 6, Sunday. 

2 " 1200, October 7, Monday « 1447, Octobers, Sunday. 

3 " 1447, October 6, Monday " 1694, October 4, Sunday. 

4 " 1694, October 5, Monday " 1941, October 3, Sunday. 

5 " 1941, October 4, Monday " 2188, October 3, Sunday. 

6 " 2188, October 4, Monday " 2435, October 2, Sunday. 

7 " 2435, October 3, Monday " 2682, October 1, Sunday. 

8 " 2682, October 2, Monday " 2929, September 30, Sunday. 

9 - 2929, October 1, Monday " 3176, September 30, Sunday. 

10 •■ 3176, October 1, Monday " 3423, September 29. Sunday. 

11 " 3423, September 30, Monday... " 3670, September 28, Sunday. 

12 " 3670, September 29, Monday... * 3917, September 27, Sunday, 

13 " 3917, September 28, Monday... " 4164, September 27, Sunday. 

14 " 4164, September 28, Monday... '* 4411, September 26, Sunday. 

15 " 4411, September 27, Monday... " 4658, September 25, Sunday. 

16 « 4658, September 26, Monday... " 4905, September 24, Sunday. 

17 " 4905, September 25, Monday... " 5152, September 24, Sunday. 

18 " 5152, September 25, Monday... " 5399, September 23, Sunday. 

19 " 5399, September 24, Monday... " 5646, September 22, Sunday. 

20 « 5646, September 23, Monday... " 5893, September 21, Sunday. 

21 " 5893, September 22, Monday... " 6140, September 21, Sunday. 

22 " G140, September 22, Monday... " 6387, September 20, Sunday. 

23 " 6387, September 21, Monday... « 6634, September 19, Sunday. 

11. The last cycle of 247 years reaches to the very day, in 
Julian time, from which the reversed computation of 2,074,968 
days was made, as stated in the second section of this chapter, 
ending, on the ascending line, Monday, the seventh day of 
October, A. J. P. 953. 

12. But Dr. Clarke, for the first century of the Christian era, 
in respect to the Passover, Easter, etc., used the Metonic cycle 
of nineteen years, and the Dionysian period of 532 years, as 
may be seen in his first Table, at the end of the Acts. The 
same method was first used by the Council of Nice. 

13. The Dionysian period is the sum of the solar cycle of 
twenty-eight years, and the lunar cycle of nineteen years, mul- 
tiplied into each other, making 532 years. A. D. 1 was con- 
sidered as the second year of this period; the first being the 
supposed year of the nativity. 

14. In each lunar cycle of nineteen years, twelve common 
years of twelve moons each, and seven Embolismic years of 
thirteen moons each, there are 235 moons. In thirteen lunar 



152 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



cycles, or 247 Gregorian years, there are 3,055 moons. In 
each large cycle of 247 years, there are just 90,216 days; that 
is, 12,888 weeks or Sabbaths. The mean length of one of 
these solar years is 365 days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, 37J 
seconds; and the mean length of one of these moons is 29 
days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 4J seconds. 

15. We next insert the Metonic lunar cycle, denominated 
from its author, Meton. The golden numbers, from I to XIX, 
represent a lunar cycle of nineteen years, containing 235 luna- 
tions, and showing by the opposite day of the month, on the 
left of each number, when the new moons began each year. 
The first in the following series began the first day of January, 
A. J. P. 4669, when Sosigines adjusted the Roman calendar. 
The same number indicates the time of the following new 
moons, through the following months of the same year ; and so 
of each number till nineteen years are told, and then repeat 
in the same order for the next nineteen years, etc. The num- 
bers are called golden, because of their ancient value, being first 
published in golden letters. 

16. Metonic cycle adopted by Caius Julius Caesar, beginning 
January first, A. J. P. 4669, forty-five years before the Chris- 
tian era. 



I 

1 


Gold. Num. 


1 s- 
s 

1 


Gold. Num. 


1 


Gold. Num. 


> 

1 


Gold. Num. 1 


1 


Gold. Num. 


I 

1 


Gold. Num. 


I 


1 


IX 


1 


I 


IX 


1 


IX 


XVII 


2 




2 




2 




2 




2 




2 


VI 


3 


IX 


3 


XVII 


3 


IX 


i 3 


XVII 


3 


XVII 


3 




4 




4 


VI 


4 




4 


VI 


4 


VI 


4 


XIV 


5 


XVII 


5 




5 


XVII 


5 




5 




5 


III 


6 


VI 


6 


XIV 


6 


VI 


1 6 


XIV 


6 


XIV 


. 6 




7 




i 7 


III 


7 




1 7 


III 


7 


III 


7 


XI 


8 


XIV 


! 8 




8 


XIV 


! 8 




8 




8 




9 


III 


! 9 


XI 


9 


III 


; 9 


XI 


9 


XI 


9 


XIX 


10 




10 




10 




10 




10 




10 


VIII 


11 


XI 


11 


XIX 


11 


XI 


n 


XIX 


11 


XIX 


11 




12 




12 


VIII 


12 




12 


VIII 


12 


VIII 


12 


XVI 


13 


XTX 


13 




13 


XIX 


13 




13 




13 


V 


14 


VIIJ 


14 


XVI 


14 


VIII 


14 


XVI ; 


14 


XVI 


14 




15 




15 


V 


15 




15 


V 


15 


V 


15 


XIII 


1G 


XVI 


16 




16 


XVI 


16 




16 




16 


II 


17 


V 


17 


XIII 


17 


V 


17 


XIII 


17 


XIII 


17 




18 




18 


II 


18 




18 


II 


18 


II 


18 


X 


19 


XIII 


19 


! 


19 


XIII 


19 


i 


19 




19 




20 


11 


20 


X 


20 


II 


20 


X 


20 


X 


20 


XVIII 


21 




i 21 




21 




21 




21 




21 


VII 



LUNAR CYCLES 



153 



g 

22 


Gold. Num. 

X 


o" 

2 

22 


Gold. Num. 

XVIII 


p* 


Gold. Num. 


> 

22 


Gold. Num. 


1 

22 


Gold. Num. 


6H 

22 


Gold. Num. 


22 


X 


XVIII 


XVIII 


23 




23 


VII 


23 




23 


VII 


23 


VII 


23 


XV 


24 


XVIII 


24* 




24 


XVIII 


24 




24 




24 


IV 


25 


VII 


25 


XV 


25 


VII 


25 


XV 


25 


XV 


25 




26 




26 


IV 


26 




26 


IV 


26 


IV 


26 


XII 


27 


XV 


27 




27 


XV 


27 




27 




27 


I 


28 


IV 


28 


XII 


28 


IV 


28 


XII 


28 


XII 


28 




29 








29 




29 


I 


29 


I 


29 


IX 


30 


XII 






30 


XII 


30 




30 




30 




31 


I 






31 


I 






31 


IX 






t-i 




> 




w 




o 




gi 











Gold. Num. 


c§ 


Gold. Num. 


1 
1 


Gold. Num. 


| 


Gold. Num. 


P 


Gold. Num. 


i 
1 


Gold. Num. 

XI 


1 


XVII 


1 




XIV 


1 


VIII 


1 




2 


VI 


2 


XIV 


2 


III 


2 




2 


XI 


2 




3 




3 


III 


3 




3 


XI 


3 




3 


XIX 


4 


XIV 


4 




4 


XI 


4 




4 


XIX 


4 


VIII 


5 


III 


5 


XI 


5 




5 


XIX 


5 


VIII 


5 




6 




6 




6 


XIX 


6 


VIII 


6 




6 


XVI 


7 


XI 


7 


XIX 


7 


VIII 


7 




7 


XVI 


7 


V 


8 




8 


VIII 


8 




8 


XVI 


8 


V 


8 




9 


XIX 


9 




9 


XVI 


9 


V 


9 




9 


XIII 


10 


VIII 


10 


XVI 


10 


V 


10 




10 


XIII 


10 


II 


11 




11 


V 


11 




11 


XIII 


11 


II 


11 




12 


XVI 


12 




12 


XIII 


12 


II 


12 




12 


X 


13 


V 


13 


XIII 


13 


II 


13 




13 


X 


13 




14 




14 


II 


14 




14 


X 


14 




14 


XVIII 


15 


XIII 


15 




15 


X 


15 




15 


XVIII 


15 


VII 


16 


II 


16 


X 


16 




16 


XVIII 


16 


VII 


16 




17 




17 




17 


XVIII 


17 


VII 


17 




17 


XV 


18 


X 


18 


XVIII 


18 


VII 


18 




18 


XV 


18 


IV 


19 




19 


VII 


19 




19 


XV 


19 


IV 


19 




20 


XVIII 


20 




20 


XV 


20 


IV 


20 




20 


XII 


21 


VII 


21 


XV 


21 


IV 


21 




21 


XII 


21 


I 


22 




22 


IV 


22 




22 


XII 


22 


I 


22 




23 


XV 


23 




23 


XII 


23 


I 


23 




23 


IX 


24 


IV 


24 


XII 


24 


I 


24 




24 


IX 


24 




25 




25 


I 


25 




25 


IX 


25 




25 


XVII 


26 


XII 


26 




26 


IX 


26 




26 


XVII 


26 


VI 


27 


I 


27 


IX 


27 




27 


XVII 


27 


VI 


27 




28 




28 




28 


XVII 


28 


VI 


28 




28 


XIV 


29 


IX 


29 


XVII 


2D 


VI 


29 




29 


XIV 


29 


III 


30 


. 


30 


VI 


30 


XIV 


30 


XIV 


30 


III 


30 




31 


1 XVII 


31 








31 


III 






31 


XI 



17. The neiv moons may be found, according to the above 
cycle, in the years of the Julian period preceding the year of 
the reformed calendar of Julius Caesar, by a backward count 
of the golden numbers; and in the succeeding years of the 
reformed calendar, they may be found by dividing the sum of 
them by nineteen; the remainder will be the golden number 



* This day counted twice every Leap Year. 



154 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



for the months of that year. This number is supposed to stand 
in the cycle opposite the days of the several months on which 
the moon changes for that year, thus pointing out the day 
when each Jewish or lunar month began. 

18. The JEpact is the excess of the solar above the lunar 
year. In the first year, supposing the solar and lunar years 
begin on the same day, there will be an excess of eleven days ; 
the second year, twenty-two days ; the third year, there will be 
an excess of thirty-three days — but that year there will be an 
intercalation of a thirteenth month of twenty-nine days, if Adar 
has thirty, or of thirty days, if Adar has only twenty-nine ; so 
that in either case the excess for that year will stand at three, 
and the next year at fourteen, etc. The intercalary month is 
called Veadar ; that is, Adar again. 

19. The following Metonic lunar cycle was adopted by the 
Council of Nice, A. D. 325. It only differs from that of 
Julius Caesar in the time of its beginning. It was used by 
Dionysius and others, to show the age of the moon at any par- 
ticular time while this method was observed. 



I 

•< 


Gold. Num. 


so 

•3 


Gold. Num. 


SO 


Gold. Num. 


> 

1 


Gold. Num. 


1 

«5 


Gold. Num. 


en 
c 

D 

1 


Gold. Num. 


1 


Ill 


1 




1 


Ill 




1 


XI 




2 




2 


XI 


2 




2 


XI 


• 2 




2 


XIX 


3 


XI 


3 


XIX 


3 


XI 


3 




3 


XIX 


3 


VIII 


4 




4 


VIII 


4 




4 


XIX 


4 


VIII 


4 


XVI 


5 


XIX 


5 




5 


XIX ! 


5 


VIII 


5 




5 


V 


6 


VIII 


!6 


XVI 


6 


VIII 


6 


XVI 


6 


XVI 


6 




7 




7 


V 


7 




7 


V 


7 


V 


7 


XIII 


8 


XVI 


8 




8 


XVI 


8 




8 




8 


II 


9 


V 


9 


XIII 


9 


V 


9 


XIII 


9 


XIII 


9 




10 




10 


II 


10 




10 


II 


10 


II 


10 


X 


11 


XTII 


11 




11 


XIII 


11 




11 




11 




12 


II 


12 


X 


12 


II 


12 


X 


12 


X 


12 


XVIII 


13 




13 




13 




13 




13 




13 


VII 


14 


X 


14 


XVIII 


14 


X 


14 


XVIII 


14 


XVIII 


14 




15 




15 


VII 


15 




15 


VII 


15 


VII 


15 


XV 


16 


XVIII 


16 




16 


XVIII 


16 




16 




16 


IV 


17 


VII 


17 


XV 


17 


VII 


17 


xv i 


17 


XV 


17 




18 




18 


IV 


18 




19 


IV 


18 


IV 


18 


XII 


19 


XV 


19 




19 


XV 


19 




19 




19 


I 


20 


IV 


20 


XII 


20 


IV 


20 


XII 


20 


XII 


20 




21 




21 


I 


21 




21 


I 


21 


I 


21 


IX 


22 


XII 


22 




22 


XII 


22 




22 


1 


22 




23 


I 


23 


IX 


123 


I 


23 


IX 


23 


IX 


23 


XVII 


24 




24* 




24 




24 




24 




24 


VI 



* This day counted twice eyery Leap Year. 



LUNAR CYCLES 



155 



p 




8" 




K 




!> 


1 


g 




^ 




"H 


Gold. Num. 


=3 


Gold. Num. 




Gold. Num. 


25 


Gold. Num. 


1 

25 


Gold. Num. 


s 


Gold. Num. 


25 


IX 


25 


XVII 


25 


IX 


XVII 


XVII i 


25 




26 




26 


VI 


26 




26 


VI 


26 


VI | 


26 


XIV 


27 


XVII 


27 




27 


XVII 


27 




27 


1 


27 


III 


28 


VI 


28 


XIV 


28 


VI 


28 


XIV 


28 


XIV ! 


28 




29 








29 




29 


III 


29 


Ill 


29 


XI 


30 


XIV 






30 


XIV 


30 




30 




30 




31 


III 






31 


HI 






31 


XI i 






•H 




> 




w 




9 




g: 




? 




^ 


Gold. Num. 


1 


Gold. Num. 


g 


Gold. Num. 


| 


Gold. Num. 


< 
P 


Gold. Num. 


1 
1 


Gold. Num. 


1 


XIX 


1 


VIII 


1 


XVI 


1 


XVI 


1 




XIII 


2 


VIII 


2 


XVI 


2 


V 


2 


V 


2 


XIII 


2 


II 


3 




3 


V 


3 




3 


XIII 


3 


II 


3 




4 


XVI 


4 




4 


XIII 


4 


II 


4 




4 


X 


5 


V 


5 


XIII 


5 


II 


5 




5 


X 


5 




6 




6 


II 


6 




6 


X 


6 




6 


XVIII 


7 


XIII 


7 




7 


X 


7 




7 


XVIII 


7 


VII 


8 


11 


8 


X 


8 




8 


XVIII 


8 


VII 


8 




9 




9 




9 


XVIII 


9 


VII 


9 




9 


XV 


10 


X 


10 


XVIII 


10 


VII 


10 




10 


XV 


10 


IV 


11 




11 


VII 


11 




11 


XV 


11 


IV 


11 




12 


XVIII 


12 




12 


XV 


12 


IV 


12 




12 


XII 


13 


VII 


13 


XV 


13 


IV 


13 




13 


XII 


13 


I 


14 




14 


IV 


14 




14 


XII 


14 


I 


14 




15 


XV 


15 




15 


XII 


15 


I 


15 




15 


IX 


16 


IV 


16 


XII 


16 


I 


16 




16 


IX 


16 




17 




17 


I 


17 




17 


IX 


17 




17 


XVII 


18 


XII 


18 




18 


IX 


18 




18 


XVII 


18 


VI 


19 


I 


19 


IX 


19 




19 


XVII 


19 


VI 


19 




20 




20 




20 


XVII 


20 


VI 


20 




20 


XIV 


21 


IX 


21 


XVII 


21 


VI 


21 




21 


XIV 


21 


III 


22 




22 


VI 


22 




22 


XIV 


22 


III 


22 




23 


XVII 


23 




23 


XIV 


23 


III 


23 




23 


XI 


24 


VI 


24 


XIV 


24 


III 


24 




24 


XI 


24 


XIX 


25 




25 


III 


25 




25 


XI 


25 


XIX 


25 




26 


XIV 


26 




26 


XI 


26 


XIX 


26 




26 


VIII 


27 


III 


27 


XI 


27 


XIX 


27 




27 


VIII 


27 




28 




28 


XIX 


28 




28 


VIII 


28 




28 


XVI 


29 


XI 


29 




29 


VIII 


29 




29 


XVI 


29 


V 


30 


XIX 


30 


VIII 


30 




30 


XVI 


30 


V 


30 




31 




31 








31 


V 






31 


XIII 



20. The preceding lunar cycle was adopted by the Council 
of Nice, to point out the times of the Jewish Passovers, and the 
succeeding Easter Sundays. This has been fully shown else- 
where, and we refer the reader to the place where it has been 
treated. (See chap, vii, sec. 24, of this.) 

21. To find, in Julian time, the day on which the moon 
changed, or when any Jewish month began, for any year of the 
Julian period, according to the Nicene cycle. 



156 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Rule. Divide the given year of the Julian period by nine- 
teen ; the remainder will be the golden number for that year. 
If there be no remainder, nineteen will be the golden number 
for that year. Look for said number in the Nicene calendar, 
and the day of the month next on the left of said number will 
synchronize with the first day of any Jewish month, or new 
moon, for said Julian year, according to this cycle. 

Example. On what day of the year of the Julian period 

4713 did the Rab. A. M. 3761 begin? And on what day of 
A. J. P. 4714 did that Jewish year end? Divide 4713 by 
nineteen; the remainder, I, is the golden number for that 
year. Look for the month September, in the Nicene calendar — 
for in it that Jewish year began — and the number I, will stand 
on the right of the sixteenth day, which is the answer to the 
first question. Divide again the said 4713 by a solar cycle, 
twenty-eight, and the remainder, nine, points to that year of the 
Julian cycle; look for the sixteenth of September for that year, 
and it will be found to have been Thursday. Next, divide 

4714 by nineteen; the remainder, II, is the golden number 
for that year. The twelfth month, Elul, Rab. A. M. 3761, is 
required, therefore, by the Nicene lunar cycle, to end Septem- 
ber fourth, Sunday, which answers the second question. 

22. The golden number I, opposite the twenty-third of 
March, in the foregoing Metonic cycle, was not placed there by 
the Council of Nice, as stated by Dr. Jarvis, because the new 
moon occurred on that day in the year of their session; for 
they sat A. J. P. 5038; which, being divided by nineteen, 
shows that the remainder, III, was the golden number for that 
year, A. D. 325. This number was, therefore, put in its proper 
place, opposite the first day of January for that year. More- 
over, the golden number, III, is required by a proleptic count 
for the year of the Julian period 953, in which the first Rab- 
binical year of the world began. And the Council held their 
session, Rab. A. M. 4085, which was the nineteenth or last year 
of a lunar cycle for that period of Jewish time, when the same 
golden number should again be ruling in Julian time. The 
current year of the reformed calendar was the 370th, and the 
golden number was IX; but the Council evidently computed 



LUNAK CYCLES. 157 

from the supposed year of the nativity of Christ, making it 
the first in their lunar cycle, as did Yictorius and Dionysius 
after them. Thus the second year of the lunar cycle, A. D. 1, 
always presupposes that the nativity was in the preceding year. 
23. We shall presently synchronize a number of Jewish and 
Julian years, according to the Nicene calendar, beginning 
with the Rabbinical A. M. 3755, in the year of the Julian 
period 4707, and ending with the Bab. A. M. 3793, in A. J. 
P. 4746, or A. D. 33. This we do to furnish a convenient 
reference for the use of those who may wish to consult this 
calendar, in studying the history of Christ. But we beg 
leave, in the first place, respectfully to add a few thoughts to 
what has been already said concerning the calendar of the 
Jews. We have, in chapters vii and viii of this work, deduced 
from the writings of Moses, a calendar which, we think, corre- 
sponds to the dates of the Old Testament, for any year since 
the exode of Israel. According to this calendar, no Passover 
could be lawfully eaten before the twenty-first day of March, 
and none after the twenty-seventh of the same month, being 
always the evening after the fourteenth of Nisan, except by 
special provision of law. Within these limits, the twenty-first 
and twenty-seventh of March — as may be seen by the synchro- 
nisms in the Jewish and Julian time, in the 8th chapter, section 
3 — the fifteenth of Abib or Nisan was appointed to fall every 
year. This was ordained to be annually the first day of the 
feast of unleavened bread. It was immediately preceded by 
that which is sometimes called "the day of the Passover," 
the fourteenth of Nisan. But in every instance in which the 
fourteenth is thus denominated, we are only authorized to 
understand, according to the law, that on that day the pas- 
chal lambs had to be slain, the blood to be offered, and the 
flesh to be made ready for the first day of the feast of 
unleavened bread. This began after sunset of the fourteenth. 
Then they ate the Passover. And about midnight of the 
first day of the first paschal feast the Lord passed over the 
houses of the children of Israel in Egypt. It was on "the 
self-same day," "the fifteenth day of the first month," that 
the children of Israel departed from Barneses. We have 



158 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

before proved that this fifteenth day of Abib corresponded to 
Saturday, the twenty-seventh day of March, A. J. P. 3067. 
This fact may also be shown by applying the accurate Rab- 
binical cycle of 247 years, found in this chapter, to the cur- 
rent Rab. A. M. 2114. From Monday, the seventh of Octo- 
ber, A. J. P. 953, being also the first day of Tisri, the first 
month of Rab. A. M. 1, to the aforesaid Saturday of the 
exode, March twenty-seventh, A. J. P. 3067, there were inclu- 
sive, 771,945 days. The same number of days, counted from 
the said first day of Tisri, Rab. A. M. 1, according to the said 
Jewish cycle of 247 years, will terminate in the said Rab. A. 
M. 2114, Abib or Nisan the fifteenth synchronizing with said 
Saturday, the twenty-seventh of March. If this remarkable 
fact does not satisfy the most scrupulous, let the synchronical 
cycle of twenty-eight years — chap, ii, sec. 13 — be applied to 
the current year of the world, 3899, and for that year, it will 
be seen, in the seventh of the cycle, that the fifteenth of Abib 
agrees also with said Saturday, the twenty-seventh of March, 
A. J. P. 3067. In this case, the seventh day, the Sabbath of 
Gen. ii, 2, 3, is run through all the years, and gives its weekly 
recurrence on the sixteenth of said Abib, the day after the 
exode. Weeks never change the number of days; therefore, 
the day of the exode, Saturday, and the following day, six- 
teenth of Abib, or twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth days of 
March, in Julian time, may, by their appropriate cycles, be 
brought down in their weekly returns, and shown to corre- 
spond to the days which are now called Saturday and Sunday. 
This may, with the same facility, be reversed to the first day of 
the world ; and in every instance, whatever may be the number 
of years assumed, allowing the last day of the first week to be 
a Sabbath, the first day of that week will prove to be Monday, 
and the first Sabbath to be Sunday. The fact is, therefore, 
established, that the fifteenth day of Abib, Rab. A. M. 2114, 
synchronized with Saturday, March the twenty-seventh, A. J. P. 
3067 ; and that the said Saturday also corresponds to the fif- 
teenth day of Abib, the seventh month of the 3899th year, count- 
ed from A. M. 1, according to the chronology here adopted. 
This month Abib, was then made the beginning of a new year, 



LUNAR CYCLES. 159 

and the fifteenth day was constituted the first of a new order 
of Sabbaths. On these data we have constructed a new calen- 
dar for the Israelites, and synchronized it with Julian time 
reversed. (Chaps, vii, viii.) 

24. The aforesaid fifteenth day of Abib, Saturday, being the 
first day of the feast of unleavened bread, the second day of 
the same feast, the sixteenth, answered to our Sunday. On 
this day the law required the offering of the wave-sheaf: "On 
the morrow after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it." Lev. 
xxiii, 11. From this day inclusive, the law said — verses fifteenth 
and sixteenth — "Ye shall count unto you from the morrow 
after the Sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of 
the wave-offering, seven Sabbaths shall be complete ; even unto 
the morrow after the seventh Sabbath shall ye number fifty 
days ; and ye shall offer a new meat-offering unto the Lord." 
The fiftieth day, in this count, was, therefore, called the Pen- 
tecost. We now assert, that this regulation of the feasts of the 
Passover, of unleavened bread, and of the Pentecost, as prac- 
ticed the first year of the exode, and established by the law for 
future government, settles some perplexing chronological ques- 
tions connected with the crucifixion of Christ. If, as some 
contend, Thursday of the passion-week was the fourteenth day 
of Abib, when the law required the paschal lambs to be slain, 
then Friday, the fifteenth, would be the first day of the feast 
of unleavened bread. This day being called a Sabbath, as 
those of this opinion contend, because ceremonially made "a 
day of holy convocation," would require that Saturday, the six- 
teenth, the morrow after such Sabbath, should be the day of 
offering such wave-sheaf. Thence counting fifty days, as 
required by the law, would make the Pentecost fall on Satur- 
day, the morrow after Friday, the seventh ceremonial Sabbath 
in this case. But it is an undisputed fact, that the Pentecost, 
in the year of the crucifixion, came on Sunday, the day after 
the Jewish weekly Sabbath. This proves that Friday of the 
crucifixion was the fourteenth day of the Jewish month. But 
those who contend that Thursday of the passion-week was the 
fourteenth, say that the wave-sheaf was not offered till the fol- 
lowing Sunday. This plea admits that the legal time for the 

11 



160 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

wave-offering was the morrow after a weekly Sabbath, but it 
rejects the idea that it must be on the second day of unleav- 
ened bread. Josephus, however, proves — Antiq., b. ii, sec. 5, 
ft — that the time for the wave-offering, and the first day in the 
count of fifty days to the Pentecost, "was on the second day 
of unleavened bread, which is the sixteenth day of the month." 
The Septuagint asserts the same fact. Lev. xxiii, 11. This 
should be decisive on this point. If Friday of the passion- 
week had been the fifteenth day of the month, it would have 
been also the first day of unleavened bread, according to the 
law ; and this would have required the next day seven weeks to 
be the Pentecost, contrary to the law and evidence in this case. 
Moreover, about two years previous to the crucifixion, and on 
the first Sabbath after the second day of unleavened bread, 
another instance occurred, in proof that the first day of the 
Jewish week succeeding the Passover was the second day of 
unleavened bread. (See Luke vi, 1.) Instead of rendering 
sabbato deuteroproto, "on the second Sabbath after the first," 
in this passage, it should be, "on the first Sabbath after the 
second" day of unleavened bread. This clause is thus ren- 
dered by many able critics ; and I believe, had it not been for 
the subsequent introduction of lunar government from the rab- 
bins, Christian commentators would have had much less diffi- 
culty in understanding this passage, in harmony with the letter 
and spirit of the law. But according to lunar government, 
the second day of the feast of unleavened bread can ordinarily 
happen only about once in seven years on Sunday; and as it is 
demanded by the type, the wave-offering, on the second day of 
the feast, and the antitype, the resurrection of Christ, on the 
first day of the week, and also by the Pentecost, on Sunday, 
the fiftieth day from the second of unleavened bread, that, in 
the year of the Savior's passion, the true day of offering the 
wave-sheaf should be Sunday, therefore, whatever year may 
be assumed for the crucifixion, according to the government of 
the moon, there could not have been, for several years previous, 
a like occurrence of the second of unleavened bread on Sun- 
day. But the passage cited from Luke demands this, two 
years before the last Passover, as the most of distinguished 



LUNAR CYCLES. 161 

critics allow. (See Doddridge in loco.) All difficulty in respect 
to the order of time at this annual feast vanishes, by allowing 
what we think is proved both by the law and the practice of 
the ancient Jews. The first day of the feast was pinned down 
to the fifteenth of Abib. And we think it clearly proved also, 
that this day must annually be Saturday, the day given at the 
exode as the Sabbath of the Jews. "And ye shall observe" — 
not the feast, supplied by the translators, but as expressed in 
verse sixteenth— the first day of unleavened bread; "for in this 
self-same day have I brought your armies out of the land of 
Egypt. Therefore, shall ye observe this day in your genera- 
tions by an ordinance forever." Ex. xii, 16, 17, and Deut. v, 15. 
This was their first Sabbath of rest from Egyptian bondage, and 
it was then ordained to connect typically with deliverance from 
the greater bondage of sin and death, through Christ. From 
the second day of this first feast, Sunday, there were just fifty 
days to that Sunday on which the law that hills was spoken. 
And from the second day of the same feast, Sunday, in the 
year of its fulfillment, there were just fifty days to that Sun- 
day on which the Spirit that giveth life was poured upon the 
waiting disciples. That the first day of the Jewish week was 
the appointed second day of the feast of unleavened bread, was 
contended for also by a portion of the Jews against what they 
considered an innovation of the rabbins. "The Baithuseans, 
or Sadducees, contended that the first day of the Passover 
should be on the Sabbath, that the offering of the sheaf might 
fall on the first day of the week, and likewise that the feast 
of Pentecost might fall also on the first day of the week." — 
Lightfoot. (See Sutcliffe on Luke, vi, 1.) Yet Dr. Lightfoot, 
in this warm controversy, chose to adopt the views of the rab- 
bins in preference to those, as we think, of their more Scrip- 
tural antagonists. An incidental remark may here be added 
from Josephus — Antiq., b. xiii, chap. 8, sec. 4. He quoted a 
statement from Nicolaus of Damascus; that, after the conquest 
of the Parthians by Antiochus, he was induced by Hyrcanus, 
the Jew, who had accompanied him, to desist from traveling 
"two days," because of a festival of the Jews then passing. 
Though this occurred at least two hundred years before 



162 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Josephus wrote that part of his Antiquities, yet he did not 
hesitate to speak of it as follows: "And truly he did not speak 
falsely in saying so, for that festival which we call the Pente- 
cost did then fall out to be the next day to the Sabbath ; nor is 
it lawful for us to journey, either on a Sabbath day or on a fes- 
tival day." According to another item, found in the said chap- 
ter of Josephus, the feast alluded to may have occurred, Kab. 
A. M. 3627; An. Ex. Isr. 1514; A. J. P. 4580; 01. y. 642. 
The same fact, that the day of the Pentecost immediately fol- 
lowed the weekly Sabbath, when Antiochus and Hyrcanus 
desisted from traveling both days, is every year required by 
the law. This must have been known by Josephus, according 
to a standing rule, to enable him so readily to apply the histor- 
ical rest of two days to the proper occasion, the fiftieth day, 
"the morrow after the Sabbath." 

25. The law also required that the feast of tabernacles, 
limited to "seven days," should begin on the fifteenth day of 
Tisri, the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year. The first 
day of this feast, and the eighth day from that, or day next 
succeeding the feast, were required to be Sabbaths. (See Lev. 
xxiii, 39-43.) The eighth day was appointed for "a solemn 
assembly." The fifteenth of the month, being the first day 
of the feast, and a Sabbath, required that the following Friday 
should be the seventh or last day of the feast, and, conse- 
quently, that the twenty-second of the month should be again 
Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath, or the eighth day from that 
Sabbath which began the feast of tabernacles. The law said, 
"Ye shall dwell in booths seven days; all that are Israelites 
born shall dwell in booths." This order was observed at the 
feast of tabernacles, which next preceded the crucifixion of the 
Savior. It is said — John vii, 37 — " In the last day, that great 
day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried, saying," etc. This was 
not the eighth day, as those commentators say, who follow the 
rabbins of later times; but it was Friday, the twenty-first of 
the month, the seventh or "last day of the feast." Therefore, 
the closing account of this day — verse 53 — informs us that 
"every man went unto his own house." The feast of taberna- 
cles was then ended. They had "dwelt in booths seven days." 



LUNAR CYCLES. 163 

All were at liberty to pass the approaching night in their ordi- 
nary dwellings; but on the ensuing day, being the Sabbath, 
according to the law, they were required to "have a solemn 
assembly." (See Num. xxix, 35.) Therefore, John having in- 
formed us that " Jesus went unto the mount of Olives " — viii, 1 — 
added, verse 2, "And early in the morning he came again into 
the temple, and all the people came unto him ; and he sat down 
and taught them." This day was occupied by Christ in dis- 
courses recorded in the eighth chapter. The last verse says, 
" Then took they up stones to cast at him, but Jesus hid him- 
self, and went out of the temple, going through the midst of 
them, and so passed by." That this was a Sabbath day, as 
required by the law, seems very evident from what immediately 
followed — ix, 1, etc. — "And as Jesus passed by he saw a man 
which was blind from his birth." Having opened his eyes, we 
are expressly informed — verse 14 — "It was the Sabbath day, 
when Jesus made the clay, and opened his eyes." Those critics 
who follow the rabbins, generally rend this account from its 
appropriate place, and connect it with the transactions of the 
following feast of dedication. But as the law required a Sab- 
bath to succeed the feast of tabernacles, and John's account, if 
permitted to speak for itself, proves that such was the chrono- 
logical order of events at this feast, there seems to be no good 
reason for referring this Sabbath to a feast about two months 
afterward. If we try the lunar cycle of the Church, for the 
month Tisri, in either A. D. 27 or 28, we will get no Sabbath, 
either to begin the feast on the fifteenth, or to succeed the feast 
of tabernacles, on the twenty-second of the month. Yet the 
law, and the practice thereon, in the times of the Christ, require 
a Sabbath for each of those days. A very clear distinction 
between the seventh or last day of this feast, and the eighth 
day, when they had "a solemn assembly," is found Neh. viii, 
18 : "Also, day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he 
read in the book of the law of God. And they kept the feast 
seven days ; and on the eighth day was a solemn assembly, 
according unto the manner." This passage establishes our 
distinction between the feast of tabernacles and the following 
Sabbath, or eighth day, when "all the people" that had come 



164 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

up to the feast should have a solemn assembly. And the pas- 
sage in John proves the same fact. My cycle, before referred 
to, will show that the same order of Sabbaths as required by 
the law, will return on the same days of the month every year. 
And this was necessarily required in a system of types, which 
had to be fulfilled in strict chronological order. 

26. That the twenty-second day of Tisri was a Sabbath, ac- 
cording to the practice of the Jews, in the year that Jerusalem 
was besieged by Cestius, is proved by Josephus — War, b. ii, c. xix, 
sec. 1-4 — " Cestius pitched his camp at a certain place called 
G-abao, fifty furlongs distant from Jerusalem." "But the Jews 
seeing the war approaching to their metropolis, left the feast and 
betook themselves to their arms; and taking courage greatly 
from their multitude, went in a sudden and disorderly manner 
to the fight, with a great noise, and without any consideration 
had of the rest of the seventh day, although the Sabbath was 
the day to which they had the greatest regard ; but that rage 
which made them forget the religious observation of the Sab- 
bath, made them too hard for their enemies in the fight." This 
battle was, therefore, fought on the Jewish Sabbath. The 
Romans having lost above five hundred men, finally repulsed 
the Jews, who retired into the city again. It is then added, 
"that Cestius tarried there three days." Allowing, what will 
presently appear, that the battle was fought on the twenty- 
second of the month, the "tarrying of three days" would finish 
the twenty-fifth day. It is then said, " Cestius took his whole 
army, and pitched his camp upon the elevation called Scopus, 
which was distant seven furlongs from the city." This move- 
ment necessarily occupied the twenty-sixth day. It is then 
added, "He did not assault them in three days' time" These 
"three days" must include the twenty-ninth day of the month; 
for it is next said, " On the fourth day, which was the thirtieth 
of the month Tisri, when he had put his army in array, he 
brought it into the city." These chronological statements 
prove, we think, that "the Sabbath," on which was fought the 
battle at G-abao, was the twenty-second day of Tisri. The fif- 
teenth of this month was the appointed first day of the feast of 
tabernacles ; and as the law required both it and its octave, the 



LUNAR CYCLES, 165 

twenty-second, to be Sabbaths, the testimony of Josephus, 
though incidental, proves that the Jews then kept the feast in 
the right order of time. The Nicene lunar cycle, adopted more 
than 150 years afterward, does not require a Sabbath on the 
twenty-second of Tisri, either for A. D. 65 or 66. In the 
former year, it requires Wednesday, the ninth of October ; and 
in the latter, it requires Sunday, the twenty-eighth of Septem- 
ber, to correspond with the twenty-second of Tisri. The lunar 
cycle of Julius Caesar for A. D. 65 requires Friday, the elev- 
enth of October; and for A. J). 66, it requires Tuesday, the 
thirtieth of September, to agree with the twenty-second of 
Tisri ; and the twenty-second of the same month, Rab. A. M. 
3826, being from the first day of their years of the world, Mon- 
day, A. J. P. 953, October seventh, to the said twenty-second 
of Tisri inclusive, 1,397,085 days, according to the cycle of 
247 years, is required to be on Thursday, October the tenth, 
A. J. P. 4778, or A. D. 65 ; and for the following Julian year, 
A. D. 66, the twenty-second of Tisri is required, according to 
the said lunar cycle of the modern Jews, used proleptically, to 
be Monday, the twenty-ninth of September. Thus it may be 
seen, that, according to these cycles, there could be no Sabbath 
on the twenty-second of Tisri, as demanded by Josephus in the 
year of the battle at G-abao. My cycle, however, taken from 
the Mosaic calendar, if applied to the corresponding years of 
the exode, 1712 or 1713, will require the twenty-second of 
Tisri to be Saturday each year; in A. D. 65, the twenty-eighth 
of September, and in A. D. 66, the twenty-seventh of Septem- 
ber. This cycle thus accords both with the law of Moses and 
the historical demand of Josephus in the above case. The said 
twenty-second of Tisri thus made 625,128 days after Saturday, 
the fifteenth of Abib, An. Ex. Isr. 1, when all Israel went out 
of bondage, allowing the Sabbath mentioned by Josephus to be 
in A. D. 65. Divide this whole number of days by seven, and 
the number of complete weeks will be 89,304. The first day 
in these weeks is, therefore, required to be Sunday, the second 
day of the exode. And if from the next day, Sunday, the 
twenty-third of Tisri, the day after the battle at G-abao, the 
weeks be extended to this present day, Saturday, April twenty- 



166 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

third, A. D. 1853, there will be just 93,271. This last Satur- 
day corresponds, the present Rab. A. M. 5613, to Nisan the 
fifteenth, according to the calendar of the modern Jews. It 
may, therefore, be seen, that, after the first day of the exode, 
Saturday, the fifteenth of Nisan, Rab. A. M. 2114, being the 
twenty-seventh of March, A. J. P. 3067, there have been, to 
this present Saturday inclusive, 1,278,025 days, or 182,575 
weeks. This computation strictly conforms to the change 
made in the Julian calendar by Gregory XIII. Before that 
change, the Julian calendar is allowed by all chronologers to be 
the measure of time, which, being reversed indefinitely, accord- 
ing to Scaliger's Julian period, will give the weeks and years 
of the most ancient times, and thus furnish true data for syn- 
chronizing different calendars. Lunar cycles, when subjected to 
this kind of test, will often be found wanting in correspondence 
to the claims of Scriptural history. 

27. If A. D. 28 or 29 — one of which was most certainly the 
year of the crucifixion — be examined both by lunar and Scrip- 
tural requirements, the results will disagree. The Nicene cal- 
endar will require one day of the week; the full of the moon, 
astronomically ascertained, will require another; and the time 
required both by the type and its fulfillment, for the fifteenth 
day of Nisan, or first day of unleavened bread, will still demand 
a different day of the week. It is made certain that Christ 
died on Friday, the fourteenth of the month; that Saturday, 
the fifteenth, was the first day of unleavened bread; that Sun- 
day, the sixteenth, he arose from the dead, as "the first fruits 
of them that slept;" that fifty days from that he endowed his 
disciples with power from on high; and that all these things 
were done "according to the Scriptures.'" These facts were 
typically taught every year, in chronological order, according 
to the calendar which was given by Moses. 

28. The rabbinical dogma, that the day of every new moon 
had to be published from Jerusalem, before the people could 
tell what day of the month it was, is almost incredible. Eze- 
kiel and Daniel, though in captivity at Babylon, had no more 
difficulty in stating the time of passing events than Jeremiah, 
who might be in Jerusalem. Besides, the Old Testament and 



LUNAK CYCLES. 167 

the works of Josephus, often mention every month, both by 
name and number, of which the year was composed, but they 
give no hint of more than twelve months. Nay, the evidence 
abundantly proves that, in the times of the sacred writers, the 
year had neither more nor less than twelve months. "And 
Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel, which provided vic- 
tuals for the king : each man his month in a year made pro- 
vision." 1 Kings, iv, 7. "The tree of life, which bare twelve 
manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month." Rev. 
xxii, 2. These texts, with many others, prove that the year of 
the Scriptures had only twelve months. It has been proved, 
we think, in the second chapter of this work, that the months 
of the original year had thirty days each, with five days added 
to the last, and six every fourth year, by the necessity of the 
case, to make a solar year. These might have been called 
lunar months originally. Josephus, in a few places, mentions 
a "lunar month." But such months, among the antediluvians, 
Egyptians, Chaldeans, Jews, Persians, and others, of ancient 
times, never had less than thirty days, till by the inventions of 
the Greeks, it was required to shorten some of the months one 
day, and every two or three years to add another month. In 
this way the modern Jews have made Embolismic years of thir- 
teen months each; but when they did this, they departed from 
the Mosaic calendar. When it was that this change was made, 
we have not been able to ascertain. There may have been 
some contenders for it even before the Christian era; yet no 
decisive proof of such a corruption of the Mosaic institute, 
while the second temple was standing, has met our observation. 
Maimonides gives three reasons for the institution of the inter- 
calary year. The first only demands a passing thought. It 
was "to bring the equinox to the fifteenth day of the month 
Nisan, or before; so if the equinox was like to happen on the 
sixteenth day, or later, an intercalary month was added before 
it." But this reason is wholly without Divine authority. It 
has nothing to support it in the Mosaic law. According to this 
reason, though the first fruits might be ready for the Passover — 
the only thing required by Moses on the sixteenth of Abib — yet 
if it then wanted only one day to the equinox, Abib was, by 
% 



168 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

this reason, thrown forward a whole month ! And thus the 
nation would, bj the law, be debarred for the same time from 
any use of the ripe crop, no matter how much needed ; for it 
was said in the law — Lev. xxiii, 14 — "And ye shall eat neither 
bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears, till the self-same day 
[sixteenth of Abib] that ye have brought an offering unto your 
God : it shall be a statute forever throughout your generations 
in all your dwellings." If it had been required of the Jews, 
that the Passover should always be held at the first full moon 
which succeeded the vernal equinox, it would doubtless be found 
in the Scriptures. But they furnish no authority for this prac- 
tice ; nor have we any intimation in the New Testament, that 
this innovation had superseded the Mosaic regulation, in the 
times of Christ and his apostles. Yet this seems to be gener- 
ally admitted by Christian commentators ; the evidence to sup- 
port which has escaped my notice. Though lunar cycles, of 
more modern construction, could be reversed with the utmost 
accuracy to the days of the new and full moons, in the times of 
the first advent, yet it would avail nothing, in the absence of 
proof that the Jews had then adopted a lunar government of 
their feasts. Moreover, neither Jews nor Christians, who, in 
this case, have alike departed from the design of the Mosaic 
ritual, have assigned any reason why the Passover should either 
follow the vernal equinox, or be at the full of the moon. There 
is, however, a typical reason manifested for making Friday, the 
fourteenth of Abib, the day of killing the Passover; Saturday, 
the fifteenth, the first day of unleavened bread ; and Sunday, 
the second day of the feast, the day of waving the first fruits. 
These things were, therefore, fulfilled by Christ oh the days 
which had been so minutely specified in the types. The same 
may be asserted of all the authorized feasts of the Jews — they 
were fixed as invariably to the same days of the week as to the 
same days of the month. 

29. It has been thought by some, that the Eab. A. M. 3757 
must have had an intercalary month previous to the Passover 
of that year. This was the year in which Herod the Great 
died, A. J. P. 4710. A little before his death — Antiq., b. xvii, 
chap. 6, sec. 4 — Josephus says, "Herod deprived one Matthias 



LUNAR CYCLES. 169 

of the high priesthood, and burnt the other Matthias who had 
raised the sedition, with his companions, alive. And that very 
night there was an eclipse of the moon." It has been ascer- 
tained, by principles of astronomy, that this eclipse took place 
two hours, forty-eight minutes, A. M., of Tuesday, March thir- 
teenth, of the last-named Julian year. Consequently, the day of 
the eclipse must have been the fifteenth day of the moon. But 
as this was before the equinox, though the order of months in a 
common year required it to be Abib, Veadar is made to take its 
place, by which the former is pushed forward a whole month, ac- 
cording to this lunar government. The same objection would not 
lie against retaining Abib as the Jewish month of the eclipse, 
according to my cycle of the Mosaic calendar, for the corre- 
sponding An. Ex. Isr. 1644. According to this, the eclipse 
was on the morning of the fourth of Abib, and the fifteenth of 
this month corresponded that Julian year with the twenty-fourth 
of March. This would be after the reputed time of the equi- 
nox, but not at the time of the full moon, which doubtless 
occurred at the time of the eclipse, on the thirteenth of March. 
Yet it may be proper, in this place, to obviate an apparent 
objection to the Passover for that year coming so soon after the 
eclipse as the twenty-fourth of the same month. If it was after 
the eclipse, as the order of its narration would seem to indi- 
cate, that Herod went beyond the Jordan, where he tried to 
cure his disease with the warm baths at Callirrhoe ; and then, 
that upon returning to Jericho, he caused his son Antipater to 
be put to death, the "fifth" day after which he died himself; 
and then, that the "funeral feast" of the seventh day there- 
after should be when "the feast of unleavened bread was now 
at hand," as we learn it was, from Wars, b. ii, c. 1, sec. 1-3; 
then there does not seem to be time from the day of the eclipse, 
the thirteenth of March, to Saturday, the twenty-fourth, or fif- 
teenth of Abib, the first day of unleavened bread, for all these 
consecutive events. But we think there is sufficient internal 
evidence, furnished both in his Antiquities and Wars of the 
Jews, by Josephus, to prove, notwithstanding the order of the 
narration, that the burning of the seditious, on the twelfth of 
March, was subsequent to Herod's visit to the waters of Cal- 



170 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

lirrlioe and the trial of the oil-bath by his physicians ; for it is 
said, "These men," the seditious, "when they found that the 
Icing's distemper was incurable, excited the young men" to pull 
down the great golden eagle, etc. Now, "these men" could not 
find that "the king's distemper was incurable" till the experi- 
ments were made at Callirrhoe ; for before that time, it is said 
of the king himself, "he struggled with his numerous disorders, 
and still had a desire to live, and hoped for recovery, and con- 
sidered of several methods of cure ; accordingly he went over 
Jordan," etc.; and while trying an oil-bath at Callirrhoe, "it 
was supposed that he was just dying, but upon the lamentable 
cries of his domestics he revived; and having no longer the 
least hopes of recovering, he came again to Jericho, where he 
greiv so choleric, that it brought him to do all things like a 
madman; and he was in such a melancholy state of body as 
almost to threaten him with present death." Then it was, 
after his return from Callirrhoe, that the seditious "found that 
the king's distemper was incurable." Then it was, that he was 
"in a wild rage against the innocent, as well as those who had 
afforded him grounds for accusations." Then, also, it was, that 
he caused Antipater to be executed, and, as we think, either on 
the same day, or before the "fifth" from that event, when "he 
died himself," he caused the seditious to be burnt alive. If we 
count the fifth from the twelfth of March, then Friday, the six- 
teenth, was the day of Herod's death. Then Saturday, the 
seventeenth, the Jewish Sabbath, they would travel, as it is said 
they did, only a Sabbath-day's journey, " eight furlongs, to 
Herodium," or toward the place where they would bury him. 
Friday, the day of the king's death, would be the first day of 
mourning, and the following Thursday, the thirteenth of Abib, 
would be the seventh day of mourning, when Archelaus, we are 
told, gave "an expensive funeral feast to the multitude." In 
close connection with this statement, and how Archelaus then 
"spake kindly to the multitude from an elevated seat and a 
throne of gold," Josephus says, u The feast of unleavened bread 
was now at hand, and is, by the Jews, called the Passover." 
The next day, Friday, March twenty-third, or Abib fourteenth, 
was the time for killing the paschal lambs; and Saturday was 



LUNAR CYCLES. 171 

the first day of unleavened bread, according to the law of 
Moses. Thus does this part of history favor the Jewish calen- 
dar, as we have presented it. 

30. In 1 Maccabees, 2d and 4th chapters, and Jewish Antiq., 
b. xii, chap. 7, we have an account of the desecration of the 
Jewish altar by Antiochus Epiphanes, and of its purification by 
Judas. According to these authorities, the first event occurred 
in the year of the Seleucidse 145 ; 01. Y. 609 ; on the twenty- 
fifth day of Casleu ; and the second event, the dedication, began 
on the twenty-fifth of Casleu, three years after the former, in 
the year of the Seleucidse 148, 01. Y. 612. These proofs 
require the first event in the A. J. P. 4546 ; B. C. — in Julian 
time — 168 ; An. Ex. Isr. 1480. And according to our cycle of 
the Mosaic calendar, it happened on Saturday, the third of 
December, in the last-named year of the Julian period. And 
the second event, the purification of the altar by Judas, is 
accordingly required on Saturday, the twenty-fifth of Casleu, 
An. Ex. Isr. 1483, being also the twenty-ninth of November, 
A. J. P. 4549. That each event occurred on Saturday, the 
Jewish Sabbath, may be proved either by reversing or extend- 
ing the weeks, as synchronized in the Mosaic calendar, to any 
known and acknowledged Jewish Sabbath, either in ancient or 
modern times. Moreover, that Antiochus should select a Sab- 
bathday for pouring his utmost contempt upon the Jews, when 
he built an idol-altar upon God's altar, and on the twenty-fifth 
of Casleu offered a swine in desecration of their sacred solem- 
nities, was in perfect keeping with his infamous character. But 
it is in the history of the second event, the dedication of the 
repaired altar, that we find incontrovertible proof that the said 
twenty-fifth of Casleu was a Sabbath day. We learn from 
1 Maccabees, chapter 4th, that they renewed the altar, " accord- 
ing to the law." And, "on the five and twentieth day of the 
ninth month, which is called the month Casleu, in the 148th 
year, they rose up betimes in the morning and offered sacrifice, 
according to the law, upon the new altar of burnt-offerings, 
which they had made. Look, at what time and what day the 
heathen had profaned it, even in that was it dedicated." As 
their offerings were then made "according to the law," that 



172 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

which is said in the 51st verse is tantamount to a positive state- 
ment, that it was the Sabbath day. It is there said, "Further- 
more they set the loaves upon the table." The law positively 
required this to be done "every Sabbath." (See Lev. xxiv, 
5-8.) "And thou shalt take fine flour, and bake twelve cakes 
thereof; and thou shalt set them in two rows, six in a row, upon 
the pure table before the Lord. And thou shalt put pure 
frankincense upon each row, that it may be on the bread for a 
memorial. Every Sabbath he shall set it in order before the 
Lord continually, being taken from the children of Israel by 
an everlasting covenant.' ' Josephus says of these loaves — 
Antiq., b. iii, chap. 10, sec. 7 — " They were baked the day be- 
fore the Sabbath, but were brought into the holy place on the 
morning of' the Sabbath, and set upon the holy table, six on a 
heap, one loaf still standing over against another ; where two 
golden cups full of frankincense were also set upon them, and 
there they remained till another Sabbath, and then other loaves 
were brought in their stead." This is confirmed — 1 Chron. ix, 
32 — " The sons of the Kohathites were over the show-bread, to 
prepare it every Sabbath" Other evidence is at hand, but 
these proofs sufficiently establish the fact that the said twenty- 
fifth of Casleu was a Sabbath. And here it may be asserted, 
without fear of successful contradiction, that the law which 
required the loaves to be put on the pure table "every Sab- 
bath," proves my cycle of the Mosaic calendar to be correct. 
In Ex. xl, and Lev. viii, throughout, it is proved that Moses 
set up the whole tabernacle, dedicated every part, began the 
consecration of Aaron and his sons for seven days, and also 
offered the appointed sacrifices, as he had been commanded — 
Ex. xxix, 1, etc. — "on the first day of the first month, in the 
second year" of the exode. My cycle, which begins with the 
month of the exodus, will show that "the first day of the first 
month," the day on which Moses set up the tabernacle, was 
Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. And it is stated in confirmation 
of this — Ex. xl, 17, 22, 23 — " And it came to pass in the first 
month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that 
the tabernacle was reared up. And he put the table in the 
tent of the congregation, upon the side of the tabernacle north- 



LUNAR CYCLES. 173 

ward, without the vail. And he set the bread in order upon it 
before the Lord, as the Lord had commanded Moses." The 
law, we have before showed, required the bread to be put on the 
table before the Lord "on the Sabbath." If I mistake not, 
this positive testimony of the law, "being written for our 
instruction," will yet deliver both Jews and Christians from 
some lunar errors. 

31. This legal key to the Mosaic calendar, the placing of the 
loaves of bread on the Lord's table in the tent of the congre- 
gation "every Sabbath morning," also determines the day of 
the week on which Solomon began the dedication of the temple, 
m favor of Saturday. Every thing had to be dedicated to the 
Lord, as prescribed in the law. Therefore, when Solomon told 
Hiram of his purpose, he said — 2 Chron. ii, 4 — "Behold, I 
build a house to the name of the Lord, my God, to dedicate it 
to him, and to burn before him sweet incense, and for the con- 
tinual show-bread, and for the burnt-offerings morning and 
evening, on the Sabbaths." On no other day, according to the 
law, could the "sweet incense," u the continual show-bread" 
and the additional "burnt-offerings" for the Sabbath be brought 
into the Lord's house. And a dedication without these would 
have been most defective and ungrateful before Jehovah. Yet 
Archbishop Usher — as quoted by Dr. A. Clarke, on 1 Kings viii, 
1 — says, " The eighth day of the seventh month, being Friday, 
was the first of the seven days of dedication." How the Arch- 
bishop arrived at his conclusion, I know not.* But certain I 
am, for the Scriptural reasons already stated, it was Saturday, 
the eighth day of that month. My cycle of the Mosaic calen- 
dar also requires the first, eighth, fifteenth, twenty-second, and 
twenty-ninth of that month to be Saturday. Therefore, Fri- 
day, the fourteenth, was the last day of the dedication. And 
the following day, Saturday, the fifteenth, was the first day 
of the feast of tabernacles, according to the requirement 
of the law, when fresh loaves of bread had to be placed on 
the Lord's table. This feast continued "seven days," ending 
on Friday, the twenty-first of the month. When this day was 

* Since found out. See 10th chapter. 



174 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

ended, at even, or the beginning of the twenty-second ; that is, 
verse 66, "on the eighth day he sent the people away;" that 
is, the seven days of dwelling in booths, as demanded by the 
law, being ended, Solomon allowed "every man" — as it is ex- 
pressed on a similar occasion — "to go to his own house." (See 
John vii, 53.) Yet in both these cases, the people, when the 
night was past, returned to the temple; and "in the eighth 
day," Saturday, the octave of the first day of the last-men- 
tioned feast, "they made a solemn assembly;" that is, they came 
under the restraint of the Sabbath. The two feasts of seven days 
each were ended, and no reason restrained them from returning 
to their distant homes, except the Sabbath, which immediately 
followed the feast of tabernacles. And as this must occur 
every year in the same order, according to the calendar which 
was given them for typical purposes, therefore, it was ordained — 
Lev. xxiii, 39 — that "the first day [of this feast] shall be 
a Sabbath, and on the eighth day shall be a Sabbath." Hence 
it was said — 2 Chron. vii, 10 — "And on the three and twen- 
tieth day of the seventh month he sent the people away." It 
is, therefore, most manifest, that the first day of the dedication, 
the eighth of the seventh month, was a Sabbath. Indeed, any 
other day of the week for a dedication unto Him would involve 
the idea of "robbing God." "A feast unto the Lord," without 
the prescribed provision being set on his own table, would be 
nothing short of mockery. The day prescribed for his meat to 
be set on the table was the holy Sabbath. This has been 
proved. See also Neh. x, 33: "For the show-bread, and for 
the continual meat-offering, and for the continual burnt-offer- 
ing of the Sabbaths;" that is, "every Sabbath" the "twelve 
cakes" had to be "set in order before the Lord continually." 
Lev. xxiv, 5-8. " Two-tenth deals of flour for a meat-offering, 
mingled with oil, and the drink-offering thereof, on the Sabbath 
day," were presented, and "two lambs of the first year, without 
spot, was the burnt-offering of every Sabbath" — Num. xxviii, 
9, 10 — that is, two in the morning, and two in the evening. 

32. By the same infallible proofs, the ordinances for the 
Sabbath, we learn it was on the Sabbath, " the first day of the 
seventh month," in the year of the return from Babylon, under 



LUNAR CYCLES. 175 

Zerubbabel, "the prince of Judah," and Jeshua, the high-priest, 
that they began to offer burnt-offerings on the altar. It is 
said — Ezra iii, 2, 3 — "Then stood up Jeshua, the son of 
Jozadak, and his brethren, the priests, and Zerubbabel, the son 
of Shealtiel, and his brethren, and builded the altar of the God 
of Israel, to offer burnt-offerings thereon as it is written in the 
law of Moses, the man of God. And they set the altar upon 
his bases ; for fear was upon them because of the people of those 
countries : and they offered burnt-offerings thereon unto the 
Lord, even burnt-offerings morning and evening." According 
to this testimony, "burnt-offerings" were then offered by the 
prince and the high-priest "morning and evening." The 6th 
verse says, "From the first day of the seventh month began 
they to offer burnt-offerings unto the Lord." We have already 
proved that Moses, the prince, and Aaron, the high-priest, in 
their day, began their offerings unto the Lord on a Sabbath 
day, according to the law. And Zerubbabel and Jeshua, in 
their day, offered "as it is written in the law of Moses;" it fol- 
lows, therefore, that this was also on the Sabbath day. More- 
over, the prediction of Ezekiel concerning that altar shows 
that it was to be purified, and the priest to be consecrated, in 
the same weekly order which had been observed by Moses. 
(See Ezek. xliii, 18-27.) "These are the ordinances of the 
altar, in the day when they shall make it, to offer burnt-offerings 
thereon, and to sprinkle blood thereon." Direction is then 
given for purifying the altar and consecrating the priests, 
"seven days." "And when these days are expired, it shall be 
that upon the eighth day, and so forward, the priests shall make 
your burnt-offerings, and I will accept you, saith the Lord 
God." This proves that the prince officiated chiefly during the 
consecration of seven days. And it has been proved that "the 
first day of the first month," when Moses officiated, was a Sab- 
bath, and that, consequently, the eighth of that month was a 
Sabbath. Therefore, it follows, from all these facts, that the 
Sabbaths of the seventh month, in the dedication of the altar 
by Zerubbabel, were as they had been in the consecration by 
Moses in the first month. Indeed, there was no dedication 
without show-bread set on the Sabbath. 

12 



176 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

33. When the second temple was finished, in the sixth year 
of Darius Hystaspes, the dedication began, as it had done in 
the days of Moses, "in the first day of the first month." (See 
Ezra vi, 15-22 ; and see the prediction of this event, Ezek. xlv, 
18-20.) In the last citation, it is said, " Thus saith the Lord 
God, in the first month, in the first day of the month, thou 
shalt take a young bullock without blemish, and cleanse the 
sanctuary: and the priest shall take of the blood of the sin- 
offering and put it upon the posts of the house, and upon the 
four corners of the settle of the altar, and upon the posts of 
the gate of the inner court. And so thou shalt do the seventh 
day of the month for every one that erreth, and for him that is 
simple: so shall ye reconcile the house." We learn from this, 
and from the above citation in Ezra, that the first seven days 
of the month were occupied in "cleansing the sanctuary" and 
purifying "the priests and Levites." The only notable differ- 
ence between the dedication by Moses and that spoken of by 
the prophet Ezekiel is, that, in the latter case, the officiating 
minister was the high-priest, instead of the prince. "And the 
priest shall take of the blood of the sin-offering and put it upon 
the posts of the house," etc. The reason of this is manifest. 
In this case the priest had been purified ever since the first year 
of Cyrus, when the altar was dedicated by the prince, Zerub- 
babel, as noticed in the last section. He was, therefore, com- 
petent to sanctify the house and the other priests and the 
Levites. But in the instance of purifying the altar, the priest 
had first to be purified by the prince before his services could 
be "accepted" by the Lord. Ezek. xliii, 27. It was for the 
same reason that Moses consecrated the tabernacle, and Aaron 
and his sons, for seven days. As it was a Sabbath on the first 
day of the dedication by Moses, so was it a Sabbath on the 
first day of the consecration by the high-priest, in the nine- 
teenth year from the dedication of the altar. The proof has 
been furnished in the first case. " On the first day of the first 
month " Moses put the " show-bread " on the Lord's table. Ex. 
xl, 17, 22, 23. And the law by which he was governed is found 
Lev. xxiv, 5-8: "Every Sabbath he shall set it before the 
Lord continually." As this was — verse 9th — u ly a perpetual 



LUNAR CYCLES. 177 

statute" we are compelled to believe that every subsequent 
dedication began likewise on the Sabbath. The absurdity of 
a contrary practice has before been exposed. Every thing had 
to be in its place at the proper time. The show-bread could 
only be lawfully put on the Lord's table on the Sabbath. There 
could be no suitable dedication of the Lord's house without his 
bread being set before him. Therefore, the dedication by 
Jeshua, the high-priest, in the sixth year of Darius, king of 
Persia, began on the Sabbath. Every feast of dedication had 
to, begin on the Sabbath, or it could not be according to law. 

34. The argument for lunar government of Jewish feasts, 
taken from the "ww^ta" of the Seventy, has been noticed, 
chap, ii, sec. 5. The simple fact that the Seventy have some- 
times translated chodesh by ^v, month, and sometimes by 
noumenia, by us rendered new-moon, proves that such a varia- 
tion in the translation of the same word was without any 
authority. One instance out of many may be found in the He- 
brew and Greek of Ex. xl, 17. In this verse of the Hebrew 
chodesh occurs twice. The first time it is rendered by the Sev- 
enty, firjv^ month; and the next time they render it vovimjvm, 
in our version, "first day of the month." Surely such a varia- 
tion of translation, given to the same word by the Seventy, 
where no change of meaning is evidenced, contains nothing in 
favor of the government of Jewish feasts by the moon. The 
whole verse is rendered correctly in our Bible: "And it came 
to pass in the first month, in the second year, on the first day 
of the month, that the tabernacle was reared up." Chodesh is 
here rendered month both times. Indeed, if it should be ren- 
dered moon once, it should, for the same reason, be so rendered 
continually. And then, in the passage just cited, it would 
stand, "in the first moon, on the first day of the moon," etc. 
And we should read sometimes, as in Ezek. xxxii, 1, "And it 
came to pass in the twelfth year, in the twelfth moon, in the 
first day of the moon" etc. It is, moreover, very certain, if 
the moon had been the measure of months, that we should 
sometimes find, both in the Bible and in the works of Josephus, 
some record of events belonging to the thirteenth month; for 
we frequently have thirteen moons in one solar year. We have 



178 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

a thousand proofs that both the civil and ecclesiastical years of 
the Jews were solar. And we can not allow that they had a 
thirteenth month without proof; nor suppose for a moment, if 
they had, that they would have no reason of allusion to it in the 
record of their long history. What is said in Ecclesiasticus 
xliii, 7, whatever it might mean among the Greeks, could have 
no application to those whose religion was taught in the Hebrew 
language; because the words used for month and moon in that 
language, were chodesh for the former, and jar each and lebanah 
for the latter. The first, I believe, is the only word used for 
month in the Old Testament. It should always have been ren- 
dered into Greek by ^v. Jar each and lebanah are correctly 
rendered by the Seventy, cetyvy, the moon. The time set by 
Moses for the celebration of the Passover, the fourteenth of 
the first chodesh, or month, corresponded to a fixed point of the 
Julian year, as now reversed, and required — as understood by 
Josephus, Antiq., b. iii, chap. 10 — that feast to be "when the 
sun is in Aries." Not that Moses had said any thing on that 
point ; but the time originally set for that feast was found to 
have some agreement with the cardinal point of the vernal 
equinox. And this is all that can be fairly inferred from the 
words of Josephus. Before the time of Anatolius, the learned 
Bishop of Laodicea, who flourished about fifty-five years ante- 
rior to the session of the Council of Nice, this subject had, 
doubtless, undergone much discussion among the Jews; for in 
the paschal canons of that author, accounts concerning the time 
of holding the Passover are retailed from Jewish writers, who, 
in support of their views, made reference to authorities reaching 
back even to the days of Aristobulus, preceptor to king Ptolemy 
Philometor. The amount of all which was, as gathered by the 
Bishop from such vague accounts, that it was agreed that the 
Passover should be celebrated after the vernal equinox, and at 
the full moon. This aspect of the subject fairly refers us to 
the time when the Mishna, or oral law of the Jews, "a pre- 
tended Comment on the five books of Moses, was compiled from 
innumerable traditions by Rabbi Judah HakJcodesh, about the 
year of our Lord 150." And before the time of the Council 
of Nice, A. D. 325, the Talmuds, both of Jerusalem and 



LUNAR CYCLES. 179 

Babylon, by their Comments on the Mishna, had pretty gener- 
ally settled its meaning to the satisfaction of both Jews and 
Christians, so far as respected the time of keeping the Passover. 
And, therefore, the Council seem to have adopted the heathen 
method of computing the time of the full moon, that, by keep- 
ing pace with the Jews, they might the more forcibly oppose 
the Christian feast of the resurrection to that of the Jewish 
Passover. In this way, and for these different purposes, we 
think it probable, both Jews and Christians adopted the 
Metonic cycle. 

35. Having proved, as we think, according to the calendar 
given to Moses, that the Jewish Sabbaths, on the first and sev- 
enth months, were required to be annually on the first, eighth, 
fifteenth, twenty-second, and twenty-ninth days; that the pas- 
chal lambs were annually to be slain on Friday, the fourteenth 
of the first month ; that Saturday, the fifteenth, was always the 
first day of unleavened bread; that Sunday, the sixteenth, or 
second day of the feast, was the appointed time of offering the 
first fruits ; and that seven weeks from that day, inclusive, was 
the fiftieth, or Pentecost, it may here be proper to make a brief 
allusion to a difficulty which has been much discussed by com- 
mentators, concerning the testimony of the Evangelists in refer- 
ence to the Passover of the passion-week. The sum of this 
testimony seems clearly to establish two facts : first, that Christ 
and his disciples did eat a Passover on Thursday evening ; and, 
second, that preparatory steps were taken by the Jews for eat- 
ing a Passover on Friday evening. The latter evening, as we 
have before proved, would have been the proper time for eating 
the typical Passover, if the death of Christ, the true paschal 
lamb, had not, on that day, made void the legal obligation liter- 
ally to consume the roasted lambs, with bitter herbs and unleav- 
ened bread. For though the type of slaying the lambs signifi- 
cantly extended to the very time when " Christ, our Passover, 
was sacrificed for us," yet the eating of them, as a typical 
transaction, had been superseded that day by his death, and by 
the institution of the Christian Passover the previous evening. 
This supper was denominated the pascha, or "Passover," which, 
he said, he "had desired with desire to eat with them before he 



180 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

suffered." And that the apostles did not consider the Passover 
now set before them as their usual one when their Master thus 
addressed them, seems fully proved by the testimony of John. 
When Judas left the room, Christ said to him, "What thou 
doest, do quickly." Then says John, "No man at the table 
knew for what intent he spake this unto him. For some of 
them thought, because Judas had the bag, that Jesus had said 
unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the 
feast." It seems impossible to reconcile this allusion to a future 
feast near at hand, with the idea that the disciples then believed 
they were eating the feast of the Passover, in the literal and 
ordinary acceptation of that term. Morever, Wednesday was 
doubtless the last day of Christ's visit to the temple. That 
evening the history proves him to have been in Bethany, when 
he said unto his disciples, "Ye know that after two days is the 
feast of the Passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be 
crucified." This is the evening when Judas went to the chief 
priests and covenanted to betray him. And "after two days" 
from that time, will bring the time of the feast of the usual 
Passover to Friday evening, as required by the law, and implied 
by the expression of the disciples themselves, on Thursday 
evening; namely, "Buy those things that we have need of 
against the feast'" To the foregoing may be added what was 
said of the Jews early on Friday morning: "And they them- 
selves went not into the judgment-hall, lest they should be 
defiled; but that they might eat the Passover." The Passover 
could not be eaten legally after the evening succeeding the day 
when it was slain. Again : at the sixth hour, or noon of Fri- 
day, it is said, u It was the preparation of the Passover." 
From the whole, therefore, we think it is proved that the law 
required Friday evening as the time of eating the paschal feast ; 
and that Christ, his disciples, and the Jews generally, when 
referring to this ceremonial, spoke of it as about to occur at 
that time. It follows, therefore, that what is said of a Passover 
eat by Christ and his disciples, on Thursday evening, must be 
understood of the Lord 's supper. This was then put in place 
of the other, and hence it is spoken of in language before 
applied to the typical Passover. The antitype of the Jewish 



LUNAR CYCLES. 181 

pascha was Christ; that of feasting on the roasted lamb was 
deliverance from the bondage of sin and death, preceded by the 
time of unleavened bread, or evangelical repentance, bitter sor- 
rowing, sadness, and soul-searchings, for the removal of the leaven 
of wickedness. A suitable response to this lesson of the law 
began to be expressed by the disciples as their Master spoke of 
his purposed death, and cited them to the damning nature of 
sin, which could only be forgiven through the sacrifice of himself. 
It was to them "the first day of unleavened bread" in a higher 
sense than the letter of the law could inspire. And on the 
same evangelical principle Paul taught all the followers of 
Christ to "purge out the old leaven, that they might be a new 
lump;" "for even Christ, our Passover, is sacrificed for us. 
Therefore, let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither 
with the leaven of malice and wickedness ; but with the unleav- 
ened bread of sincerity and truth." The object made promi- 
nent by Christ at the supper which he ate with his disciples on 
Thursday evening, seems to be, evidently, not to repeat the let- 
ter of an old type, but to constitute and appoint a standing 
exposition of its reference to himself, the Christian Passover, to 
be published by his followers till he shall come again. For he 
said himself, "My hour is come." He then began to take the 
place of types, and continued to do this till every type was 
ended in himself, the antitype. This view is supported by the 
law and the Gospel. And were it not for the teachings of the 
rabbins, it might have been received by Christians. A change 
from Friday evening to Thursday evening, as the time of eating 
the typical Passover, would have radically deranged the connect- 
ing types of the feast of unleavened bread, the offering of the 
wave-sheaf, and following Pentecost, and would have required 
the resurrection of Christ and the gift of the Holy Spirit, on 
days different from the one now established as the Sabbath of 
Christians. But it has come to pass, as declared by the Savior, 
" One jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law till all 
be fulfilled." As certain, therefore, as the calendar, which regu- 
lated the observances of types, was part of the law, it continued 
unchanged till it was fulfilled in the forthcoming antitypes. 
36. We next insert the synchronisms promised — section 23. 



182 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Rab. A. M. 3755, d, 354, beginning A. J. P. 4707. 



Names. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ij>r 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



30 



20 





t» 


CO 


co 




















rr 


S" 


g" 








1 

is 


1 


2. 


3. 


3 




f 




* 


| 


? 


September. 


26 


3 


10 


17 




October .. . 


24 


31 


7 


14 




November . 


21 


28 


5 


.12 


19 


December . 


26 


2 


9 


16 




January . . 


23 


30 


6 


13 




February . . 


20 


27 


6 


13 




March .... 


20 


27 


3 


10 




April 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


May 


22 


29 


5 


12 




June 


19 


26 


3 


10 




July 


17 


24 


31 


7 




August . . . 


14 


21 


28 


4 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3756, P, 355, beginning A. J. P. 4708. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . . 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



EC 

g 

i 
a 


CO 

p 
5. 


CO 

p 
•< 


CO 

s 


CO 

» 
1 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October . . . 
November . 
December , 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .. . 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Aug. 



Rab. A. M. 3757, D, 383, beginning A. J. P. 4709. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Cisleu 

Tebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



CO 

P 


cp 
p 


CO 

5. 

a 


CO 


CO 

J" 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 





September 
September 
November 
December . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



w 


CO 

p 


CO 


co- 

p 


CO 


1 


p. 


a. 


5. 


5. 


2 


9 


16 


23 




30 


7 


14 


21 


28 


4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




30 


6 


13 


20 




27 


3 


10 


17 




24 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 




28 


5 


12 


19 




26 


2 


9 


16 




23 


30 


7 


14 




21 


28 


4 


11 


18! 


25 


1 


8 


15 





Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



LUNAR CYCLES. 



183 



Rab. A. M. 3758, P, 355, beginning A. J. P. 4710. 



Tisri 

Marches van 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. .. 

Ab 

EM 



SB 

- 

1 


w 
p 

a. 

1 


co 

a. 
| 

19 


CO 

26 


co 

p 


5 


12 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 



September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 
April .... 

May 

June . . .. 

July 

August . . 



GO 

5* 


co 

9 
a. 
| 


co 

1 
1 


CO 


s. 
1 


22 


29 


6 


13 




20 


27 


3 


10 




17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 




19 


26 


2 


9 




16 


23 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 




18 


25 


1 


8 




15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


31 


7 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3759, d, 354, beginning A. J. P. 4711, 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



CO 

» 

7 


CO 

g. 
cL 

14 


CO 

s 

21 


CO 

g. 


CO 

2. 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 
April .... 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 



19 26 
16 23 



31 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 



Rab. A. M. 3760, P, 385, beginning A. J. P. 4712. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

6 J Adar 

7 jVeadar 

8 iNisan 

9 lljar 

10 Sivan 



Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul.... 



29 



or, 



August . . . 
September 
November . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

30IMay 

June 

July 

lAugust . . . 



6 
4 
8 
6 
3 

31 
6 
3 
1 

29 
3 

31 
21 128 



Sept. 
25 Oct. 

(Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 
21 'Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



19 



184 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Rab. A. M. 3761, D, 353, beginning A. J. P. 4713. 



Tisri 

Marches van 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Jjar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



17(24 

16)23 

21128 
20 27 
1825 
17124 
15122 



29 



30 






September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 
April .... 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 



Xfi 


T! 


r/a 














~ 


= 


- 


= 


= 


= 


a. 
















= 


s 


18 


■ 


■;- 


d 


? 


25 


2 


9 




16J23 


30 


6 


13 


20|27 


4 


11 




1825 


1 


8 




15 22 


29 


5 




12;19 


26 


5 




1219 


26 


2 


9 


1623 


30 


7 




1421 


2H 


4 




11 18 


25 


2 




9ll6 


23 


30 




6[13 


20|27 


3 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan., A. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



D. 1. 



Rab. A. M. 3762, d, 384, beginning A. J. P. 4714. A. D. 1-2. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet .... 

Sebat 

Adar , 

Veadar 

Nisan , 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . . 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



29 





w 


w 














p 


s> 


p 




— 

SO 


p 


c 

a 


i 


3. 


















17 


24 


i 


— 


September . 


10 


October . . . 


8 


15 


22 


29 




November . 


5 


12 


19 


26 




December . 


3 


10 


17 


24 




December . 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 


February. . 


4 


11 


18 


25 




March 


4 


11 


18 


25 




April 


1 


8 


15 


22 




April 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 


June 


3 


10 


17 


24 




July 


1 


8 


15 


22 




July 


29 


5 


12 


19 




August . . . 


26 


2 


9 


16 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 



June. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3763, P, 355 days. A. D. 2-3. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet .... 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



15 
20 
is 
16 
15 
20 
19 
17 
16 
21 
13 | 20 

nis 



29 



29 



30 



September 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

J«iy 

August .. . 



21 



17 



16 



Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



LUNAR CYCLES. 



185 



Rab. A. M. 3764, P, 355 days. A. D. 3-4. 



1 [Tisri 

2 [Marches van . 
3|Casleu , 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. 

Ab 

Elul 



OB 


co 

2. 

p 


CO 

1 


2. 


CO 

1 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 





September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 

April 

May 

Juue .... 

July 

August . . 



10 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3765, D, 383 days. A. D. 4-5. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar . . . . 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



30 






September 
October .. . 
November. 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



27 



23 



19 



Oct. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
March 
April, 
"lay. 
une. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3766, d, 354 days. A. D. 5-6. 



1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4. Thebet .... 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Nisan 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan...... 

10 Tammuz .. . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



CO 

3. 
7 


CO 

a 
14 


21 


CO 


CO 

g 

5- 
1 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . , 
February . 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 



13 



12 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



186 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Rab. A. M. 3767, P, 355 days, A. D. 6-7. 



Tisri 

Marches van 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



20 



20 



29 

















g> 


I 


p 


B 


B 
















a 


3. 


2. 




a 




i 


'a 




B 


? 


September. 


ii 


18 


25 


2 




October .. . 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


November . 


13 


20 


27 


4 




December . 


11 


18 


25 


1 




•January . . 


8 


15 


22 


29 




February . . 


5 


12 


19 


26 


5 


March 


12 


19 


26 


2 




April 


9 


16 


23 


30 




May 


7 


14 


21 


28 




June 


4 


11 


18 


25 




July 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


August . . . 


6 


13 


20 


27 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

July. 

Aug. 



Rab. A. M. 3768, P, 385 days.^ A. D. 7-8. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



30 



29 



September 
October .. . 
October .. 
December 
December 
January . 
February. 
March ... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 



g 

p. 

1 


w 
p 

3. 
a 


w 

B 


| 


CO 

p 
p. 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 




29 


5 


12 


19 


26 


3 


10 


17 


24 




31 


7 


14 


21 




28 


4 


11 


18 




25 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 




28 


5 


12 


19 




26 


2 


9 


16 




23 


30 


7 


14 




21 


28 


4 


11 


18 


25 


1 


8 


15 





Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3769, d, 354 days. A. D. 8-9. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar ... 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



19 
17 
16 
21 
20 
18 
17 
15 
21 
19 
11 ! 18 
9 ,16 



26 
24 
23 30 

28 
27 
25 
24 
22 
28 
26 
25 
2:5 



20 



September 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .. • 



13 20 
10 1 17 



24 31 



15 



11 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



LUNAR CYCLES 



187 



Rab. A. M. 3770, D, 383 days. A. D. 9-10. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 
Casleu. 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Si van 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

EM 



29 



29 



30 



September 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

May 

July 

August . . . 
August . . . 



28 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

March 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3771 , P, 355 days. A. D. 10-11, 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

EM 



29 



29 





K 


1 


Ul 


m 


xn 

8- 
c 




1 






3. 


s. 
















3 


? 




? 


? 


September. 


27 


4 


11 


18 




October .. . 


25 


1 


8 


15 


22 


November . 


29 


6 


13 


20 




December . 


27 


3 


10 


17 




January . . 


24 


31 


7 


14 




February.. 


21 


28 


7 


14 


21 


March .... 


28 


4 


11 


18 




April 


25 


2 


9 


16 




May 


23 


30 


6 


13 




June 


20 


27 


4 


11 




July 


18 


25 


1 


8 


15 


August . . . 


22 


29 


5 


12 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3772, d, 354 days. A. D. 11-12. 



Names. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan ...... 

Tammuz ., . 

Ab 

EM 



-f. 
,5" 


£ 
1 


TJl 


g 
gl 

26 


P 
c 

3. 
& 


5 


12 


19 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 





September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 
April .... 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 



12 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



188 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Rab. A. M. 3773, D, 383 days. A. D. 12-13. 



No. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar , 

Nisan , 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



29 



30 





to 

p 


to 
p 


CO 

p 


in 

p 


co 

p 




p. 


5. 


1 


c 

3. 


1 




? 


10 


17 


24 


1 


September . 


3 


October .. . 


8 


15 


22 


29 




November. 


5 


12 


19 


26 




December . 


3 


10 


17 


24 




December . 


31 


7 


14 


21 




January . . 


28 


4 


11 


18 


25 


March 


4 


11 


18 


25 




April 


1 


8 


15 


22 




April 


29 


6 


13 


20 




May 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


June 


1 


8 


15 


22 




July 


29 


5 


12 


19 




August . . . 


26 


2 


9 


16 





Oct. 

Oct. 
Dec. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3774, P, 355 days. A. D. 13-14. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



09 

c 
a, 
p 


CO 

p 

1 

"si 


CO 

P 

1 


t 

c 

a 
1 


3 


10 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


22 


6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 


18 


25 


3 


10 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


22 


7 


14 


21 


28 


5 


12 


19 


26 


4 


11 


18 


25 


2 


9 


16 


23 


1 


8 


15 


22 


6 


13 


20 


27 



29 



%j 



29 









co 






















s 


p" 




c 




3. 


c 


2. 

p 




§■ 
















? 


J° 


r 


? 


? 


September. 


23 


30 


7 


14 




October .. . 


21 


28 


4 


11 


18 


November . 


25 


2 


9 


16 




December . 


23 


30 


6 


13 




January . . 


20 


27 


3 


10 




February . . 


17 


24 


3 


10 


17 


March 


24 


31 


7 


14 




April 


21 


28 


5 


12 




May 


19 


26 


2 


9 




June 


16 


23 


30 


7 




July 


14 


21 


28 


4 


11 


August . . . 


18 


25 


1 


8 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3775, d, 354 days. A. D. 14-15. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



19 

17 

16 

21 

20 

18 

17 

15 

14 21 

12 19 

11 118 

9 1 16 



30 



29 



September. 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .. . 



CO 

p 


CO 

p 


CO 

p 


CO 

p 


m 

p 


1 


c 
4 


p 


Si 


a 
1 


15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 




12 


19 


26 


2 




9 


16 


23 


2 




9 


16 


23 


30 




6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 


18 


25 


1 




8 


15 


22 


29 




6 


13 


20 27 




3 


10 


17 1 


24 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

March. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

July. 

Aug. 



LUNAR CYCLES. 



189 



Rab. A. M. 3776, P, 385 days. A. D. 15-16. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



co 


09 
g 


CO 

p 


co 

p 


co 

P 






















e- 


£ 






O, 


$ 


P 


15 


22 


29 


1 


8 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 





August . . 
October .. 
November 
November 
December 
February. 
February. 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 



28 



25 



23 



Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3777, D, 353 days. A. D, 16-17. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan ; . . . . 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . 

Ab 

Elul 



g 

1 
P 


CO 
g 

c" 
2. 

p 

'm 


91 

g 

1 


CO 

§■ 
p. 

P 


CO 

p 

p. 

p 

t4 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 , 


6 


13 


20 


27 





September 
October .. , 
November 
December , 
January . , 
February . , 

March 

April 

May , 

June 

July 

Auarust . . . 



17 



13 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3778, P, 355 days. A. D. 17-18. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



CO 

5 


CO 

c 
3. 

12 


CO 

p 

g. 

19 


CO 

p 


CO 

p 

3. 
p 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 



September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June .... 

July 

July 



27 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

April. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 



190 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Rab. A. M. 3779, d, 384 days. A. D. 18-19. 



No. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat , 

Adar , 

Veadar . . . . , 

Nisan , 

liar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . . 
Ab 



7 
5 
4 
2 
1 
6 
5 
3 
1 
7 
5 
4 
13 Elul |2 



16 23 



29 



29 



September 
October .. . 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



•21 



20 



Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3780, P, 355 days. A. D. 19-20. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

gar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



29 



30 



September, 
October .. , 
November 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



w 

p 

1 


to 

9 
P. 
l 


CO 

1 

p 


CO 

g 

l 


CO 
p 
8 

a 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 


4 


11 




18 


25 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


2 


9 




16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


4 




11 


18 


25 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


31 





Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3781, D, 383 days. A. D. 20-21, 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. , 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



30 



29 



September 
October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



29 



23 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

May. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



LUNAR CYCLES 



191 



Rab. A. M. 3782, d, 354 days. A. D. 21-22. 



Tisri 

Marches van . . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

EM 



30 



29 



September. 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 



June .... 

July 

August .. 



4 
1 

29 
3 

31 

28 
28 
25 
30 

27 



18 25 
15 22 



20 



16 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March, 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3783, P, 355 days. A. D. 22-23. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . 

Ab 

Elul 



1 


CO 

1 


CO 

p 


CO 

p 

1 

9 

22 


CO 

c 

3. 

p 

? 
29 


1 


8 


15 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October .. . 
November 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



10 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

July. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3784, P, 385 days. A. D. 23-24. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet .... 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar .... 

Nisan 

Ijar ....... 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 
Ab 



13 lElul 





W 








p 


p 


















3. 


& 


























p 




? 


<° 


? 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 


| 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October .. . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
January . . 
February.. 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



25 
23 
27 
25 
22 
19 
18 
22 
20 
17 
15 
19 
9 16 



30 



26 



22 



Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March, 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 
Sept. 



13 



192 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Rab. A. M. 3785, D, 353 days. A. D. 24-25. 



Tisri 

Marches van 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz .. . 

Ab 

Elul 



n 

p 

§ 


CO 


CO 


Co 


CO 

5- 


I 
3 


I 

10 


17 


I 


3L 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 



September . 
October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



18 



14 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Kab. A. M. 3786, d, 354 days. A. D. 25-26. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

liar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . 

Ab 

Elul 



f 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 

P 


1 
7 


ST 

3. 
1 

14 


Si 

P 

21 


s 

p 

28 


c 

s 

•4 


5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February . 
March . . . 
April .... 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Feb. 

March. 

March. 

April. 

June. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 



Rab. A. M. 3787, P, 385 days. A. D. 26-27. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

liar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . 

Ab 

Elul 



00 

B 


CO 


CO 

p 


CO 

to 


CO 

to 


| 


s 

to 


<§ 


1 


1 

•3 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




1 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




I 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




g 


13 


20 


27 




1 


11 


18 


25 





August . . 
September 
November 
November 
December 
January . 
March .. . 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 



CO 

s 

<< 


CO 

p 

s 

P 


CO 

p 

i 


CO 

c 

a 
1 


CO 

p 

i 
1 


31 


7 


14 


21 




28 


5 


12 


19 


26 


2 


9 


16 


23 




30 


7 


14 


21 




28 


4 


11 


18 




25 


1 


8 


15 


22 


1 


8 


15 


22 




29 


5 


12 


19 




26 


3 


10 


17 




24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 


5 


12 


19 




26 


2 


9 


16 




23 


30 


6 


13 





Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



LUNAR CYCLES 



193 



Rab. A. M. 3788, P, 355 days. A. D. 27-28. 



Tisri 

Marches van „ • 

Casleu 

Tliebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Taramuz , 

Ab 

Elul , 



I,' 



V 

3. 


CO 
g 

2. 


s? 

9 


1 o° 

1 

p 


CO 


3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


10 


17 


24 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




3 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 





September. 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



15 



13 



24 31 

28 4 



Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3789, D, 383 days. A. D. 28-29. 



1 Tisri 

2 (Marchesvan . . . 

3 i Casleu 

4!Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 [Adar 

7 IVeadar , 

8 Nisan 

9 Ijar 

10 Sivan 

11 Tammuz 

12 Ab 

13 Elul 



29 



30 



29 



September 
October .. . 
November. 
Deoember . 
January . . 
February. . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

July 

August . . . 



30 



24 



Oct. 
Oct. 

Nov. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3790, d, 354 days. A. D. 29-30. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 , Tammuz .. . 

11 lAb 

12 Elul 



SO 



30 



October .. , 
October .. , 
November 
December . 
Januarj r . , 
February . . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 



18 



17 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



H 



194 



BIBLICAL CHBONOLOGY. 



Rab. A. M. 3791, P, 355 days. A. D. 30-31 . 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Taramuz 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



29 



29 



September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February 
March . 
April .. 
May. . . 
June . . 
July. . . 
August 



7 
4 
9 
6 

3 
3 

7 
5 
2 
30 
28 
1 



11 



10 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3792, D, 383 days. A. D. 31-32. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan . . 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Veadar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz 

Ab 

Elul 



29 



30 



:-j' : < 



September 
October .. 
November 
December 
January . 
February. 
March 
March ... 
May . . 

May 

June .... 

July 

August . . 



29 



26 



20 



Oct. 
Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 



Rab. A. M. 3793, d, 354 days. A. D. 32-33. 



Tisri 

Marchesvan 

Casleu 

Thebet 

Sebat 

Adar 

Nisan 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz. . . 

Ab 

Elul 



oa 
g 

3. 


S- 

i 


3. 


a 
3. 


xn 

l 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




5 


12 


19 


26 




3 


10 


17 


24 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 





September 
October .- 
November 
December 
January . , 
February . 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June . . . . 

July 

August . . 



14 



13 



Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Srpt. 



LUNAR CYCLES. 195 

37. The preceding years of the Julian period, or years of 
Christ turned into those of that period, by adding the year of our 
Lord to A. J. P. 4713, must be divided by a lunar cycle, nineteen 
years, and the remainder will be the golden number for that 
year, according to the Nicene calendar. (See section 21.) But 
if it be desired to test the question of the moon's changes for 
any of those years, according to the Metonic cycle of Julius 
Caesar, let the corresponding year of the reformed calendar be 
ascertained. The year of Christ added to forty-five will give 
the year. Then divide it by nineteen, and the remainder will 
be the golden number to be run on that calendar. (See section 
17.) The same lunar question may also be tested by dividing 
the corresponding Rabbinical year of the world by the cycle of 
247 years. The remainder will point to the year sought for. 
(See section 8.) And the Index will point to the true year of 
the "Table of fourteen different kinds of Jewish years." The 
days of each week, in the year thus found in this "Table," are 
the same in Jewish, Gregorian, and Julian time. But to ascer- 
tain the correspondent days of each month, in Julian and 
Jewish time, the same number of days has to be counted in each 
line, from the first day of Rabbinical time, A. J. P. 953, Mon- 
day, October seventh, to the synchronical year, month, and day 
sought for in each calendar. (See section 9.) Thus may every 
one consult for himself the testimony of three different lunar 
cycles in respect to the question of Jewish months, in the times 
of both the Old and New Testaments. And though the results 
will sometimes point out the days of the new moons, yet will 
nothing thereby be established concerning the Jewish months 
mentioned in the Bible. If, however, the object be merely to 
ascertain by these cycles the times of the moon's changes, that 
of Julius Caesar is preferable to the Nicene calendar. But if 
the object be to synchronize with Julian time any day of a Jew- 
ish month, mentioned in the Bible, since the exode, my cycle of 
the Mosaic calendar must be used on that year of the exode to 
which such day of the month belongs. Thus : Christ was cru- 
cified, according to the typical law, on the fourteenth day of 
Abib or Nisan,.and An. Ex. Isr. 1675. This year being divided 
by twenty-eight, shows that it was the twenty- third year of the 



196 BIBLICAL CHKONOLOGY. 

Mosaic cycle ; and synchronizing with that day will be found 
Friday, the twenty-sixth of March. But the Nicene calendar 
for the current Julian year 4741, requires the fourteenth of 
Abib or Nisan to be Saturday, the twenty-seventh of March, 
contrary both to law and evidence ; both requiring the antitype, 
or crucifixion of the Christ, on Friday. The Nicene calendar 
applied to the next Julian year, or A. D. 29, leads to a similar 
error, making the fourteenth of Abib come on Thursday. But 
my cycle is supported by law and evidence every year. 



usher's chronology, 197 

CHAPTER X. 

ARCHBISHOP USHER'S CHRONOLOGY. 

1. Not having seen Archbishop Usher's Annals, except for 
a few minutes in a Boston library, in 1852, we are indebted, 
almost exclusively, to Dr. A. Clarke's Commentary for what we 
have learned of that author's chronology. And after a careful 
examination of what is thus reported by the commentator, we 
are constrained to pronounce the whole contradictory to itself, 
misleading in its statements, and, consequently, unworthy of the 
place assigned it in a Biblical Commentary. In offering a few 
reasons in support of this opinion, we shall not agitate the 
question, whether preference should be given to the Hebrew, as 
followed by Usher, or to the Septuagint, as followed by others. 
Our objections are chiefly intended against that chronology, as 
it appears in Clarke's Commentary. 

2. It is stated by Dr. Clarke, over the first chapter of Gene- 
sis, that A. M. 1 began in the year of the Julian period 710 ; 
B. C. 4004. From this year are reckoned all others, as subse- 
quently found in the numerous Tables, Marginal References, 
and Explanatory Notes, to the end of the Old Testament, ex- 
cept the marginal chronology to the first verse of the fourth 
chapter of Genesis, and the Perpetual Table, at the end of 
Deuteronomy, in which places the variation is one year by 
excess. And every-where in the margin, notes, and Tables of 
the New Testament, the chronology of the Old Testament — 
except as above to the birth of Cain, and the Perpetual Table — 
is positively contradicted; for in the New Testament, every- 
where, A. M. 4005 is made to synchronize with A. D. 1, and 
with A. J. P. 4714 ; thus requiring Usher's A. M. 1 to begin 
in A. J. P. 709, one year before the time from which the chro- 
nology of the Old Testament was calculated by Usher. These 
errors and inconsistencies, certainly of no small amount, should 
be attributed,, we presume, to Dr. Clarke, rather than the Arch- 
bishop. 



198 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

3. Again : it is said by Dr. Clarke, at the head of the first 
chapter of Genesis, " Creation from Tisri, or September, ac- 
cording to the Jewish computation, 1." By "the Jewish com- 
putation" he must mean the method by which the Jews now 
compute years, and that this would require that Usher's first 
year of the world should have begun in September, A. J. P. 
710. But if we, in A. D. 1853, adopt the current Usherian 
year of the world, as erroneously stated by Dr. Clarke, 5857, 
made by him to synchronize with the Jewish year of the world 
5613, and reverse the Usherian to A. M. 1, " according to the 
Jewish computation," the first day in the whole series will most 
certainly prove to have been Monday, the fourth day of Octo- 
ber, A. J. P. 709, neither the month nor year stated by Dr. 
Clarke in Genesis. But if we stop short one year, the begin- 
ning day of Usher's era will, on the same principles of "Jewish 
computation," prove to have been Saturday, the twenty-fourth 
of September, A. J. P. 710. This result would, however, make 
the first Sabbath fall on Friday! So much for "Jewish com- 
putation," when applied to Usher's Annals. 

4. Having stated the foregoing facts, in proof of the great 
confusion in which Usher's chronology appears, as set forth in 
the commentary of Dr. A. Clarke, we will state another fact, 
equally confounding, and which must be ascribed to the Arch- 
bishop himself. From various comments, credited to him by 
Dr. Clarke, concerning the occurrence of certain events on dif- 
ferent days, months, and years, as mentioned in the Bible, we 
have, with no little perplexity and labor of mind, succeeded in 
discovering the unexpected fact, that Usher began his years of 
the world on Sunday, the twenty -third day of October, A. J. P. 
710! This truly confirms the year of the Julian period, as 
stated by Clarke, in Genesis; but it contradicts the assertion, 
that September was the month in which the first year began. 
If, however, the Archbishop has not condescended to tell the 
world, in his Annals, by what computation he fixed on that day, 
we suspect it will remain among the secrets to be disclosed in the 
revelations of the last day ; for certain we are that no reversion 
from the close of any Jewish year — in which the Usherian 
year has been supposed to be merged — in either modern or 



usher's chronology. 199 

ancient times, could ever have fixed the beginning of Usher's 
first year of the world on the said twenty-third day of October. 
Neither was it possible, if he had esteemed it a good reason for 
that beginning, that the autumnal equinox should have occurred 
at that time. His years, as may be seen in the calendar and 
cycle of the eighth section of this chapter, were strictly 
Julian in length, as they should be, and his months were also of 
the right length, and, consequently, they acknowledged no gov- 
ernment from the moon. But in synchronizing the Julian year 
reversed with his calendar of his first year of the world, he 
began the synchronism too late in the former year. This may 
be proved two ways. First. Take the last day of any Rabbin- 
ical cycle of 247 years — say Sunday, the last day of the twen- 
ty-third cycle, being the last day of the Rab. A. M. 5681 ; this 
being also the reputed last day of the Usherian A. M. 5924, 
not as Clarke erroneously has it in his Perpetual Table, 5925 ; 
and both of these kinds of years, the Jewish and Usherian, 
being professedly taken from the holy Scriptures, are allowed, 
on almost all hands, to end on the same day — and we here 
assert, that that day, according to the established principles of 
a cycle of time, must be the very hebdomadal day on which the 
first week in the whole series ended. In every instance of the 
cycle of 247 years, this day is Sunday; and the number of 
weeks in each cycle is 12,888. In the Rabbinical and Usherian 
years, selected above for illustration, the last day synchronizes 
with Sunday, the second of October, A. D. 1921, according to 
the Gregorian calendar, and with Sunday, the nineteenth of 
September, A. J. P. 6634, according to the Julian calendar. 
Now, from this day, Sunday, the nineteenth of September, A. 
J. P. 6634, let Usher's 5924 years, which are demonstrated to 
be Julian in length, be reversed to the first day of their begin- 
ning, and it will prove to be Tuesday, the twentieth day of 
September, A. J. P. 710 ! This demonstrates that the Arch- 
bishop began his calendar thirty-three days too late in that 
year, and on the wrong day of the week, to be harmonized with 
the Jewish calendar, and cycle of 247 years. But, secondly. 
If the said Usherian years, 5924, be counted from the first day 
of their beginning, as fixed by Usher, the twenty-third of Octo- 



200 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

ber, A. J. P. 710, to the last day of that number, ending in the 
Gregorian calendar, it will fall on Friday, the fourth day of 
November, A. D. 1921; which also demonstrates that Usher's 
years of the world were made to begin too late in the A. J. P. 
710, ever to close truthfully with those now called Jewish, be- 
cause that which corresponded to the above Usherian year ended 
Sunday, October second. 

5. The following synchronical cycle of Archbishop Usher, as 
I have deduced it from references found in Dr. Clarke's Com- 
mentary, is right, with three exceptions. First. His first Sab- 
bath should have been Sunday, instead of Saturday. Secondly. 
He has certainly fixed on a wrong year before A. D. 1, for its 
beginning ; and, consequently, its synchronisms with Julian time 
reversed, are, thirdly, all wrong, and misleading to his followers. 
With these exceptions, we acknowledge the length of his years 
of the world, and also the number and length of his months in 
each year, to be correct. These are, we think, as the holy 
Scriptures and ancient history require. But that his years, and 
the calendar of each, are both wrong, can easily be proved by in- 
contestable evidence. First. It is proved by Ex. xl, 2, 4, 17, 23, 
and Lev. xxiv, 8, that the day on which Moses set up the taber- 
nacle and began its consecration, was Saturday, the Jewish 
Sabbath, the first day of the first month of the second year of 
the exode. Archbishop Usher makes this year correspond to 
his A. M. 2514. Let this number, therefore, be divided by his 
solar cycle of twenty-eight years, and the remainder, twenty- 
two, will show his year of the world in which his second year 
of the exode begins; and Wednesday, the first day of the first 
month, Abib, for this year, will be the day on which, according 
to his calendar, Moses set up the tabernacle, and put the show- 
bread on the table of the Lord, contrary to his express com- 
mand ! Secondly. The same Divine authority, cited above, for 
placing the show-bread on the table of the Lord on the Sabbath, 
required the eighth day of Ethanim, or Tisri, when the dedica- 
tion of the temple by Solomon began, to be Saturday, the Jew- 
ish Sabbath. But Archbishop Usher's cycle for his year of the 
dedication, "A. M. 3001," required him to say that the eighth 
of that month was "Friday" without any regard to the unfit- 



usher's chronology. 201 

ness of that day for placing the show-bread on the Lord's table, 
which always had to be done on the first day of dedication, that 
is, on the Sabbath day. [See Usher, as quoted by Dr. Clarke, 
1 Kings viii, 1, and Ms year of the dedication, in the fifth of 
the following cycle, month Tisri.) Thirdly. The same infalli- 
ble authority required that the day on which began the purifi- 
cation of the altar by Judas, the twenty-fifth of Casleu, a Jew- 
ish month, in the year of the Seleucidse 148, should be a Sab- 
bath day. {See the 30th section of the 9th chapter of this 
work.) But Archbishop Usher's year for that purification, A. 
M. 3840 — see the 4:th of his following cycle — requires Wednes- 
day for the said twenty-fifth of Casleu. The discrepancies con- 
tinually occurring between the calendar of the Archbishop and 
that of the Jews of the Old Testament, might be increased 
to a much larger number, but the foregoing must suffice for the 
present. 

6. Though Usher's chronology has been thrown into so much 
confusion by Dr. Clarke and others, and even by the Arch- 
bishop himself, as evinced by the foregoing facts, yet having 
ascertained the day, in Julian time, on which he began his cal- 
endar, we have drawn up a synchronical cycle of the same, in 
this chapter, for the use of all who may wish to apply it to his 
years of the world. Its errors have already been noticed in 
part. But what makes his calendar the most objectionable and 
misleading is, the fact that he uses the same calendar both 
before and after the exode from Egypt; whereas, the Scrip- 
tures make an essential difference. It is true he makes the 
years of the exode begin with Abib, the seventh month of the 
old year of the world; but his calendar has no other change 
for the subsequent time of the Old Testament. Hence all the 
references introduced from him by Dr. Clarke, explanatory of 
the chronology of the Bible, are so many citations to his years 
of the world. And if the year of the world referred to, in any 
instance, be divided by the following cycle of twenty-eight 
years, the remainder will point to that year of the cycle con- 
taining the Scriptural call for the year, month, and day of the 
month, according to the opinion of the Archbishop. But the 
whole of this chronological exposition is not only without evi- 



202 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

dence of truth, but contrary to the evidence of Scripture, as I 
have already proved ; and the proofs, if it were necessary, can 
be multiplied to almost any extent. If the question be asked, 
after so general repudiation of Usher's chronology, why I have 
taken so much pains to present it in this work ? my answer is, 
that every Bible student may, at the least possible cost of time 
and trouble, arrive at a proper estimate of that system of chro- 
nology which is placed before him in all our Bibles, commenta- 
ries, and literature. I know not whether Usher's Annals con- 
tain the following synchronical cycle or not, for the work itself, 
I believe, was never published in America. It is, therefore, to 
most students, because of the scarcity of the work, no difference 
whether the renowned author of the Annals has published his 
cycle or not. We can now, however, assure the Biblical 
student who gets this work into his hands, that he will find, 
in the following cycle, the Archbishop's measure of years for 
Old Testament times, and the special key by which he professed 
to unlock the treasures of chronology as noted by inspired 
writers. 

7. This cycle may be run through any number of Usher ian 
years, whether found in my large Table, in Clarke's Comment- 
ary, or any other work, by dividing the same by twenty-eight, 
and the remainder will show Usher's calendar for that year in 
the following cycle. He began his calendar on Sunday, which 
required his first Sabbath to be Saturday, in too easy com- 
pliance with Jewish claims ; for I have demonstrated that their 
first Sabbath, according to their own calendar, was on our 
Sunday. 

8. The following is Archbishop Usher's synchronical cycle 
of his years of the world, and the years of the Julian period, 
as collected from the Commentary of Dr. A. Clarke, which 
cycle, as stated in the first section of this chapter, we deem con- 
tradictory in itself, misleading in its statements, and unworthy 
the place assigned it in a Biblical commentary. He adopted 
Saturday as the first Sabbath in his chronology of the 
Bible. And this was the beginning of his innumerable errors 
in this department of Biblical science. The Saturdays are 
marked. 



USHER'S CHRONOLOGY, 



203 



1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz .. 

11 Ab 

12 EM 

1 Tisri 

2 Harchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 EM 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan , 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 EM 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 EM 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 



14 21 
12119 

io;n 

8115 
1320 
1118 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 

•20 
IS 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
•20 
IS 
16 
21 
19 

19 
17 
15 
20 
IS 
16 



14 
12 
10 

s 

13 

13 

11 

9 

14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 
14 
12 

12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 

14'21 
1249 
10|l7 

8jl5 
1320 
11J18 

1118 

9 16 

1421 

1219 

10 17 

815 

13 20 

11118 

916 

1421 

1219 

10.17 



916 
7 J14 21 

5 12 19 
3 10 17 



29 



30 



30 



29 



30 



33 



29 



30 



30 



29 



30 



1st Yeae. 



2d Yeae. 



3d Year. 



.F.E.. 



4th Yeae. 



D... 



5th Yeae. 



October .. . 
November 
December , 
January . , 
February., 

March 

April 

May , 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 

October . . , 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February. , 
March 
April 

May , 

June 

July , 

August.. . , 
September 

October .. , 
November , 
December . 
January . , 
February. . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 

October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

jjuly 

August . . . 
September , 



October . . . 

November. 

C December . 

Januarv • . 



5 12 



411 

1 



1017 

8115 



5 
10 
7114 
512 
2 9 
613 
411 

815 
613 

10:17 

7|l4 
714 
411 
916 
613 
411 
815 
512 
310 



IS 









19 



18 



20 



19 



19 



20 



IS 



IS 



17 



31 71421 
51219 

2; 9.16 
30 613 



Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 

Jan. 
Feb. 



204 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



5 Sebat , 

6 Adar , 

7 Abib , 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan , 

10 Thammuz ., 

11 Ab , 

12 Elul , 



1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu . . . . , 
4Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar , 

7 Abib 

8Ijar , 

9 Sivan , 

10 Thammuz . , 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri , 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar , 

7 Abib , 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan , 

10 Thammuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 



18 

16 

21 

19 

17 

15 

13 20 

ll!l8 

9'1G 



:>,(> 



6th Year. 
Y.'.'.B.'.'.'.'. 



7th Yeae. 



8th Year. 



9th Year. 

m........... 



February.. 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September , 

October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . , 
February. . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August.. . . 
September 

October . . . 
November . 
December , 
January . , 
February. , 
March 
April 

May , 

June 

July , 

August . . , 
September 

October . . . 
November 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September 

October . . . 
November , 
J December , 
January . . 
February. 
March 

April 

May 

June 



916 

7J14 

11 18 

815 

8 15 



10 17 
2431 1 7 14 

21281 512 



20 



19 



10 



20 



19 



18 



18 



19 



19 



IS 



21 



19 



19 



March. 
April. 
May. 
June. 

July. 
August. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan= 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July- 



USHER S CHRONOLOGY, 



205 



10 Thammuz . , 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz ., 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar , 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . , 

11 Ab , 

12 Elul , 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri ,., 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan , 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab , 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri , 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet .... 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 



13 20 
1118 

916 
14121 
1219 
1017 

815 
1320 
llil8 

916 
1421 
1219 



5 12 19 



31 



29 



30 



29 



30 



30 



29 



30 



30 



29 



27 
25 
23 
■28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26J33 

26 



30 



29 



30 



Dom. Letters. 



10th Year. 

'.V'.'i>.'': 



11th Yeae. 

Y.'.g.b','.'. 



12th Yeae. 
'.'.'.'.A.'.'.'. 



13th Year. 

Y.Y.'g.Y.'.'. 



14th Yeae. 



July 

August . . 
September 

October . . 
November 
December 
January . 
February. 
March 

April 

May , 

June 

July 

August.. . , 
September 

October ... 
November , 
December 
January . 
February. 
March 
April .... 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 
September 

October . . 
November 
December 
January . 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . 
September 

October . . 

November 

December 

January . , 

February. 

March . . . 

April 

May , 

June . . . . , 

July 

August . . . 
September, 

October .. , 



12 
17 
14 
11 
18 
15 
13 
10 
15 
12 
9 
14 

18 
16 
13 
10117 
1017 
714 
512 
9|16 
7|14 
411 
8 ! 15 
643 



27 3 1017 Nov 



18 



20 



21 



lb 



19 



18 



18 



17 



20 



19 



lo 



2i ; 



August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 



June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 



206 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 





DO 

p 

1 


DO 

a, 

'I 


DO 

jo 

3. 


8" 


| 

3, 
» 


Dom. Letters. 




zn 


09 

3. 

-- 


II 


Saturdays. 


2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan. 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan. 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 


3 

1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 

4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 

3 

1 

6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 

1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 

7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 


10 

8 

13 

11 

9 

14 

12 

10 

8 

13 

11 

11 

9 
14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 

14 
12 
10 

10 

8 
13 
11 

9 

14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 

8 
13 
11 

9 

14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 
14 

14 
12 
10 

8 
13 

11 


17 

15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 

;>.o 

18 

18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 

17 
15 

20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 

15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 

21 

1!) 
17 
15 
20 

18 1 


24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 

25 
23 

28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 

24 

22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 

22 

27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 

28 
26 
24 
22 

27 
>f> 


29 
30 

29 
32 

30 

29 
30 
31 
29 
30 

29 

30 
29 

JO 

29 

]() 
35 

29 




November . 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February.. 
March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 
March .... 

April 

May 

June ..... 

July 

August .. . 
September. 

Dctober .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 
March 


24 
22 
26 
23 
23 
27 
25 
22 
20 
24 
21 

26 
23 
28 
25 
22 
21 
25 
23 
20 
25 
"22 
19 

24 
21 
26 

23 
20 
27 
24 
22 
19 
24 
21 
18 

23 
27 
25 
22 
26 
26 
23 
21 
25 
23 
20 
24 

29 
26 
24 
21 
25 
25 


1 

29 

2 

2 

30 

4 

1 

29 

27 

31 

28 

2 

30 
4 

1 
29 
28 

2 
30 
27 

1 
29 
26 

31 

28 

2 

30 

27 

3 

1 

29 

26 

31 

28 

25 

30 
4 

1 

29 

5 

2 
ii) 
2* 

2 
i0 
27 

1 

5 
3 

H 
28 

4 

1 


8 15 

5 12 

9 16 
9 16 

6 13 
1118 

815 
613 
3 10 

7 14 

5 12 

9 16 
714 
1118 
815 
7 14 
411 
916 

6 13 
411 
815 
512 
310 

7 14 
512 
9 16 
613 
613 

1017 
815 
512 
3 10 
7 14 
411 
2 9 

613 
11 18 
815 
512 
1219 
916 
7 14 
411 
916 
613 
310, 
815' 

1219 

1017 

7 14 

411] 
1118 

815 


Dec. 

19 Jan. 
Feb. 
March 

20 April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 

17 Aug. 
Sept. 

19 Oct. 

Nov. 

21 Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
March. 

18 April. 
May. 
•June. 

18 July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 

17 Oct. 

Nov. 

19 Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 

20 March. 
April. 
May. 
June. 

17 July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 

16 Oct. 

20 Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 
19 Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 
L8 June. 

July. 

Aug. 
L7 Sept. 

22 Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

18 Feb. 
March. 
April. 


F 


















15th Year. 




....E.D.... 


















16th Year. 




C 


















17th Year. 




B 


















18th Year. 




A 















USHER S CHRONOLOGY 



207 





1 

a 
f 


-a 

1 




S> 

3 
a. 

s 


CO 


Dom. Letters. 




1 
i 


CO 

p 
3 

i 


1 


1 


00 

■ 

1 




7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz .. 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul ....... 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . . 

11 Ab 


2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 

G 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 

5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 

3 

1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
G 
4 
2 

2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 

I 


9 

14 
12 

10 

8 
13 

13 
11 

9 
14 
12 
10 

8 

13 
11 

9 

14 
12 

12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 
14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

10 

8 
13 
11 

9 

14 
12 
10 

8 

13 
11 

9 

9 

11 
12 

10 

8 

13 

1 

14 

12 

1!) 


16 

21 
19 
17 
15 

20 

■20 
lb 
1G 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 

19 

17 
15 
20 
lb 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
lb 

17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
lb 

u 

16 

21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 


23 
28 

26 
24 

22 

27 

27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
:>2 
21 
25 
23 
28 
26 

26 
24 

22 

27 
25 
23 
2b 
23 
24 
22 
27 
25 

21 
22 
27 

25 

23 
2b 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 

23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
9/j 


30 

29 
34 

30 

29 

30 

33 

29 
30 

29 
32 

29 

30 

29 

W 
30 

29 
30 




April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September . 

October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August.. . . 
September . 

October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September . 

October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September . 

October . . . 
November. 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 


22 
27 
24 
22 
19 
23 

2b 
25 

23 
27 
24 
23 
20 
25 
22 
20 
24 
21 

26 
23 
21 
25 
22 
22 
26 
24 
2\ 

19 

23 

20 

25 
22 
27 
24 

21 

2b 
25 
23 
20 
25 
22 
19 

24 

2b 
26 
23 
20 
27 
24 


29 
3 
1 

29 
26 
30 

4 

2 

30 

3 

2 
30 
27 

1 
29 
27 
31 
28 

2 
30 
28 

1 

1 
29 

3 
31 
28 
26 

27 

1 
29 

3 
31 
2b 

4 

2 
30 

a I 

29 
26 

31 
5 
2 

30 

27 

3 

1 


6 
10 
b 
5 
2 
7 

11 
9 

6 

l l 
6 
4 
b 
6 
3 
7 
5 

9 
7 
4 
8 
8 
5 
10 
7 
5 
2 
6 
4 

8 
6 

10 
7 
7 

11 
9 

4 
8 
5 

3 

9 

6 

6 

10 

8 


13 
17 
15 
12 

$ 

18 
16 
13 
17 
16 
13 
11 
15 
13 
10 
14 
12 

16 
14 
11 
15 
15 
12 
17 
14 
12 
9 

13 
11 

15 

H 

11 

18 
16 
13 

11 
15 
12 

"' 

14 
19 
16 

13 
13 
17 
15 


20 

16 
21 

20 

lb 

17 
19 

lb 
19 

16 

18 

20 
21 

18 

17 
21 

20 
19 


May. 
June. 

July. 
August. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 












19th Year. 




....G. F.... 


















20th Year. 




E 


















21 st Year. 




D 


















22d Year. 




C 








:::::::::::: 


22 29 
26 3 
24 31 
21 28 


512 

10 17 

7 14 

411 























14 



208 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 





OB 
B 

I 

1 
1 

6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 

7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 

5 
3 

1 
6 
4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 

4 
2 
7 
5 
3 
1 
(i 
4 
9 
7 
5 
3 

3 

1 
6 


2" 
w 


09 

1 


-r. 


-/i 
& 


Dom. Letters. 




so 
g> 

s 

2. 

< 


so 

p. 


09 

1 


09 


DO 

3. 


Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept, 

Oct. 

Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 


12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan. 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul ....... 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 EM 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan. 

3 Casleu 

4 Thebet 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Tammuz . . . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan . 

3 Casleu 


8 

8 
13 
11 

9 
14 
12 
10 

8 

13 
11 

9 
14 

14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 
14 
12 
10 

8 
13 

12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

9 

14 
12 
10 

8 
13 
11 

11 
9 

14 
12 
10 
8 
13 
LI 
9 
14 
12 
10 

10 

L3 


15 

15 

20 
t-8 

16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 

21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
IS 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 

19 
17 
15 
20 
18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
20 
18 

18 
16 
21 
19 
17 
15 
2(1 
is 
16 
21 
19 
17 

17 
15 
20 


22 

22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 

28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 

26 
24 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 
24 
22 
27 
25 

25 
23 
28 
26 
21 
22 
27 
25 
23 
28 
26 

M 

21 

22 

■r, 


29 

29 

30 

29 

30 

35 

29 
30 

29 
34 

29 
30 

29 

32 

30 

29 
30 
31 

2!) 




September . 

October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October .. . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . 
September. 

October . . . 
November . 
December . 
January . . 
February.. 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .. . 
September. 

October .. . 


18 

23 
27 
25 
22 
26 
25 
22 
20 
24 
22 
19 
23 

28 
25 
23 
20 
24 
24 
21 
26 
23 
21 
18 
22 

27 
24 
22 
26 
23 
23 
27 
25 
22 
20 
24 
21 

26 
23 
2S 
25 
22 
22 
26 
21 
21 
26 
23 
20 

25 


25 

30 
4 
1 

29 

4 

1 

29 

27 

A 

26 
30 

4 
2 

30 

27 

3 

31 

28 
2 

30 
28 
25 
29 

3 

1 

29 

2 

2 

30 

4 

1 

29 

27 

31 

28 

2 

30 

4 

1 

1 

29 

3 

31 

28 

2 

30 

27 

1 

29 
3 


2 

6 
11 

8 
5 
11 
8 
6 
3 
8 
5 
2 
7 

11 
9 
6 

3 
10 
7 
5 
9 
7 
4 
1 
6 

10 
8 
5 
9 
9 
6 

11 
8 
6 
3 

5 

9 

7 
11 
8 
8 
5 
10 
7 
5 
9 
6 

: 

6 

10 


9 

13 
18 
15 
12 
18 
15 
13 
10 
15 
12 
9 
14 

18 
16 
13 
10 

17 
14 
12 
16 

14 

11 

8 

13 

17 
15 
12 
16 
16 
13 
18 
15 
13 

10 

14 
12 

16 
14 
18 
15 
15 
12 
17 

14 

12 
16 

13 
11 

15 
13 
17 


16 

20 

19 

17 

16 
21 

17 
19 

15 
20 

19 
20 

17 
19 

21 

19 
19 
18 
20 


23d Year. 




....B.A.... 
















24th Year. 




G 


















25th Year. 




F 


















26th Year. 




E 

















27th Year. 


'.'.'.'.i\' 6. '.'.'. 


November . 
December . 


22 
27 



USHER S CHRONOLOGY, 



209 



4Thebet.... 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 

Leap Year. 

1 Tisri 

2 Marchesvan 

3 Casleu .... 

4 Thebet. . . . 

5 Sebat 

6 Adar 

7 Abib 

8 Ijar 

9 Sivan 

10 Thammuz . 

11 Ab 

12 Elul 



11 18 
9 16 

1421 

12 19 



101724 



30 



15|22 29 

2027 
18J25 
16123 



1623 

21128 
19|26 
1724 
15 22 
20!27 
1825 
1623 
21 28 
1926 
17,24 
1522 



30 



30 



29 



30 



29,36 



28th Year, 



January 
February 
March . . 
April .. . 

May 

June . . . 
July. . . . 
August. . 
Sept 

October . 

Nov 

Dec 

January 
February 
March . . 
April . . . 

May 

June.. . . 
July.... 
August . 
Sept 



24 31 



19 26 
2431 

2128 
18 25 

23 30 
27 4 
25 1 
12229 
49 26 
26! 2 
23 ! 30 
2128 



744 
613 
1017 
815 
512 
310 
714 
411 

V 

613 
ll!l8 
815 
512 
512 
916 
714 
411 
9 16 
613 
3 10 
1 8 



20 

17 

16 
20 

19 

18 

15,22 



Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 
June. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

Nov 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 

March 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 



9. The foregoing is the solar cycle which was adopted by 
Archbishop Usher, and by which he measured his years of the 
world, both before and after the exodus; beginning the first 
year of the latter era, on Tuesday, the first day of Abib, A. M. 
2513. According to this authority, any year of the world 
thereafter demanded by his computation, if it be divided by 
twenty- eight, will, by the remainder, or, if none, by the twenty- 
eighth of the cycle, present the calendar for said year. Let its 
months, after the exodus, be always counted from Abib, the 
first of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, and having found the 
day of the month required, the corresponding day of the week 
in Julian time may be found on the right of the same parallel. 
In this way, according to Archbishop Usher's chronology, as 
every-where adopted by Dr. A. Clarke, and others, in the Old 
Testament, the year of the world and day of the month being 
first given, respecting any event mentioned after the exode, the 
corresponding day in Julian time may be readily found. But 
if the event occurred before the exodus, the months of the year 
must be counted from Tisri, the first of the most ancient years. 
Though these are some of the uses to which, doubtless, the 
Archbishop designed his cycle should be applied, yet we think 



210 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

the attentive student will find abundant proofs, convincing him 
that the Scriptural testimony and that chronology widely differ. 
That distinguished author has, however, most surely adopted a 
solar cycle whose years and months are of the right length for 
measuring those mentioned in the holy Scriptures before the 
exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. But that which affords a 
convenient demonstration that the exode did not occur in the 
year of the world to which he assigned it is, that the Scriptures 
require that event on Saturday, the fifteenth of Abib, while 
his chronology demands Tuesday for the said day of that 
month, A. M. 2513. This discrepancy is fatal to the claims 
of that year for the exode. I have proved by the Bible, that 
a new calendar was then given for the observance of the Jews 
till the Christ should come. This required that the Sabbath 
of that people should occur, in the first and seventh months 
of each year throughout their generations, on the first, eighth, 
fifteenth, twenty-second, and twenty-ninth days. Archbishop 
Usher's calendar having no conformity to this requirement, is 
thereby rendered misleading and unsatisfactory in all its 
experimental results. Nevertheless, this cycle, when applied to 
his years of the world, in connection with the numerous Scrip- 
ture references to what he supposed were parallel years, months, 
and days, as mentioned in the Old Testament, will, in all cases, 
present what he, doubtless, believed synchronized with Julian 
time. Dr. Clarke has therefore often quoted him in the Old 
Testament, that his readers may have, on this subject, the 
Archbishop's opinion. And this is the more astonishing, as 
the Doctor was a firm believer in the moon's government of 
months, which was rightly repudiated by the Archbishop. 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR 



211 



CHAPTER XI. 



SOME PRACTICAL USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR, 
BEGINNING; AT THE EXODUS. 

1. The Jewish calendar, as authorized by Moses, begins here. 
There had been 3^898 solid years of the world, six months, 
and fourteen days before the exodus; but the Jewish year 
counts thereafter from the first day of Abib, or Nisan. (See 
the synchronical cycle from this era, in the 8th chapter.) The 
following years of the exode, contrary to the method adopted 
in the General Table, are numbered from the time of their 
commencement in the corresponding Julian year. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1 
1st Mo>th. 

Abib 15, 



16, 



IT. 

18, 



A. J. P. 3067. 

March 27, Sat. 



28, Sun. 



» 29, Mon. 
't 30,Tues. 



This was the day on which the Israelites 
went out of bondage, the first day of the 
feast of unleavened bread. (See Ex. xii, 
17; Num. xxviii, 17.) And this was also 
established as the Jewish Sabbath from 
that time to the paschal Sabbath, the day 
after the crucifixion of Christ. Lev. xxiii, 
15, 16. This day began, as we would say, 
in the twilight or evening of Friday. They 
camped at Succoth. 

This day, the second of unleavened 
bread, was appointed as the time of offer- 
ing the sheaf of first fruits, after they 
should reach the land of promise. Lev. 
xxiii, 11. They camped at Etham. Num. 
xxxiii, 6. 

They camped in Pi-hahiroth. Num. 
xxxiii, 7. 

Having started some time in the previ- 
ous night, at the close of the morning 
watch of this day, they reached the wilder- 
ness shore of the Red Sea. Ex. xiv, 24, 



212 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1. 
1st. Month. 



Abib 20, 



21 



2d Month 
liar or 
Zif 14 



" 15, 

" 19, 

" 20, 

" 21, 

" 22, 

" 23, 

" 24, 



25, 
26, 

27, 



A. J. P. 3067. 



April 1, Th. 



2, Fri. 



25, Sun. 
26,Mon. 
30, Fri. 

1, Sat. 

2, Sun. 

3, Mon. 

4, Tues. 

5, Wed. 

6, Th. 

7, Fri. 

8, Sat. 



etc. This was also the first of the three 
days' travel in the wilderness of Etham. 
Numbers xxxiii, 8. 

They pitched this day in Marah. Num. 
xxxiii, 8. 

This was the last day of unleavened 
bread, when "they came unto Elim: and 
in Elim were twelve fountains of water, 
and threescore and ten palm trees; and 
they pitched there." Here, it is presumed, 
they sang the song of triumph recorded, 
Ex. xv. 

They encamped by the Red Sea. Num. 
xxxiii, 10. 

This day they came into the wilderness 
of Sin. Ex. xvi, 1 ; Num. xxxiii, 11. 

On this morning a double portion of 
manna was gathered. Ex. xvi, 22. 

There was no manna found this morning. 
Ex. xvi, 27. 

They encamped in Dophka. Num. xxxiii, 
12. 

They encamped at Alush. Num. xxxiii, 
13. 

They encamped at Rephidim. Num. 
xxxiii, 14 ; and Ex. xvii, 1. 

Water was furnished from the rock. Ex. 
xvii, 6. 

They fought with Amaleck. Ex. xvii, 9. 

Moses built an altar, and called it Jeho- 
vah — nisi. Ex. xvii, 15. 

Jethro having arrived on the previous 
day, feasted with Moses, Aaron, and all the 
elders, on this their present Sabbath day. 
Ex. xviii, 12; Lev. xxiii, 23; Luke xiv, 
1-14. 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR 



213 



An. Ex. 1st. 1. 
2n Month. 

liar or 
Zif 28, 

" 29, 

" 30, 

3d Moxth. 

Sivau 1, 



May 9, Sun. 

10, Mon. 
f 11, Tues. 

« 12, "Wed. 
* 13, Th. 

1 14, Fri. 



15, Sat. 

16, Sun. 



Moses instructed the people from morn- 
ing unto the evening. Ex. xviii, 13. 
Jethro advises Moses. Ex. xviii, 14, etc. 
Jethro departed into his own land. Ex. 



xviii, 27. 



This day they came into the wilderness 
of Sinai. Ex. xix, 1. 

Moses went out of the mount and report- 
ed the words of the Lord to the people. 
Ex. xix, 3-7. 

Moses, this morning, reported the words 
of the people unto the Lord. And the Lord 
told him to sanctify the people u to-day 
and to-morrow" and be ready against the 
third day. (See Ex. xix, 8-25.) On this 
day the Lord spoke the ten commandments. 
This was the fiftieth day from the second 
day of unleavened bread ; the day on which 
they held the feast of Pentecost annually, 
after they reached the promised land. Lev. 
xxiii, 15, 16. 

On this same day, "when the people 
heard the voice out of the midst of the 
darkness " — Deut. v, 22, etc. — " In the day 
of the assembly" — Deut. xviii, 15-19 — 
the people sent Moses up the mount, re- 
questing the Lord not to speak to them 
any more, lest they die, and promising to 
obey what might be spoken to them through 
Moses. (See Ex. xx, 18-21. Then the 
Lord, on the same day, spoke to Moses 
what is recorded, Ex. xx, 22, to the end of 
the 23d chapter. And he charged Moses 
— chap, xxiv, 1, 2 — as soon as he had rati- 
fied the foregoing with the people, that he, 
Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and seventy of the 



214 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



An. Ex. Isr. 1 
3d Month. 

Sivan 



7, 



11, 



" 17, Mon. 



18, Tues. 



22. Sat. 



elders of Israel, "should come up unto the 
Lord, and worship afar off." Then Moses 
went and told the people all that the Lord 
had sent unto them by him on that day, 
while they were still standing afar off; and 
they promised to do all. Ex. xxiv, 3. 
Among the things required, and which they 
and their posterity covenanted to perform, 
was, the obedience to be rendered to "the 
prophet" which was to be "raised up like 
unto Moses." Deut. xviii, 15-19 ; Acts iii, 
22, 23. Then Moses dismissed them unto 
their tents. Deut. v, 30. He then reduced 
the covenant to writing, and, 

"Rose up early in the morning," etc. 
That is, the morning after "the day of the 
assembly," when the ten words had been 
spoken, the morning after he had verbally 
delivered the answer of the Lord to the 
people, the morning of the sixth day of 
Sivan, being Monday, the second day of 
the Jewish week, an altar was erected, the 
requisite offerings were prepared, and the 
covenant, now written in a book, was rati- 
fied, etc. 

"Then," Ex. xxiv, 9-18, being still 
Monday, perhaps afternoon, he, Joshua, 
Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of 
the elders, "went up to the Lord." This 
was the first of the forty days and forty 
nights, which Moses spent in the mount — 
the first day ending on 

Tuesday, the same time he had started 
on the sixth of Sivan. 

This, in the afternoon, finished the fifth 
day of the forty, after all, except Moses, 



USES OP THE MOSAIC CALENDAR. 



215 



An. Ex. Isr. 1 
Month. 

Sivan 



12 



13, 



4th Month. 

Tam'zl6, 



June 26, Sat. 



May 



* 23, Sun. 



24, Mon. 



had feasted on the offerings appointed for 
the Sabbath, at some station on the side 
of the mountain. (See Ex. xxiv, 11 ; and 
Deut. ix, 9.) 

This was the last of the six days during 
which the cloud covered the mountain ; and 
also the sixth day of the forty. Ex. xxiv, 
10, 16. 

This was the seventh day of the forty, 
when Moses, at God's bidding, left the 
elders, Joshua, etc., and went into the 
midst of the cloud — verses 16-18. There 
he remained till the Lord commanded all 
that is now recorded in the 25th and 31st 
chapters of Exodus inclusive. 

In the afternoon of this day, being the 
end of the forty, counted from the same 
time in the sixth of Sivan, Moses returned, 
taking Joshua from the post he had occu- 
pied meanwhile, and found the people with 
Aaron desecrating the Sabbath in the 
worship of the golden calf, when he cast 
down the tables of the law, etc. Ex. xxxii, 
1-19. 

That this was on a Jewish Sabbath day, 
may be proved as follows: First. An 
altar had been built before the calf; 
Aaron had made the proclamation, and 
said, "To-morrow is a feast to the Lord." 
"And they rose up early in the morning 
and offered burnt-offerings and peace-offer- 
ings; and the people sat down to eat 
and to drink, and rose up to play." Ex. 
xxxii, 5, 6. This could be no other than 
"the feast to the Lord" of the weekly 
Sabbath. The Passover and Pentecost 



216 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



An. Ex. Isr. 1. 
4th Month. 



A, J. P. 3067. 



were both past, and the feast of taber- 
nacles did not come till the seventh month. 
To "proclaim the feasts of the Lord," was 
not only a custom among the pious, but 
it was made a law. Lev. xxiii, 2. "Ye 
shall proclaim the feasts of the Lord to 
be holy convocations." And the first one 
then numbered is the weekly "Sabbath 
of rest." Secondly. The professed object 
was to hold "a feast to the Lord." The 
day must, therefore, have been authorized 
by the Lord. And there is no complaint 
that the time was unauthorized. " They 
sat down to eat and drink," as the Lord 
had doubtless commanded, so far as time 
and formality are concerned. But this was 
not "before the Lord," it was before the 
golden calf; and they rose up to play." 
Thirdly. The burnt-offerings and peace- 
offerings, meat-offerings and drink-offer- 
ings, which Aaron used on that occasion, 
were such as were ordered to be offered 
unto the Lord on the Sabbath days. 
Num. xxviii, 9, 10 ; Ezek. xlvi, 1-4 ; Lev. 
3d chapter. Fourthly. The last com- 
mands which were given to Moses in charge 
to the people, on the day of his return to 
the camp, were given in respect to the 
holy Sabbath of the Lord, its obligations, 
uses, and penalty annexed to its desecra- 
tions. Ex. xxxi, 13-17 ; xxxii, 7-19. And 
then the Lord told Moses to "go down," 
that the people had "corrupted them- 
selves," etc. Fifthly. See the 20th chap- 
ter of Ezekiel. There the house of Israel 
is reminded of their former rebellions 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR. 



217 



An. Ex. Isr. 1. 
4th Month. 



before they left Egypt — verses 5-9. Then, 
after they were brought into "the wilder- 
ness of Sinai," and had received the stat- 
utes, judgments, and Sabbaths, which they 
had covenanted to keep, the Lord charged 
them with rebellion, and a great pollution 
of his Sabbaths, and reminded them of 
what he had told Moses he would do unto 
them, and how, in the words of Moses's 
intercession for them, he had wrought "for 
his name's sake," and spared them at that 
time, and did not make an end of them — 
verses 10-17. Sixthly. In Robinson's 
Calmet — p. 943 — it is said, " The Jews had 
calendars anciently, wherein were noted 
all the feasts — all the fasts — and all the 
days on which they celebrated the memory 
of any great event that had happened to 
the nation. These ancient calendars are 
sometimes quoted in Talmud, Misna Tract. 
Taanith, n. 8 ; but the rabbins acknowledge 
that they are not now in being. Those 
that we have now, whether printed or in 
manuscript, are not very ancient." The 
author then inserts the chief historical 
events, taken as well from Thaanith, as 
from other calendars. We select the old 
fast of the Jews, held " on the seventeenth 
of Tammuz," which they now say is in 
memory of the tables of the law broken 
by Moses. But I have just shown that 
they were broken on the sixteenth of Tam- 
muz, a Sabbath day, which never could be 
used as a fast, because the Lord had made 
it a " feast day." However, the seventeenth 
of Tammuz was the mournful day to the 



218 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



An. Ex. Iar. 1 
4th Month. 



Tam'zl7, 



18, 



" 19, 



5th Month 

Ab 29, 



A. J. P. 3067. 



June 27, Sun. 



" 28, Mon. 



" 29,Tues. 



Aug. 8, Sun. 



carnal Jews, because the golden calf, and 
three thousand of the guilty, were destroy- 
ed. Ex. xxxii, 20-28. On that day, 
therefore, the ancient Jews fasted; and 
this remarkable fact, connected with other 
reasons referred to in the foregoing, proves 
that my calendar, as deduced from the 
books of Moses, agrees with that used by 
the ancient Jews. The student who will 
take the time to make a full and careful 
examination of the matter, will believe so. 
Let there be candor and care in the inves- 
tigation. 

On this day the golden calf, and three 
thousand of the guilty, were destroyed. 
Ex. xxxii, 20-28. 

On this day they sacrificed, and conse- 
crated themselves to the Lord; and Moses 
pitched the tabernacle without the camp. 
Ex. xxxii, 29; xxxiii, 7. 

Early in the morning of this day, Moses 
took the tables of stone, which had per- 
haps been hewn the day before, and went 
up into Mount Sinai. Ex. xxxii, 30-34; 
and xxxiv, 1-4. At this time, "early in 
the morning," began the first of the fol- 
lowing forty days and nights, during which 
Moses lived without eating or drinking. 
Deut. ix, 25. 

This day, early in the morning, ended 
the second forty days and nights, when 
Moses returned from the mount with the 
two tables of the law in his hand. Ex. 
xxxiv, 29. His first return was on the 
Jewish Sabbath ; when all was broken, and 
proved unprofitable. But his second re- 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR. 



219 



An. Ex. Imt. 1 
5th Month. 

Ab 



30, 



Adar 32, 



An. Ex. Isr. 2. 

Arab 1, 



August 



9, Mon. 



A. J. P. 3068. 
March 11, Fri. 



12, Sat. 



turn was on the Jewish first day of the 
week ; or, as we have it in the New Testa- 
ment, on "the Lord's day," and perhaps 
about the time in which our Lord, the anti- 
type of Moses, arose from the dead. The 
law was now maintained in both tables; 
and the face of Moses shone with a luster 
insupportable to mortal beholders. On the 
same day he assembled the whole congre- 
gation, and delivered what is recorded — 
Ex. xxxv, 1-29. On the same day of the 
week our Lord met the disciples. He be- 
gan by reminding them of the Sabbath and 
its obligations. 

It is probable that preparations com- 
menced on this day — see Ex. xxxv, 21, 
etc. — for the building of the tabernacle; 
that tabernacle, which was previously re- 
moved without the camp, having evidently 
been a symbol of the Divine presence, 
which they brought out of Egypt. 

Till this day the tabernacle was being 
built, and Moses was receiving and impart- 
ing much of the Divine instruction to be 
found in the 40th chapter of Exodus, and 
in the book of Leviticus. 

On this day the tabernacle was reared 
by Moses ; all the vessels, etc., were anoint- 
ed; the altar was sanctified; and this was 
the first of the seven days' consecration of 
Aaron and his sons to the priest's office. 
Also, on this day, commenced the twelve 
days' dedication of the altar, beginning 
with a prince of the tribe of Judah. (See 
Ex. 40th chapter; Lev. 8th chapter; and 
the 7th chapter of the book of Numbers, 



220 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



An. Ex. Isr. 2 
1st Month. 

Abib 1st, 



8, 



9, 
10, 

11, 
12, 

14, 



15, 

16, 



March 



13, Sun. 

14, Mon. 

15, Tu. 

16, Wed. 

17, Th. 

18, Fri. 



19, Sat 



20, Sun. 

21, Mon. 

22, Tu. 

23, Wed. 

25, Fri. 



" 26, Sat. 



27, Sun. 



which should follow the 8th chapter of 
Leviticus.) The prince of Judah offered 
this day. 

Precisely in this way, and on the same 
days of the seventh month, the altar, priest, 
etc., of the second temple, were consecra- 
ted. Ezek. xliii, 18-27; and Ezek. xlv, 
17-20 ; also, Ezra vi, 15-22, at its dedica- 
tion the first month. The first and eighth 
days were Jewish Sabbaths in each month. 



Pr 



nee of Issachar offered, Num. vii, 18. 



Zebulon 

Reuben 

Simeon 

Gad 

Ephraim 



24 verse, 
verse 30. 

" 36. 

" 42. 

" 48. 



This was also the last day of the conse- 
cration of Aaron and his sons. Lev. viii, 
33-35. They were ready then to offer on 
the next, or eighth day, for themselves 
and the congregation. Ezek. xliii, 27. 

On this day Aaron commenced by offer- 
ing a calf for a sin-offering, and a ram for 
a burnt-offering for himself. 

He then offered for the people. Lev. 
9th chapter. On this day also the prince 
of the tribe of Manasseh dedicated to the 
altar. Num. vii, 54. 

Prince of Benjamin dedicated, verse 60. 

" " Dan " " 66. 

" " Asher " " 72. 

" « Naphtali " " 78. 

The paschal lambs were killed and pre- 
pared for supper in the even. Num. ix, 1- 
5; Ex. xii, 15-20. 

This was the first day of unleavened 
bread. Lev. xxiii, 6. 

This was the second day of unleavened 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR. 



221 



An. Ex. Isr. 2. 
1st Month. 

Abib 



21 



Ijar 1, 



14, 



" 20 



April 1, Fri. 
* ll,Mon. 
" 24, Sun, 

" 30, Sat. 



bread, and time for offering the wave-sheaf 
of first fruits. Lev. xxiii, 10, 11. 

This was the last day of the feast of 
unleavened bread. Ex. xii, 18. 

This day Moses began to number the 
congregation. Num. i, 1, 2. 

Such as were defiled at the proper time 
should keep the Passover on this day at 
even, according to all its ordinances. Num. 
ix, 6-12. 

They took their journey out of the wil- 
derness of Sinai, having been there eleven 
months and twenty days. Ex. xix, 1 ; Num. 
x, 11. 

From Horeb they went eleven days' 
journey to Kadesh-barnea, including other 
delays. Deut. i, 2. From the latter 
place they sent spies to search the land, 
and make report. All, except Caleb and 
Joshua, returned with an evil report, at the 
end of forty days. On the next day — 
Num., 13th and 14th chapters — the Lord 
passed sentence of exclusion and death on 
the people, for believing the evil report. 
This happened, according to the ancient 
calendar of the Jews, on the ninth day of 
Ab; on which day, and in memory of 
which event, they kept an annual fast. 
This day, as may be seen — An. Ex. Isr. 2, 
Ab ninth — corresponded to Monday, the 
eighteenth of July. We adopt this date as 
being most probably true. Sunday, the 
eighth of Ab, was, therefore, the fortieth, or 
return day of the spies. This required that 
the first of the forty should have been 
Wednesday, the twenty-ninth of Sivan, or 



222 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



An.Ex.Isr. 2. 
2d Month. 



Ijar 22, 



Sivan 29, 



May 2, Mon. 



June 8, Wed. 



Ab 8, July 17, Sun. 



eighth day of June. As they left Horeb 
on Saturday, the twentieth day of Ijar, or 
thirtieth of April, there were from that to 
the twenty-eighth of Sivan, or seventh 
of June, inclusive, just thirty-nine days. 
Eleven of these were spent in journeying 
— see Deut. i, 2 — and seven more they 
were delayed on account of Miriam — see 
Num. xii, 15. These being deducted, leave 
twenty-one days to be consumed at Taberah 
and Kibroth-hattaavah, at each of which 
places a great mortality had visited them. 
(See Numbers, 11th chapter.) The cluster 
of grapes brought by the spies, is a cir- 
cumstance, also, in favor of the time of 
their return, as mentioned above ; for not 
only did the law promise — Lev. xxvi, 5 — 
that "the thrashing should reach unto the 
vintage," but Calmet says, "the vintage 
followed the wheat harvest and the thrash- 
ing about June or July, when the clusters 
of the grapes were gathered." 

On this day — Num. x, 33 ; xi, 3 — they 
encamped at a place which they called 
Taberah. Here they remained some days, 
and also tarried some time at Kibroth- 
hattaavah; whence they journeyed to 
Hazeroth, and afterward they pitched in 
the wilderness of Paran, at Kadesh-barnea, 
as mentioned above. 

On this day the spies, one from each 
tribe, started to search the land of Canaan. 
(See the foregoing, and 13th chapter of 
Numbers.) 

On this day the spies returned and 
reported. (See Num. xiii, 26, etc.) " And 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR 



223 



An. Ex. Isr. 2 
5th Month. 



Ab 



" 9, 



EM 17, 



An. Ex. Is. 40. 

Abib 
Abib 10 



Ab 1 



Shebet 1, 



Adar 6, 



An. Ex. Is. 41. 

Abib 1, 



" 4, 
" 5, 

" 7, 



July 



" 18, Mon. 



Aug. 25, Th. 



A. J. P. 3106. 

March 

Mar. 22, Mon. 



July 11, Sun. 



A. J. P. 3107. 

Jan. 9, Sun, 



Feb. 13, Sun. 



March 12, Sat. 
" 15, Tues. 
■ 16, Wed. 
" 18, Fri. 



all the congregation lifted np their voice 
and cried; and the people wept that 
night." xiv, 1. 

On this day sentence was passed on 
the murmurers, that they should die 
in the wilderness. (See 12th chapter.) 
On this day, therefore, they instituted a 
fast. 

On this day the Jews fasted, because 
of the death of the spies by the 
plague, for their evil report. Num. xiv, 
37. 

In this month they came into the desert 
of Zin, where Miriam, the sister of Moses 
and Aaron, died, and was buried; aged 
about 130 years. Num. xx, 1 ; Ex. ii, 4, 
7, 8. The Jews fast for this event on the 
tenth of Abib. 

This day Aaron died in Mount Hor — 
Num. xxxiii, 38 — aged 123 years, verse 
39th. 

This day began Moses to repeat the law. 
Deut. i, 3. 

About this day Moses died, aged ex- 
actly 120 years. Deut. xxxiv, 5, 7. This 
was the first day of mourning for 
Moses. Rabbins say it was Adar the sev- 
enth. 

The first year of Joshua's administration 
begins. 

Last of the thirty days' mourning for 
Moses. Deut. xxxiv, 8. 

Spies were sent to view the land. Josh, 
ii, 1. 

The spies returned on the third day. 
Josh, ii, 22. 
15 



224 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



A. J. P. 3107. 


March 19 


Sat. 


(t 


20, 


Sun. 


« 


21,Mon. 


t( 


22, 


Tu. 


« 


25, 


Fri. 


<t 


26, 


Sat. 


tt 


27, 


Sun. 



1st Month, 

Abib 8, March 19, Sat. They removed from Shittim to Jordan, 
about eight miles. Josh, iii, 1. 
9, « 20, Sun. The people sanctified themselves to-day. 

Josh, iii, 5. 
10, " 2i,Mon. They crossed Jordan on this day — iv, 
19. This day forty years before, the lambs 
were put up to be slain for the first Pass- 
over. Ex. xii, 3. 

They circumcised those who had been 
born in the wilderness — Josh, v, 2-9 — and, 
therefore, called the place Gilgal. 

They killed the lambs this day, and "at 
even" being the beginning of the next 
Jewish day, 

They ate the Passover, which was also 
the first day of unleavened bread. 
16, " 27, Sun. This was "the morrow after the Sab- 
bath," the second day of unleavened bread; 
the day of offering the first fruits, and the 
first day in the count for the fiftieth day, 
or Pentecost. (See Josh, v, 11, 12 ; Lev. 
xxxiii, 9-14.) 

2. As it is very probable that the years of the leaders, 
judges, and kings of the Israelites, except those of Jeroboam 
and his successors, began to be counted from the first day of 
their first ecclesiastical month, Abib, as it was adjusted at the 
time of the exode, I shall, therefore, set down that date as the 
tabular commencement of their several reigns. Moses and 
Joshua evidently commenced theirs about the first of Abib. 
And the consecration of the priests, we have seen, took place in 
the same month, and on the same day of the month, being a 
Sabbath. And that kings were anointed on the Jewish Sab- 
bath day, is proved by 2 Kings, xi, 4-12 ; 1 Sam. x, 8 ; xi, 14, 
15; xvi, 1-13. 

3. Some may scruple to adopt the Jewish calendar, as we 
have presented it, because it frequently shows that the Israelites 



USES OF THE MOSAIC CALENDAR. 225 

traveled on their Sabbath days. This, we think, is no valid 
objection to the calendar. If it were, it would be an equally- 
valid objection against the truth stated in Josh, vi, 3, 11-15, 
where it is declared, "all the men of war" encompassed the 
city of Jericho, in succession, for seven days, bearing the ark 
of the Lord, and blowing with trumpets, etc. Now, there must 
have been one Sabbath in the seven days' war. The rabbins 
say the seventh. But the command of the Lord of the Sabbath 
was a sufficient justification for this, and for all other like 
instances mentioned in holy Scripture. No servile work was 
performed. The Lord gave command, and the obedience ren- 
dered was strictly religious. Thus He gave command, and all 
Israel went out of bondage on the day he gave them as the first 
Sabbath by which they were distinguished from the nations, all 
of which had desecrated the old Sabbath, long since called Sun- 
day, because of the worship offered to that creature in prefer- 
ence to the Creator. He gave the signal, and all Israel re- 
moved from Sinai on Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. He said to 
Moses, "Go!" and he traveled, on their Sabbath, from the top 
of Sinai to the camp of Israel, at its base. The pillar of cloud 
arose, and Joshua conducted the whole multitude from Shittim 
to the banks of Jordan, on their Sabbath day. Divine orders 
are given, and a Jewish Sabbath is spent in holy war against 
Jericho. 

4. Whatever influence the facts alluded to in the foregoing 
section should have on us, in reference to the Sabbath of the 
Gospel dispensation, no countenance is given to servile work on 
our holy day of rest. Whatever God allows on this day, it is 
not our own work. It must be the work of religion, having the 
written word and present providence of God for its justifica- 
tion. This combined authority must determine every question 
on this subject, under our dispensation. 

5. We have good proof that Moses, according to God's order, 
set up every part of the tabernacle on the Sabbath day, being 
the first day of the first month of the second year of the exode. 
(See the 40th chapter of Exodus.) The show-bread was then 
put on the Lord's table, which the law — Lev. xxiv, 8 — required 
to be done only on the Sabbath. Moreover, we know that the 



226 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Jewish Sabbath was appointed to be a day of feasting, and that 
it was so used by Christ and his disciples, who accepted the 
invitation of a chief Pharisee, and attended his house in com- 
pany with lawyers and Pharisees. (See Luke xiv, 1, etc.) But 
whatsoever was commanded, or allowed to be done, on that day, 
was to be done unto the Lord. And so must it be done on the 
Lord's day, under the dispensation of the Spirit. 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 227 

CHAPTER XII. 

FROM THE EXODUS TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE 

TEMPLE. 

1. In the twenty-first section of the first chapter, we stated 
that the Jews had shortened the years of the world 1330 years, 
from Adam to the birth of Abraham. We now add, that, from 
the exode to the foundation of the temple, in the fourth year 
of Solomon, they cut off 140 years more. (See 1 Kings, vi, 1, 
which gives only 480 years between those events, instead of 621, 
which we will next prove is the true number.) According to 
Josephus — Antiq., b. v, chap. 1, sec. 19 — "when the fifth year " 
of Joshua's administration was "past," and the Canaanites were 
all conquered, the tabernacle was removed from Gilgal to Shiloh. 
But while it remained at Gilgal, consequently within the fifth 
year of Joshua, or just at its close, it is said — Josh, xiv, 6-15 — 
that Caleb, in the first division of lands there mentioned, applied 
for and obtained the hill of Hebron. At this time he stated 
that he was "that day four score and five years old;" also, that 
" he was forty years old when Moses sent him as a spy from 
Kadesh-barnea. He was most likely sent on Wednesday, the 
twenty-ninth of Sivan, or eighth of June ; for, according to the 
old Jewish calendar, on the ninth day of Ab, the fifth month, 
the Jews say God passed sentence of exclusion on them for 
believing the evil report of the spies ; on which account they 
keep that day as a fast. (See Num. xiv, 29, 31.) This was, 
therefore, Ab ninth, or Monday, the eighteenth of July, An. 
Ex. Isr. 2. And allowing the spies returned on Sunday, the 
previous day, the fortieth day previous to that would require, as 
above stated, Wednesday, the twenty-ninth of Sivan, the third 
month, as the time when Caleb was sent, when, he says, he was 
forty years old. As one year and about three months had 
passed of the "forty and five years," mentioned verse 10th, 
and which closed with "the fifth year of Joshua," according to 
Josephus ; and as the forty years, during which the Israelites 
were doomed to bear their iniquities — each day for a year — 



228 BIBLICAL CHKONOLOGY. 

included the said one year and odd months which had passed, 
so, we think, it is manifest that Caleb was forty when he left 
Egypt, and that the forty-five years of which he speaks must 
begin at that time. This is made pretty certain from the fact, 
that when he made application for Hebron the place of Joshua 
was Gilgal — verse 6th; and the time — verse 15th — was when 
"the land had rest from war;" and Josephus says, "The fifth 
year was now past, and there was not one of the Canaanites 
remained any longer," when "Joshua removed his camp to the 
mountainous country, and placed the tabernacle in the city of 
Shiloh." This, we think, is the true solution of the question, 
when the first division of lands was made by Joshua. Those 
are, therefore, in error who, deducting the first two years from 
the administration of Moses, place at the end of them the 
beginning of the forty-five years of which Caleb speaks. This 
mode of construction not only requires Caleb's application for 
Hebron in the seventh year of Joshua, but the forty years 
during which they were doomed to wander in the wilderness, 
should be counted from the time sentence was pronounced 
against them, which would demand about forty-two years for 
the wilderness, instead of forty, the Scriptural number. These 
reasons induce the belief that the tabernacle was removed from 
Gilgal to Shiloh in the beginning of the sixth year of Joshua. 
"In the seventh month" of this year the "geometricians" — 
Antiq., b. v, chap. 1, sec. 21 — "came to Joshua, in the city of 
Shiloh, where they had set up the tabernacle," when the second 
division of lands was made. The twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth 
sections inform us that, "in the twentieth year after this" 
Joshua died, twenty-five years after the death of Moses. The 
whole evidence requires this event early in An. Ex. Isr. 66. And 
the calendar of the Jews records a fast for the occasion on the 
twenty-sixth of Nisan, which, for that year, was Wednesday, 
April third, A. J. P. 3132. This harmonizes with all that is 
said in the eighteenth and nineteenth chapters of Joshua on the 
subject of this last division; and from which sixth year of 
Joshua's reign, seven nations being destroyed — Deut. vii, 1 — 
commenced, inclusively, Paul's 450 years, unto the call of Sam- 
uel, the prophet. Acts xiii, 19. It will be perceived by the 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 229 

attentive student that, from the ex ode to the foundation of the 
temple, in the fourth year of Solomon, we make it one year less 
than Dr. Hales. This is the supposed year of Shamgar, which 
he added without sufficient authority, we think. Josephus, 
indeed, says that Shamgar " died in the first year of his govern- 
ment." But, according to a universal practice, his fraction of 
a year was counted in the first of the ensuing term. In no 
other way could the run of complete years be so correctly and 
easily kept ; the beginning was fixed from a certain era, and all 
fractions adhered to the count which next followed. And, 
therefore, as Shamgar had not a complete year after the death 
of his predecessor, Ehud — Judges iii, 31 — the next chapter and 
verses, in continuing the chronology of events which followed, 
under the oppression of Jabin, king of Canaan, for twenty 
years, number them, not from the death of Shamgar, but from 
that of Ehud. (See Judges iv, 1-3.) This, we think, is conclu- 
sive against the claim of Shamgar to a distinct year in chro- 
nology. 

2. But in a recent and very able work — " The Hebrew Peo- 
ple," p. 164 — the author has a chronological arrangement, by 
which he attempts to show, on the plan of Jackson and Bishop 
Russell, that between the exode of Israel and laying the foun- 
dation of the temple, in the fourth year of Solomon, there were 
only "592 years." It becomes necessary, therefore, either to 
adopt his views, or to show valid reasons for placing that event, 
as we^Oj-i 11 the^a*iis~t year of the exode. 

o. Josephus and our common Bible must Joe relied on to settle 
-this question. !Flic former, indeed, says — Antiq., b.'viii, chap. 3, 
sec. 1 — " Solomon began to build the temple in the fourth year 
of his reign; fife- hundred and ninety-two years after the 
exodus out of Egypt." But he also says, long after that — 
Antiq., b. xx, chap. 10, sec. 1 — "The number of years from 
the day when our fathers departed out of Egypt, under Moses, 
their leader, till the building of that temple which King Solo- 
mon erected at Jerusalem, were six hundred and twelve." And 
again, he says, in his controversy with Apion — b. ii, sec. 2 — 
"Solomon himself built that temple six hundred and twelve 
years after the Jews came out of Egypt." Besides these places, 



230 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

we shall presently show others from Josephus, in which he 
maintains this number, while in no other part of his works ex- 
cept the one first cited above, does he mention the number 
"592." The fair inference from these facts should have been, 
that the number frequently mentioned is the right one, and that 
only mentioned once is the wrong one ; and yet the learned 
authors, before referred to, have gravely adopted the latter. 
We must, therefore, take some pains to show how Josephus 
obtained the false number 592, while the number, from his own 
statements, should have been set down, in the first place, 
at 612. This can be easily done. He keeps up every-where, 
in the Books of Jewish Antiquities, two lines of chronology; 
the first, in the headings of his Books, designed to give the 
limits of the history of each, which are generally wrong, some- 
times right; and the second, in the intervals of the books, as 
detailed consecutively in the several items, which are generally 
right, sometimes needing correction. We give the numbers in 
the headings of his Books of Antiquities, from the exodus to 
the death of David: 

"Book 3, containing the interval from the exodus out of 

Egypt to the rejection of that generation, 2 years 

"Book 4, to the death of Moses, 38 " 

"Book 5, thence to the death of Eli, 476 " 

"Book 6, thence to the death of Saul, 32 " 

"Book 7, thence to the death of David, 40 " 

"Thence to the 4th of Solomon, inclusive, . . . . A years." 
This line of chronology makes precisely the sum of 592 years ! 
And thus we palpably detect the erroneous .data, furnished by 
Josephus himself, and on which he founded the number 592, 
which has become somewhat celebrated in. certain annals of 
renowned chronologers. I certainly need not here prove that 
the numbers in the headings of Books 5th and 6th are wrong. 
A single reflection will show this to any person who may be 
interested in Biblical chronology ; and I am astonished beyond 
measure, that learned and truly-great men have adopted that 
false number in the face of all the facts to the contrary. 
Josephus himself did not adhere to it, but subsequently cor- 
rected the chronology of this period ; though it is to be regret- 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 231 

ted that lie left the unfortunate error to mislead all who may be 
inclined to adopt it without the requisite examination of all that 
he has said in respect to that portion of time. 

4. The several intervening items of time should rather cor- 
rect the sums stated in the headings of the books, than that 
the latter should govern the former. If Josephus and the Bible 
be consulted, according to this just rule, they will soon rectify 
the captions of the books, as well as that one error of u 480 
years" for the same period, in 1 Kings vi, 1. Those, however, 
who adopt the round number 480, or 592, and endeavor to force 
the several intervening items of time into conformity, will only 
so far embarrass the subject. We will now begin with the first 
four years of Solomon, and reverse the several items of time 
back to the exode, excepting for the present the anarchy after 
the death of Joshua, taking Josephus and the Bible for our 
guides. The foundation of the temple was laid — Antiq., b. viii, 
chap. 3, sec. 1, and 1 Kings vi, 1 — in the fourth year of Solo- 
mon, which Josephus included in his false number 592, but 
which the author of "The Hebrew People," Mr. George Smith, 
after making certain retrenchments among the items, did not 
need to make the same number. And this detects the first 
error of that distinguished author. 

Fourth year of Solomon, 4 

David, b. vii, chap. 15, sec. 2, and 1 Kings ii, 11, 40 

Saul, b. vi, chap. 14, sec. 9, and Acts xiii, 21, 40 

Samuel "governed alone," b. vi, chap. 12, sec. 5, 12 

The seventh servitude, to the Philistines after Eli's death, b. 

vi, chap. 1, sec. 4, and 1 Sam. vii, 2, 20 

The second error of Mr. Smith lies in making this servitude 
twenty-one years, instead of twenty, because of the frac- 
tion of a few months, which we have already shown is a 
false method of computing years. The fractions must 
always adhere to the following period. 
Eli's judgeship, b. v, chap. 11, sec. 3, and 1 Sam. iv, 18, . . 40 
Sixth servitude, to the Philistines, including twenty years' 
judgeship for Samson, before that of Eli, b. v, chap. 8, 

sec. 1, and Judges xiii, 1, and xv, 20, 40 

Here is the third error of Mr. Smith. He merges the first 



232 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

twenty years of Eli in the last twenty of the sixth serv- 
itude ; thus shortening the true chronology twenty years 
at a single stroke. But it is said, when Samson married 
a daughter of the Philistines — Judg. xiv, 4 — "the Philis- 
tines had dominion over Israel." And after Samson 
delivered Israel, Josephus says — b. v, chap. 9, sec. 1 — 
" Now after the death of Samson, Eli, the high-priest, was 
governor of the Israelites;" and — chapter xi, sec. 3 — "he 
retained the government forty years." But they could 
not be governed twenty years of that time by both Eli 
and the Philistines. The Israelites were generally judged 
by one of their own nation during their subjection to 
other nations, but they could not be governed by one 
of their own when they were under the "dominion" of 
strangers. Besides, the twenty years' judgeship of Sam- 
son are expressly said to be — Judg. xv, 20 — "in the days 
of the Philistines;" that is, while the Israelites were — as 
in chapter xiii, 1 — "delivered into the hand of the Philis- 
tines." This was for " forty years," to the latter of which 
Samson's twenty belonged; for on his death, Josephus 
says above, "Eli governed the Israelites." The conquest 
over the Philistines, therefore, by Samson at his death, 
terminated at the same time his term of judgeship, and 
marked the beginning of Eli's judgeship, and also the 
government of the Israelites for forty years. 
Abdon, years overlooked by Josephus, found Judg. xii, 

14, 8 

Elon, b. v, chap. 7, sec. 14, Judg. xii, 11, 10 

Ibzan, b. v, chap. 7, sec. 13, and Judg. xii, 9, 7 

Jephtha, b. v, chap. 7, sec. 12, and Judg. xii, 7, 6 

Fifth servitude, to the Amonites, b. v, chap. 7, sec. 10, and 

Judg. x, 8, 18 

Jair, b. v, chap. 7, sec. 6, and Judg. x, 3, 22 

Tola, not now in Josephus, found Judg. x, 2, 23 

A fourth error of Mr. Smith is in allowing Tola only 
twenty-two years, contrary to the text. 

Abimelech, b. v, chap. 7, sec. 2, and Judg. ix, 22, 3 

Gideon, b. v, chap. 6, sec. 7, and Judg. viii, 28, 40 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 233 

Fourth servitude, to the Midianites, b. v, chap. 6, caption, 

and Judg. vi, 1, 7 

Deborah and Barrack, b. v, chap. 5, sec. 4, and Judg. v, 31, 40 
Third servitude, to Canaanites, b. v, chap. 5, sec. 2, and 

Judg. iv, 3, 20 

Ehud and Shamgar, b. v, chap. 4, sec. 3, and Judg. iii, 30, 31, 80 
Josephus gives to Shamgar one year after the death of 

Ehud, and which is included in his 592 years. 
Second servitude, to Moabites, b. v, chap. 4, caption, and 

Judg. iii, 14, 18 

Othniel, b. v, chap. 3, sec. 3, and Judg. iii, 11, 40 

First servitude, to Mesopotamians, b. v, chap. 3, sec. 2, and 

Judg. iii, 8, 8 

The next in order is the anarchy, but as the number of its 
years is questioned, we pass over it at present, only 
remarking that to assign it any at this time would be an 
error of his who professes to follow Josephus in these 
items; Mr. Smith having attempted this, has, therefore, 
committed a fifth error. Indeed, his not counting the 
one year which Josephus gave to Shamgar, we may reckon 
as constituting his sixth error in departing from him whom 
he professes to follow. 

Next, Joshua, b. v, chap. 1, sec. 29, 25 

Moses, every-where, 40 

Which several items make just 611 

Add one year which Josephus gave to Shamgar, . 1 

And you have the number, 612 

Which Josephus frequently used for that period. Thus have 
we ascertained the authority of Josephus for using once in his 
work, on the fourth year of Solomon, the number "592." It 
is neither more nor less than the amount of his manifestly false 
captions to the preceding books. And we have also found his 
authority for his frequently-repeated number, " 612." It is the 
precise sum of the items, from the exode to the foundation of 
the temple, including the fourth year of Solomon, but excluding 
the time of the anarchy after Joshua. A correct chronology, 
taken from the Bible and Josephus — for they are both neces- 



234 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

sary — will exclude the year given by the latter to Shamgar, as 
we have already proved, in a previous part of this investigation. 
But we must retain at present the numbers of Josephus as he 
has furnished them, that, with them, we may the more easily 
pursue his mazy course in chronology. We shall now proceed 
to show that Josephus did, in the progress of his work next 
after the period of which we have been speaking, supply ten 
years for the anarchy after the death of Joshua, though he still 
accustomed himself, as we have noted, to speak of that period 
alone as containing only the sum of the particular items which 
we have given, "612." 

5. We first set down the sum of his books from the exode of 
Israel to the captivity of the ten tribes by Shalmanezer, the 
king of Assyria. 

Books 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, we have seen to David's death, .... 588 
Book 8, from David's death to the death of Ahab, . . . 163 
Book 9, from the death of Ahab to the aforesaid captivity, 157 

These headings, in this line of chronology, make, years, 908 

We next put down the sum of his items in the way he him- 
self has cast them up. We bring forward the number we have 
already taken from the exode, omitting now the four years 
given to Solomon, because they are included in his reign, with 
which we start in the next list. 

From the exode to the death of David, 608 

Solomon's reign, Antiq. b. viii, chap. 7, sec. 8, 80 

Rehoboam, b. viii, chap. 10, sec. 4. This and following, as 

the Bible, 17 

Abijah, 3 

Asa, 41 

Jehoshaphat, 25 

Jehoram, 8 

Ahaziah, 1 

Athaliah, ■ 6 

Jehoash, 40 

Amaziah, 29 

Interregnum, or minority of Uzziah. 

Uzziah, 52 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 235 

Jotham, 16 

Ahaz, 16 

Hezekiah's sixth year, to the captivity, 2 Kings xviii, 10, . 6 

Which items, as given by Josephus from the exode, make, 
years, . 948 

The only item in the foregoing catalogue which differs from 
the testimony of Scripture, is that which gives Solomon eighty 
instead of forty years. This excess, unauthorized, we presume, 
by any copy of the Hebrew Scriptures, was evidently added by 
Josephus, after he had arrived with his work to the time of this 
captivity; and on reviewing the length of time, as it is proved 
he did, by the sum of years he then gave, from the exode to 
that date, he discovered a defect of forty years ; and, without 
correcting each error in its proper place, he added the sum of 
the defects to the reign of Solomon, and wrote — Antiq., b. ix, 
chap. 14, sec. 1 — "The ten tribes of the Israelites were removed 
out of Judea nine hundred and forty -seven years after their 
forefathers were come out of the land of Egypt." In this 
statement, however, he varied from his own items one year by 
defect, as may be seen above. Deduct the forty years of excess 
given to Solomon from the above sum of the items — 948 — and 
the remainder will be 908, the precise sum of the headings of 
the books to the same date. And this fact shows that the head- 
ings of the books, after the death of David — as they are both 
wrong, and yet so number, in connection with the headings of 
the preceding books, as to tally perfectly with the sum of the 
several legitimate items, mentioned between the same limits, the 
exode and the captivity of the ten tribes — were designed to 
make an exact agreement with the sum of the items, 908, with- 
out any excess being given to any one. But as there were two 
intervals occurring after the exode and before the captivity, the 
years of which had not been mentioned in their proper places, 
the anarchy after Joshua, and the interregnum or minority 
preceding the reign of Uzziah, it was doubtless ascertained by 
Josephus that forty years were needed to be distributed on the 
past portions of his work to make its chronology complete ; and 
instead of giving one half of that number — twenty years — to 



236 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

each line of his chronology, which would have made them both 
even at this captivity, in the true sum of 928 years from the 
exode, he put the whole forty into the reign of Solomon, thereby 
extending the line of the items the whole number of forty years 
beyond the extent of the years noted in the headings of the 
books, and twenty years beyond the real demand of that period. 
There had been, as stated by Josephus, in the headings of his 
books, from the exode to the death of David, 588 years; and 
for the same limits, as he had stated in the items, 608 years — 
difference, twenty years. And from David's death to the afore- 
said captivity, on the heading line, he had stated 320 years ; but 
for the same period, by giving forty years excess to Solomon, 
the line of items made 340 years — difference of twenty years 
for this period. The error or discrepancy between both lines, 
from the exode to the foundation of the temple, including the 
fourth year of Solomon, would have been rectified, so far as 
items were expressed by Josephus, by adding to the sum of the 
headings, 592 — including the fourth of Solomon — the further 
sum of twenty years, thereby making both lines even at the 
sum of 612 years to that event. Or, more properly, as we 
have proved already, take away the one year Josephus had 
given to Shamgar, and the sum, as expressed by the other items, 
would stand at 611 years, to make the headings even with which 
would only require nineteen years of the excess given to Solo- 
mon. There would then have remained just twenty-one years 
to be divided between the two anarchies aforesaid. That inter- 
val between the reign of Uzziah and the death of his prede- 
cessor, we have proved, in its proper place, contained eleven 
years. (See chap, xiv, 4.) This sum being supplied out of the 
said twenty-one years of excess, leaves just ten years for the 
anarchy after the death of Joshua, making the whole number 
of years from the exode to the fourth of Solomon inclusive 
621. After which, according to the Bible, and Josephus thus 
corrected, there were just 307 years to the said captivity, 
including the sixth of Hezekiah, making the whole number from 
the exode to that event, 928 years. 

The same result is reached if we state the erroneous head- 
ings of the books, from the exode to David's death, . . 588 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 237 

And then add the sum of his items — giving eighty to Solo- 
mon — to the captivity, 340 

They will make the true sum of years, 928 

6. That Josephus intended to apply the aforesaid excess of 
forty years, which he had given to the reign of Solomon, as we 
have done, is abundantly confirmed by himself — Antiq., b. x, 
chap. 8, sec. 5. In this place, 133 years after the aforesaid 
captivity of the ten tribes, according to the items, as given both 
by Josephus and the Bible, including the eleventh year of 
Zedekiah, he said, "Now the temple was burnt 470 years after 
it was built." This number contains precisely the Scriptural 
items, as given by Josephus after the fourth year of Solomon, 
including the eleventh of Zedekiah, and also the excess, designed 
to rectify the whole from the year of the exode ; for, in the 
next sentence, he says, "It was then 1062 years from the 
departure out of Egypt." Now, it is most manifest that, if the 
470 years, which he gives between the building and burning of 
the temple, be added to the previously-mentioned false number, 
"592," which he once said included the year of its foundation 
from the exode, the amount will be, as here stated, 1062. This 
proves that the said excess of forty years was intended to cor- 
rect the number "592," together with the two anarchies we 
have mentioned, because that is the number needed, after a 
deduction of one year improperly given to Shamgar. The 
count of 470 years was taken from the line of the items after 
the fourth of Solomon; but, from the exode to the foundation 
of the temple, the count was taken from the headings of the 
books, "592," for no other sum, added to 470, will make 1062. 
Each line, taken by itself, is false ; but the above portions from 
each, correct the whole, as demanded by both Josephus and the 
Bible. Again: at the close of his Antiquities — b. xx, chap. 
10 — Josephus says, " From the exodus to the building of the 
temple were six hundred and twelve years." Here he states 
the sum of the several items, as he had given them to that event 
from the exode — not the sum of the captions to the several 
books, as he had done, by plain implication, in the other case. 
And when he next mentioned, in the last-cited place, the 



238 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

number of years from the foundation to the burning of the 
temple, through a strange blunder, he made a deduction of only 
four years, instead of twenty, from the line of items, after the 
fourth of Solomon, and wrote "four hundred and sixty-six 
years." This number being added to 612, makes 1078, just 
sixteen years more than he had made it, between the same 
events, in Book x, chap. 8, sec. 5. He should have deducted 
twenty years from the 470, which reached from the foundation 
to the burning of the temple; because, while the line of cap- 
tions, which made it only 592 years from the exode to said 
foundation, required the whole forty of excess in the subsequent 
line of items, to correct his own chronology to the burning of 
the temple, the line of items which made it 612 from the exode 
to the said foundation, lacked only twenty years to make it 
agree with his corrected number for the whole limit, 1062. 
Thus it appears that the aforesaid two lines, being each incor- 
rect, taken separately, have not only perplexed and misled 
others, but sometimes, for the want of attention, even Josephus 
himself. But the two citations above made from Books 10 and 
20, considered in connection with all the foregoing facts, afford 
a most important confirmation of the corrections, which we have 
made with the forty years excess given by Josephus to Solomon, 
and a complete nullification of the claims of 592, as containing 
the true number of years from the exode to the foundation of 
the temple. Take one year, improperly given to Shamgar, from 
1062, and the remainder, 1061, is the correct sum of years 
from the exode to the burning of the temple, including the 
eleven years of Zedekiah. 

7. If the above result needs further confirmation, it may be 
found in a preceding paragraph, where the conquest of the land 
of Canaan, and the first division of it, are proved to have occu- 
pied only five years. Add forty for the government of Moses 
in the wilderness, and 450 for the time of the judges, "till 
Samuel the prophet" — see 13th chapter of the Acts — and you 
have 495 years, including the thirtieth year of the judgeship 
of Eli, when Samuel was called to be a prophet. The items 
thence to the fourth of Solomon, ten for Eli, twenty for servi- 
tude to the Philistines, twelve for the sole government of 



TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLE. 239 

Samuel, forty for Saul, forty for David, and four for Solomon, 
including the foundation of the temple, make the true number, 
621. But when the spurious number, 592, is adopted as the 
limit of that period, retrenchments have to be violently made 
among the items, in order to make Paul's 450 years reach to 
the time when Samuel, according to Josephus, took the govern- 
ment for twelve years. And when this is done, Paul's testimony 
is evidently perverted; for he does not say, "till Samuel" was 
judge, or administered the government, which would be foreign 
to his purpose; but "till Samuel the prophet." And we know 
that "he was established to be a prophet of the Lord" in the 
days of Eli, while the ark was in Shiloh. 1 Sam. iii, 15-21. 
Paul's object was, as his words show, to mark the compassionate 
purpose of God toward Israel, as it had been distinctly mani- 
fested from time to time. First, he chose Israel; second, he 
exalted them from a state of bondage into a state of national 
freedom; third, he suffered their manners forty years in the 
wilderness ; fourth, he destroyed seven nations for their sake ; 
fifth, he divided the land to them by lot; sixth, he gave them 
judges 450 years ; seventh, he gave them prophets ; eighth, he 
gave them kings, etc. Every step is noted distinctly, and all is 
consistent, and easy of comprehension, if the intervening items 
be allowed to stand without retrenchment. Otherwise, all is 
confusion. 

Again : that the Hebrew text, which was used by Josephus, 
required that the foundation of the temple, which was laid in 
the fourth year of Solomon's reign, should also have been in 
the 621st year of the exodus, may be proved as follows: 
Josephus — who had said, Antiq., b. x, chap. 8, sec. 5, that from 
the exodus to the burning of the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, 
were "1062 years" — says — Jewish Wars, b. vi, chap. 10, sec. 
1 — that, from the taking of Jerusalem from the Jebusites by 
David — see 2 Sam. 5th chapter — till this demolition of the city 
by the Babylonians, "were 477 years, six months." Take these 
477 years and six months from the said 1062, and there will 
remain 584 years from the exode to the time when David got 
possession of the stronghold of Zion. Add to 584 years thirty- 
three, the balance of David's reign, and three full years of 

16 



240 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Solomon's reign, and you have, to the second month of his 
fourth year, the beginning of the 621st year of the exodus. 
This proof not only establishes the chronology here presented, 
from the exode to the foundation of the temple by Solomon, 
but also from that event to its being burnt by Nebuchadnezzar, 
440 years after its foundation, in the eleventh year of Zedekiah. 
From all the foregoing facts, therefore, we hold it as an estab- 
lished fact in chronology, that the foundation of the temple by 
Solomon was laid in the 621st year of the exodus. 

9. "We now bring forward, from chapter i, section 21, the 
years from Adam to the exodus : 

To the Flood, inclusive, 2262 

Thence to the birth of Abraham, 1132 

Thence to the call of Abraham, 75 

Thence to the birth of Isaac, 25 

Thence to the birth of Jacob, 60 

Thence to his removal to Egypt, 130 

Thence to the exodus under Moses, 215 

Total from Adam to the exodus, A. M., 3899 

Beginning with Abib, the seventh month of the 
last year, Moses governed . 40 years. 

Joshua conquered seven na- 
tions in 5 " 

Thence began judges, . . . 450 " 

Last ten years of Eli, ... 10 " 

Servitude to Philistines, . . 20 " 

Samuel governed, 12 " 

Saul " 40 " 

David " 40 " 

In the fourth of Solomon, . 4 " 

Temple founded An. Ex. Isr. 621, A.M. 4519, A.J. P. 3687. 



REIGN OF JEHORAM AND AHAZIAH. 241 



CHAPTER XIII. 

TO THE DEATH OF JEHORAM AND AHAZIAH — ONE 

HUNDRED AND THIRTY- ONE YEARS FROM 

THE FIFTH OF SOLOMON. 

1. On the death of Solomon, B. C. 990, the kingdom was di- 
vided. From that time, to the death of Ahaziah, king of Judah, 
and the death of Jehoram, king of Israel, both in the same 
day, B. C. 895, there were just ninety-five years, according to 
the items given in the legitimate line of Judah; but the sum 
of the items, in the more turbulent line of the house of Israel, 
amounted to ninety-eight years. The three years of redun- 
dancy we have corrected, as some others have done, by taking 
one year from each of the following kings — Baasha, Elah, and 
Omri; but it is impossible to harmonize the length and com- 
mencement of the several reigns, in each line, with their Scrip- 
tural dates. In our general synchronical table, we have cor- 
rected the sum total, as stated above, and also proposed a 
harmony of the whole. We will here give the proposed cor- 
rection of the reigns of the kings of Israel, as far as practicable, 
to make the commencements, in both lines, correspond to the 
statements of the Bible, 'assuming, as the most probable fact, 
that the reigns of the kings of Judah always dated from the 
month Abib, in the spring of the year ; that those of the kings 
of Israel were counted from the commencement of the civil 
year, the month of Tisri, in the fall ; and that the latter began 
six months after the former, corresponding exactly with the 
beginnings and endings of the years before Christ, till the reign 
of Jehu, B. C. 895. 

2. Rehoboam began Abib, current year B. C. 990, and 
reigned seventeen years over the house of Judah — 1 Kings xiv, 
21. And Jeroboam began, six months after, with the year 
B. C. 989, and reigned twenty-two years over the house of 
Israel — 1 Kings xiv, 20. 

3. Abijam succeeded Rehoboam, B. C. 973, in the eighteenth 



242 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

year of Jeroboam, for three years over the house of Judah — 
1 Kings xv, 1, 2. This requires that Rehoboam's reign should 
have exceeded seventeen solid years, long enough to bring the 
actual beginning of Abijam's administration into the eighteenth 
of Jeroboam, B. C. 972, though this fraction over the solid 
year of Rehoboam accrued to the first year of his son, in the 
tabular count ; for the count of solid years, in the tables, were 
necessary to preserve the chronology correctly, from age to 
age ; while the notations of the times of different transactions 
would keep up a correct history of events. 

4. Asa followed Abijam over the house of Judah, B. C. 970, 
in the twentieth year of Jeroboam — 1 Kings xv, 9 — for forty- 
one years. 

5. In the second year of Asa — 1 Kings xv, 25 — began Na- 
dab over the house of Israel for two years; but it is said — 
1 Kings xv, 28, 33 — that Baasha, in the third year of Asa, 
began to reign twenty-four years over Israel. From the second 
to the third of Asa, Nadab could not have reigned two years ; 
and as Baasha slew Nadab "in the third year of Asa, and 
reigned in his stead," therefore Nadab must have reigned his 
two years principally with his father, in order to be slain in the 
third year of Asa ; for Asa's third year began only six months 
before the end of Jeroboam's twenty-second year, B. C. 968. 
Nadab, in connection with his father, could only reign a part 
of the second, and a part of the third years of Asa, that Baasha 
might begin, as required, in his third year, B. C. 967, which 
is generally counted as the first of Nadab. 

6. In the twenty-sixth year of Asa, B. C. 944, began Elah 
for two years to reign over Israel — 1 Kings xvi, 8. Here it 
becomes necessary to allow Baasha only twenty-three solid 
years instead of twenty-four, that Elah may begin in the 
twenty-sixth year of Asa, according to the above text. 

7. In the twenty-seventh of Asa, B. C. 943, began Zimri, 
Tibni, and Omri, to reign over the house of Israel for twelve 
years — 1 Kings xvi, 10, 15, 21-23. This text demands that 
Elah have only one sole year, beginning B. C. 944, as above 
stated, that Zimri, etc., should begin the twenty-seventh year 
of Asa, B. C. 943. 



REIGN OF J EH OR AM AND AHAZIAH. 243 

8. In the thirty-eighth year of Asa, B. C. 932, began Ahab 
to reign over Israel for twenty-two years — 1 Kings xvi, 29. 
This requires that Omri have only eleven years, that Ahab 
may begin his twenty-two years in the thirty-eighth year of 
Asa. 

9. The fourth year of Ahab, B. C. 929, Jehoshaphat began 
to reign twenty-five years over the house of Judah — 1 Kings 
xxii, 41, 42. 

10. In the seventeenth year of Jehosaphat, B. C. 912, began 
Ahaziah for two years over Israel — 1 Kings xxii, 51. This 
requires that Ahab have only twenty solid years, that Ahaziah 
may begin the seventeenth of Jehoshaphat. 

11. In the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat, B. C. 911, Je- 
horam began to reign over Israel for twelve years — 2 Kings 
iii, 1 — and Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat, it is said — 2 Kings 
viii, 16, 17 — began to reign eight years over the house of 
Judah, in the fifth year of Jehoram, king of Israel. The 
twenty-fifth of Jehoshaphat expired in the current year, B. C. 
904, which, according to the above corrections, was the eighth, 
instead of the fifth year of Jehoram, king of Israel ; though if, 
as some believe, Jehoram was associated with his father Jehosh- 
aphat, the last three years of his reign, the first of them would 
begin in the fifth year of Jehoram, king of Israel; and the 
eighth sole year of Jehoram, king of Judah, ending in the year 
B. C. 896, when Ahaziah, his successor for one year, must 
begin — 2 Kings viii, 26 — it is required, in order to complete 
this harmony, hitherto established with very slight corrections, 
that the reign of Jehoram, king of Israel, should be extended 
to seventeen years, B. C. 895, when both he and Ahaziah, 
king of Judaji, were slain on the same day. 

In the foregoing corrections, we have assumed that the line 
of Judah, as a truthful standard of chronology, must govern 
the chronology of the house of Israel; so that, from the 
division of the kingdom, on the death of Solomon, to the deaths 
of the two kings, Jehoram and Ahaziah, on the same day, were 
just ninety-five years — making this chapter contain, after the 
fourth year of Solomon, 131 years, to A. M. 4651. 



244 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

REIGNS OVER THE HOUSES OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL 
TO THEIR CAPTIVITIES. 

1. Athaliah next took the kingdom of Judah for six years, 
dating from the spring of the year, Abib, B. C. 895 — 2 Kings 
xi, 3 — and Jehu's twenty-eight years over the house of Israel 
began about the same time — 2 Kings x, 36 — the two kings, 
Ahaziah and Jehoram, having been killed some time in the 
summer of A. J. P. 3819. 

2. Joash, or Jehoash, began to reign forty years over Judah, 
in the seventh year of Jehu, B. C. 889 — 2 Kings xii, 1 — Je- 
hoahaz began for seventeen years over the house of Israel, 
with the twenty-third year of Joash, B. C. 867 — 2 Kings 
xiii, 1 — and Jehoash was associated with his father Jehoahaz 
over the kingdom of Israel, in the thirty-seventh year of Joash, 
king of Judah, and, after his father's death, he reigned over 
Israel sixteen years, from B. C. 850 — 2 Kings xiii, 10. 

3. Amaziah began, B. C. 849, to reign over Judah twenty- 
nine years, in the second year of the sole reign of Jehoash, 
king of Israel — 2 Kings xiv, 1, 2 — and Jeroboam II began 
B. C. 834, to reign over Israel forty-one years, in the fifteenth 
year of Amaziah — 2 Kings xiv, 23. As Amaziah lived fifteen 
years after the death of Jehoash, king of Israel — 2 King3 
xiv, 17 — and Jeroboam II began in the fifteenth of Amaziah, 
it is most likely that Jeroboam II was associated one year with 
his father Jehoash before he died, and that Amaziah somewhat 
exceeded his twenty-ninth year before he died. 

4. As the twenty-nine solid years of Amaziah end with the 
fourteenth sole year of Jeroboam II, and as the first year of 
Uzziah, son of Amaziah, began for fifty-two years, in the 
twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam — 2 Kings xv, 1- — which must 
have been from his association with his father — therefore eleven 
years of the minority of Uzziah must have elapsed after the 
twenty-ninth of his father Amaziah, B. C. 820, and before the 



HOUSES OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 245 

first year of his son, in the beginning of the said twenty-seventh 
associate year of Jeroboam II, B. C. 809. (See ch. xii, 5, of 
this work.) 

5. As Zechariah — 2 Kings xv, 8 — began to reign over Israel 
six months, in the thirty-eighth year of Uzziah, king of Judah ; 
as Shallum — thirteenth verse — began to reign a month over 
Israel, in the thirty-ninth year of Uzziah ; and as Menahem — 
sixteenth verse — began to reign over Israel for ten years, like- 
wise in the thirty-ninth year of Uzziah ; therefore, after the 
forty-first and last sole year of Jeroboam II, B. C. 793, cor- 
responding to the sixteenth year of Uzziah, there must have 
elapsed, before the end of the thirty-eighth year of Uzziah, 
B. C. 771, twenty-two years of anarchy, in some part of the 
last year of which Zechariah began to reign six months ; and 
though the following year of Uzziah, B. C. 770, Shallum 
began to reign one month, and the same year Menahem began 
to reign for ten years, yet, the latter being succeeded by 
Pekahiah for two years, in or with the fiftieth year of Uzziah — 
twenty-third verse — B. C. 760, the above anarchy must have 
lasted another year, making in all twenty-three years, before 
the government was settled in the hands of Menahem ; for the 
fraction of six months, in the thirty-eighth year of Uzziah, 
could not entitle Zechariah to one year; neither could the 
fraction of one month by Shallum, in the thirty-ninth of 
Uzziah, entitle him to one year ; while the beginning of Peka- 
hiah, in the fiftieth year of Uzziah, determines the commence- 
ment of Menahem's ten years to the beginning of the fortieth 
of Uzziah, B. C. 770. 

6. Pekah began to reign twenty years over Israel, in the 
beginning of the fifty-second year of Uzziah, B. C. 758 — 
2 Kings xv, 27 — and Jotham began to reign over Judah six- 
teen years, in the beginning of the second year of Pekah, king 
of Israel, B. C. 757—2 Kings xv, 32. 

7. Ahaz began to reign over Judah sixteen years, in the 
seventeenth year of Pekah, B. C. 741 — 2 Kings xvi, 1, 2. It 
is probable that Ahaz reigned with Jotham, his father, a part 
of the last year of that prince. 

8. As Hezekiah began to reign over Judah twenty-nine 



246 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

years, in the third year of Hoshea, king of Israel — 2 Kings 
xviii, 1, 2 — corresponding to the sixteenth and last year of 
Ahaz, which ended about the middle of the year B. C. 725, 
Hoshea's nine years must therefore be counted, not from the 
twelfth of Ahaz, when he began to reign in Samaria — 2 Kings 
xvii, 1 — but from the beginning of the fourteenth year of that 
king, B. C. 728 ; for we also learn, from 2 Kings xviii, 9, 10, 
that the fourth and sixth years of Hezekiah correspond to the 
seventh and ninth years of Hoshea. These proofs require that 
after the death of Pekah, king of Israel, B. C. 738, there 
should be a second interregnum of ten years, in the house of 
Israel. 

9. From the last-cited passage, it appears that Samaria was 
taken by the king of Assyria, about the end of Hezekiah's 
sixth year, and the ninth of Hoshea, B. C. 719, A. J. P. 3995 ; 
and during the summer of that Julian year, which, as Josephus 
says — Antiq. b. ix, c. 14, sec. 1 — was the seventh year of Heze- 
kiah, the ten tribes of Israel were carried into Media and Persia. 
This event occurred A. M. 4827, in the third year of Mardoc- 
Empadus, king of Babylon ; the eleventh year of Shalmanezer, 
king of Assyria; the fifty-eighth Olympic year; the thirty- 
fifth from the building of Rome; the twenty-ninth from the 
Era of Nabonassar ; the tenth year of So, king of Egypt ; 
and 928 full years from the exodus of Israel out of Egypt — 
this kingdom having stood 271 years. 

10. After the captivity of the ten tribes, Hezekiah finished 
his reign of twenty-nine years about the middle of the year 
B. C. 696, when Manasseh began his long reign of fifty-five 
years over Judah — 2 Kings xxi, 1. At the end of his reign, 
B. C. 641, his son Amon reigned two years — nineteenth verse. 
This reign ending B. C. 639, Josiah took the kingdom for 
thirty-one years — 2 Kings xxii, 1. At the close of this reign, 
B. C. 608, Jehoahaz became king for three months, when he 
was taken prisoner by Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt, who put 
in his place Eliakim, his brother, and called him Jehoiakim. 
About the beginning of the year, E. N. 143, the last year of 
Nabopollassar, which began January twenty-second, A. J. P. 
4109, B. C. 605, in the latter part of the third year of Jehoia- 



HOUSES OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 247 

kim — Dan. i, 1 — Nebuchadnezzar, being associated with his 
father in the government of Babylon, was sent by him — see 
Berosus in Josephus, b. x, ch. 11, sec. 1 — to subdue certain 
provinces that had revolted, in Egypt, Celosyria, etc. The 
same year, early in the fourth of Jehoiakim, which commenced 
in March of the same Julian year, being the twenty-third from 
the thirteenth year of Josiah — Jer. xxv, 1-11 — after Nebu- 
chadnezzar had fought the Egyptians, besieged and taken 
Carchemish, reduced the provinces and cities of Syria and 
Phenicia, he took Jerusalem — put Jehoiakim under certain 
oppressive restrictions — and, about the beginning of the next 
year, E. N. 144, still being the fourth of Jehoiakim, having 
heard of the death of his father, Nabopollassar, he provided for 
the conveyance of a portion of the captive Jews to Babylon, 
and hastened himself thither to receive the kingdom, which a 
friend had retained for him. From which it is manifest, that 
the first of the seventy years' captivity was counted by Daniel 
from the latter part of the third of Jehoiakim, when, about the 
beginning of the last year of Nabopollassar, E. N. 143, Nebu- 
chadnezzar subdued Egypt, to which Jerusalem was then tribu- 
tary, though the latter was not actually taken till a few months 
after. This captivity may, therefore, be set down as beginning 
with A. J. P. 4109; B. C. 605; or E. N. 143. From the 
time the Jews became subject to Nebuchadnezzar, they num- 
bered the years of his reign ; but his sole reign, as given in the 
canon of Ptolemy, did not begin till the following year. 

11. Jehoiakim finished his reign of eleven years, B. C. 597, 
and Jehoiakin reigned three months and ten days — 2 Kings 
xxiv, 8; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 9 — when Zedekiah was put in his 
place for eleven years — 18th verse. In the eleventh year of 
Zedekiah, fifth month, Ab, seventh day, Saturday, being the 
fifteenth of July, A. J. P. 4127, Jerusalem was entered by the 
Chaldeans ; and the temple was burnt on Tuesday, the tenth 
day of Ab, the eighteenth of July, on the same day of the 
week that Solomon laid its foundation, four hundred and forty 
years, three months, and eight days before. This was in the 
nineteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar, counting from the subjec- 
tion of the Jews to that prince, but in his eighteenth according 



248 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

to the canon. (See Berosus and Josephus's Antiquities, b. x, 
ch. 8, sec. 5, and b. i, sec. 21, against Apion ; also, 2 Kings 
xxv, 8 ; Jer. lii, 12, 13.) The eleventh of Zedekiah was unfin- 
ished, being still in A. M. 4959; B. C. 58T; E. N. 161; An. 
Ex. Isr. 1061 ; Rabbinical A. M. 3174; Usherian A. M. 3417; 
A. J. P. 4127. The above-cited Scriptures assert that the 
burning of the temple was on the tenth day of the fifth eccle- 
siastical month. And my Mosaic cycle for that year, An. Ex. 
Isr. 1061, requires for it Tuesday, the eighteenth of July ; the 
current Rabbinical year requires Friday, the twenty- eighth; 
the Golden Number of the Nicene Council requires Tuesday, 
the twenty-fifth ; and Usher's calendar, for that year, or his 
corresponding year, requires Monday, August twenty-eighth; 
but as his calculation was for the previous year, his calendar 
required the burning of the temple on Saturday, the twenty- 
seventh of August. Thus may be seen the conflicting decisions 
of these calendars in respect to the day of burning the temple. 
I consider it as abundantly proved that my Mosaic cycle con- 
tains the calendar of the holy Scriptures after the exodus. 
The Septuagint, with a single obvious correction, at the birth 
of Abraham, required the exodus on the fifteenth of Nisan, 
A. M. 3899, being Saturday, the twenty-seventh of March, A. 
J. P. 3067. The same days are demanded — fifteenth of Nisan 
and twenty-seventh of March — for the corresponding Rabbin- 
ical A. M. 2114; and the truth of this synchronism, on said 
Saturday of the said year of the exode, can be demonstrated 
by counting the Saturdays in each calendar down to the 
present day. The calendar was changed at the month of the 
exodus ; and the first day of the first month of the second 
year, Moses set up the whole of the tabernacle, put the show- 
bread on the Lord's table, and began the consecration of 
Aaron and his sons. (See Exodus, 40th chapter.) The day 
of these solemnities is proved to have been Saturday, by Lev. 
xxiv, 8, because the loaves of show-bread were then put on 
the table, and this law expressly required it to be done " every 
Sabbath" The other calendars above-mentioned fail to answer 
to this demand of holy Scripture. Numerous other proofs 
have been furnished of the correspondence of my Mosaic 



HOUSES OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 249 

calendar to the calls of Scripture and Jewish history. I take 
it, therefore, as established, that the temple was burnt on 
Tuesday. 

12. Jehoiakin's captivity, and that of Ezekiel, began A. M. 
4949; B. C. 597; A. J. P. 4117; An. Ex. Isr. 1051, on the 
tenth day of the fourth month, Tammuz, being Sunday, the 
sixteenth of June — 2 Chron. xxxvi, 9 — the eighth sole year of 
Nebuchadnezzar. 2 Kings xxiv, 12. Ezekiel generally dates 
his prophecies, in solid years, from Abib of that year ; but the 
first in order — Ezekiel i, 1, 2 — has two dates: the first from the 
first month of the eighteenth year of Josiah, when the temple 
was purified, a great Passover kept, and the covenant to keep 
the law of Moses was solemnly renewed, B. C. 622 ; A. J. P. 
4092; An. Ex. Isr. 1026 — see 2 Chron. xxxiv, 8, and xxxv, 
1 — the thirtieth year from which event was the date of the 
above-cited prophecy. The second was "the fourth month, in 
the fifth day of the month, which was the fifth year of king 
Jehoiakin's captivity," B. C. 593; A. J. P. 4121; An. Ex. 
Isr. 1055. This twofold date is very important. It was the 
thirtieth year from their covenant engagement to keep the law, 
and the fifth of a king's captivity for violating it. The latter 
date proves, also, that the prophet counted the years, not from 
the tenth of Tammuz, which would be five days short of four 
years, but from the first month of the year of the king's cap- 
tivity ; whence it followed that the first month of the year of 
the prophecy was both the first month of the thirtieth and the 
fifth years mentioned in the dates. This is another plain 
proof of the truth of what we have often had occasion to 
notice, that the year in which an event comes to pass is the 
first year of an era denominated from it, irrespective of the 
time of the year in which it occurs. 

This chapter extends through three hundred and eight years, 
to the burning of the temple, B. C. 587. 



250 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE SEVENTY YEARS ENDING: THE FIRST OF 

CYRUS, AND THE SEVENTY ENDING AT 

THE DEDICATION OF THE SECOND 

TEMPLE. 

1. We have seen, in the explanation of the famous era of 
Nabonassar, that its commencement was pinned down, with 
astronomical exactness, to the year of the Julian period 3967, 
February the twenty-sixth — -just ten solid days before the 
tenth year of Jotham, king of Judah, ended. Counting from 
this fixed point, according to the canon of Ptolemy, and the 
corresponding years of the Jews, we arrive at the first year 
of the Babylonish captivity, as declared by the prophets Dan- 
iel and Jeremiah. It is described by the former — Daniel i, 
1, 2 — as beginning "in the third year of Jehoiakim, king of 
Judah," when "the Lord gave him into the hand of Nebuchad- 
nezzar, king of Babylon;" and it is described by the latter — ■ 
Jeremiah xxv, 1-11 — as being a the fourth year of Jehoiakim, 
and the first year of Nebuchadnezzar, when " the word came 
to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah, that they 
should serve the king of Babylon seventy years." These 
prophets have thus fixed the times of the beginning and end- 
ing of this captivity. The beginning was " in the third year 
of Jehoiakim," when he was "given into the hand of Nebu- 
chadnezzar." This took place when Egypt, then having do- 
minion over Judah — 2 Kings xxiii, 33, 34 — was reduced by 
Nebuchadnezzar in the third year of Jehoiakim. The length 
of this subjection to the king of Babylon was revealed to 
Jeremiah "in the fourth year of Jehoiakim," but "in the 
first year of Nebuchadnezzar," which began, according to 
Daniel, in Jehoiakim's third year. It is established by Ezra 
i, 1, etc., that the seventieth year of the captivity coincided 
with "the first year of Cyrus, king of Persia," which, accord- 
ing to the canon of Ptolemy, was E. N. 212, B. C. 536. 



THE TWO PEEIODS OF SEVENTY YEARS. 251 

Subtract seventy less one from 212, and the remainder will 
show that the first year of this captivity coincided with the year 
E. N. 143. This, according to the said canon, was the twenty- 
first or last year of Nabopollassar, with whom, according to 
Berosus, in Josephus — Antiq., b. x, chap. 11, sec. 1 — his son, 
Nebuchadnezzar, was then associated in the government. It 
began, according to the canon and the Julian calendar, on 
Friday, the twenty-second day of January, A. J. P. 4109. 
This first year of the captivity, as has just been proved, was 
composed of the third and fourth years of Jehoiakim, because 
it began the latter part of the third, and ended at the same 
time in the fourth of that king. The year itself is called 
"the first year of Nebuchadnezzar," as doubtless constituting 
the era from which the Jews reckoned their subjection to the 
kings of Babylon. It is not only proved to have been the 
aforesaid associate year, by reversing the seventy years from 
the first of Cyrus inclusive, according to the Jewish account, 
but it is confirmed, also, by the specified time when the temple 
was afterward burnt, on the tenth day of the fifth month of 
the eleventh year of Zedekiah, and in the nineteenth year of 
Nebuchadnezzar. Jeremiah lii, 12, 13. This event, as we 
have before proved, took place not in the Julian and Nabonas- 
sarian year, in which Zedekiah 's eleventh year would have ended 
had he finished it, but in the same in which he began it, A. J. 
P. 4127, E. N. 161, being " the nineteenth year of Nebuchad- 
nezzar," but only the eighteenth of his sole reign, according 
to the canon and Berosus, in Josephus against Apion, book i, 
20, 21. Thus do we unmistakably unite the canon of Ptolemy 
with the chronology of the Bible. 

We, therefore, set down, as fixed points, the beginning of 
this captivity as concurrent with the Nabonassarian year 143 ; 

A. J. P. 4109; B. C. 605; and the ending year as correspond- 
ing to E. N. 212; A. J. P. 4178; B. C. 536, the first year of 
Cyrus. 

Also, the first year of Jehoiakin's captivity is established as 
a fixed point, by the last of the eleventh year of Jehoiakim's 
reign, which terminated in the year of the Julian period 4117, 

B. C. 597 ; E. N. 151, though the whole of the latter is 



252 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

counted to Jehoiakin's captivity, being the first ; and also the 
last, or thirty-seventh of his captivity, when he was released, 
is made a certain date by its being in the first year of Evil 
Merodach's reign, E. N. 187—2 Kings xxv, 27— and on the 
twenty-seventh of the last month of the Jewish ecclesiastical 
year, being Sunday, the twenty-ninth of February, a leap 
year, A. J. P. 4153, dominical letters D. C. As customary 
among the Jews, the fractions of the first and last years of 
this term are counted, the first as a full year, and the last, as 
expressed, " in the seven and thirtieth year of Jehoakin's cap- 
tivity," or "the first year of Evil Merodach." But these were 
Nabonassarian years. There were not quite thirty-six solid 
Jewish years from the tenth of Tammuz, the fourth Jewish 
month, An. Ex. Isr. 1051, when this captivity began — 2 Chron. 
xxxvi, 9 — being June 16, A. J. P. 4117, till the twenty-seventh 
of the twelfth month, Adar, An. Ex. Isr. 1086; A. J. P. 
4153, February twenty-ninth, when Jehoiakin was taken out of 
prison. 

Nebuchadnezzar reigned forty-four years, if we count with 
the Jews from his associate year with his father, when the cap- 
tivity began, but only forty-three according to the canon. He 
was succeeded by his son, Evil Merodach, E. N. 187; B. C. 
561, for two years. Next, Neriglissar, a usurper, not men- 
tioned with the son and grandson of Nebuchadnezzar — Jer. 
xxvii, 7 — took possession of the kingdom for four years. 
These years, found in the canon of Ptolemy, are necessary to 
fill up the seventy years with the first of Cyrus. Neriglissar 
was followed by Nabonadius, or Belshazzar, E. N. 193, who 
was slain by the forces of Darius, the Mede, and Cyrus, the 
Persian, after he had reigned seventeen years. This was A. 
M. 5007; B. C. 539; E. N. 209, the last year of "this head 
of gold;" 2219 years from the first reported year of Nimrod — 
it should be 2468, from the year of the dispersion — 1597 years 
from the conquest of Babylon by Ninus ; and sixty-seven years 
from the subjection of the Jews to the king of Babylon. 

2. According to the Jewish account, after Darius, the Mode, 
had reigned two years, under the decree of the first year of 
Cyrus, E. N. 212; B. C. 536, 42,360 Jews went from Babylon 



THE TWO PERIODS OF SEVENTY YEARS. 253 

to Jerusalem — Ezra ii, 64 — and in the current Jewish year, the 
seventh month, they kept the feast of tabernacles. Ezra iii, 
1-7. And "in the second year of their coming to the house 
of God, at Jerusalem, in the second month," they began to 
rebuild the house of the Lord. Ezra iii, 8. This was A. J. 
P. 4179; B. C. 535; An. Ex. Isr. 1113; Dom. Letter F; and 
according to 1 Esdras v, 57, the first day of Zif, or Ijar, which 
was Monday, the first day of April, when the foundation was 
laid. Before they began to build "seventy years were accom- 
plished in the desolations of Jerusalem." Daniel ix, 2. But 
the people of the land prevented the Jews from making much 
progress in the work all the days of Cyrus. Ezra iv, 4, 5. 
Cambyses, called Ahasuerus — Ezra iv, 6 — succeeded his father 
Cyrus, E. N. 219; B. C. 529. The work was hindered all the 
time of his reign, which, according to the canon, as we now 
have it, was seven years and five months ; but according to 
Josephus's Antiquities, book xi, chap* 2, sec. 2, it was only 
"six years." As this correction harmonizes the sixty-nine 
weeks of Daniel with the seventh year of Artaxerxes Longim- 
anus, as the time of their commencement, and the time of 
the manifestation of "Messiah the Prince," to Israel, at his 
baptism, we have, therefore, adopted it, and allowed Cambyses 
only six years and five months. His successor, Smerdis, the 
usurper, called Artaxerxes — Ezra iv, 7 — reigned seven months, 
which, being added to the last five months of Cambyses, make 
one year for him. This was E. N. 225. The work was 
hindered during his reign, and till the second year of his 
successor, called Darius. Ezra iv, 24. This was Darius Hys- 
taspes, whose reign, according to the above correction of the 
canon, began E. K 226; A. J. P. 4192; B. C. 522. In the 
second year of this king, E. N. 227, which began January, the 
first day, A. J. P. 4193, a leap year, the prophets, Haggai and 
Zechariah, began to prophesy and urge the Jews to go on with 
the house of the Lord. In Hag. i, 1, it is said, "In the 
second year of Darius the king, in the sixth month, in the 
first day of the month, came the word of the Lord," etc. 
See, also, the fifteenth verse, and second chapter, first verse, 
where it is said, "In the seventh month, in the one and twentieth 



254 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

day of the month, came the word of the Lord/ 5 etc. See, 
also, the tenth verse — and the "twenty-fourth day of the 
month," when the foundation of the temple was laid — verse 
18th. And then it is said — Zech. i, 1 — " In the eighth month, 
in the second year of Darius, came the word of the Lord 
unto Zechariah," etc.; and, in the seventh verse, it is said, 
" Upon the four and twentieth day of the eleventh month, 
which is the month Sebat, in the second year of Darius, came 
the word of the Lord unto Zechariah," etc. We call atten- 
tion to these several prophecies, all "in the second year of 
Darius," to show that Zechariah began his prophecy a few 
months before Haggai. The fact seems to have escaped the 
notice of all chronologers and commentators that I have 
consulted, except Dr. Prideaux, who asserts, without proof, 
that it was " the third of Darius, according to the Babylonian 
and Persian account, but the second according to the Jewish." 
Connec, 1 vol., p. 175. But the proof furnished — Zech. i, 7 — 
is decisive against this solution of the difficulty, because the 
twenty-fourth day of the Jewish eleventh month, Sebat, in 
either the second or "third" year of Darius — of the beginning 
of which Zechariah was not ignorant — could not belong to the 
same Jewish year that the "sixth," "seventh," and "ninth" 
months of Haggai did ; for the second year of Darius, begin- 
ning, as we have seen, the first day of January, A. J. P. 4193, 
a leap year, would end the thirtieth of the following Decem- 
ber ; and the year of the Jews, to which the sixth, seventh, 
and ninth months of Haggai belonged, beginning Saturday, 
the twelfth of March of the same Julian year, the twenty- 
fourth of the eleventh month of that Jewish year, would fall 
on the thirty-first day of January, A. J. P. 4194, a month and 
one day, Persian time, after the third year of Darius had 
commenced. But as the vision of Zechariah — Zech. i, 7 — was 
on "the eleventh month, Sebat," and "in the second year of 
Darius," it follows that it was the previous Jewish year, An. 
Ex. Isr. 1126, the twenty-fourth of the eleventh month of 
which would fall on Tuesday, the twenty-sixth day of January, 
A. J. P. 4193, being also the twenty-sixth day of Thoth, the 
first month of that Persian year, the second of Darius. The 



THE TWO PERIODS OP SEVENTY YEARS. 255 

Nabonassarian year, the Persian being the same, and the 
Julian year could only begin on the same day once every 
1460 solar years, the former having always 365 days. Ac- 
cording to the above evidence, the first six verses of the first 
chapter of Zechariah should be inserted first in order in the 
third chapter, and the first chapter should begin at the seventh 
verse, where the subject more properly requires it; for the 
line of the workman had not then been stretched over Jeru- 
salem. And the twelfth verse proves that, to that time, for 
"threescore and ten years," the Lord had had "indignation" 
against Jerusalem; which seventy years began between the 
fifth day of the sixth month of the sixth year of Jehoiakin's 
captivity, or of Zedekiah's reign, B. C. 592 — Ezek. viii, 1 — 
and the tenth day of the fifth month of the seventh year of 
said captivity, or reign, B. C. 591. Ezekiel xx, etc. It 
was, doubtless, during the vision, which opened with the eighth 
chapter of Ezekiel, that the seventy years mentioned in Zech- 
ariah commenced when Zedekiah broke his covenant with 
Nebuchadnezzar, by seeking an alliance with Egypt against 
the king of Babylon. (See Ezekiel xvii, 1-21.) The seventy 
years just mentioned were, therefore, about ended. Moreover, 
Zechariah i, 20, 21, proves that heavenly messengers were 
just then come to put down heathen obstruction to the rebuild- 
ing of God's house; and, therefore, the second chapter of this 
vision, verses 1-4, represents a " young man" traveling with 
a measuring-line in his hand to measure Jerusalem, etc. This 
was doubtless Zerubbabel, who, as Josephus says — Antiq., book 
xi, chap. 3, sec. 1, 2 — visited Darius, and attended a feast of 
the king's in the u first year" of his reign; and, after he had 
pleased the king with wise sayings, he obtained from him a 
grant, according to a vow which he had previously made, that 
the temple, on his becoming king, should be built according to 
the decree of Cyrus. With this favor he went forth from the 
presence of the king at Shushan, his winter residence, to his 
brethren at Babylon, gladdening their hearts with the news. 
And at this very time — 1 Esdras iv, 58 — Zerubbabel is called 
a " young man" which accounts perfectly agree with the testi- 
mony of Zechariah — ii, 1-13 — in the first month of the second 

17 



256 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

year of Darius, when Jehovah sent an angel to encourage this 
"young man," Zerubbabel, to lay the measuring-line on Jeru- 
salem, and to give notice that "all flesh should be silent 
before the Lord, for that he was raised up out of his holy 
habitation " to favor the building of his house at Jerusalem. 

3. We learn from Ezra vi, 15, " that the house was finished 
on the third day of the month Adar," which was the twelfth 
ecclesiastical month of the Jews, and " in the sixth year of 
Darius, the king." This was early in the Persian year, being 
E. N. 231; An. Ex. Isr. 1130; A. J. P. 4197, Dom. Letters 
E. D., Thursday, the sixth of February, about nineteen years 
after the decree of Cyrus; and then, in the beginning of the 
following month, Abib, or Nisan, which was the beginning of 
the year of the exode of Israel 1131, they solemnly dedicated 
the house, and kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the 
first month. (See Ezra vi, 16-22.) From the year in which 
the temple was burnt unto that in which this dedication took 
place, were just seventy years. 



PERIOD AFTER THE SECOND TEMPLE. 257 

CHAPTER XVI. 

PERIOD AFTER THE SECOND TEMPLE. 

1. After the dedication of the second temple, in the sixth 
year of Darius Hystaspes, he, having reigned thirty-six years, 
was succeeded in the Persian throne by Xerxes, A. J. P. 
4227, December twenty-third, Friday, E. N. 262, the first 
day of Thoth. Mention is made of this king — Dan. xi, 2 — as 
" the fourth, [after Cyrus,] that should be far richer than they 
all ; and by his strength through his riches he should stir up 
all against the realm of Grecia." That Xerxes did this, his 
history abundantly proves. Cyrus was reigning when Daniel 
had this vision. After him, Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius 
Hystaspes, "three kings in Persia stood up;" and then Xerxes, 
numbering an army, according to Herodotus, of 5,283,220 
men, reigned twenty-one years. 

2. Xerxes was succeeded by his son, Artaxerxes Longim- 
anus, A. J. P. 4248, December eighteenth, B. C. 466, E. N. 
283, the first day of Thoth. This was the Ahasuerus of the 
book of Esther, and the Artaxerxes under whose decree, in the 
seventh year of his reign, Ezra went to Jerusalem and com- 
menced the reformation of the worship of God, according to 
the law of Moses. This king is referred to — Ezra vi, 14 — 
as the third who favored the Jews by royal commandment. 
Cyrus commanded the building of the house, and Darius 
Hystaspes confirmed this commandment, fifteen years after 
the work had been hindered ; and under his favor, the sixth 
year of his reign, the house of the Lord was finished and 
dedicated. But it wa3 as necessary to reform the Church 
according to the law of Moses as to rebuild the literal temple. 
This was the point to which prophecy had especially looked ; 
therefore, 

3. Artaxerxes Longimanus was prevailed on, in the seventh 
year of his .reign — Ezra vii, 7, etc. — to send " forth the com- 
mandment to restore and to build Jerusalem." This was in 



258 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

fulfillment of Daniel ix, 25. The law had to be restored; 
therefore the commandment issued to Ezra, a scribe of the 
law of the Lord. It is said, in the last-cited text, " From the 
going forth of the commandment to restore and to build 
Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince, would be seven weeks, 
[the time occupied in completing the reformation, when the 
prophetic spirit ceased,] and three-score and two weeks ;" that 
is, " from the going forth of the commandment unto Messiah 
the Prince," would be 483 years. Messiah the Prince was 
manifested to Israel at his baptism — see John i, 31, and Matt. 
iii, 17 — when a voice from heaven proclaimed him to be " the 
beloved Son of God, in whom he was well-pleased." After 
this he was to confirm the covenant with many for " one 
week," or seven years. This he did by his public acts, his 
death, resurrection, and ascension, and by the preaching of 
the Gospel to the Jews with the Holy Ghost sent down from 
heaven, till the calling of the Gentiles, thus showing that he 
was the Christ in whom the covenant was confirmed. This 
week, or seven years, complete the seventy prophetic weeks, 
or 490 years, from the going forth of the commandment, as 
limited to the Jewish people. In "the midst" of the last 
week — that is, the middle year of that week, being the 487th 
year from the commandment — Messiah would "cause the sacri- 
fice and oblation to cease." This was done by the offering up 
of himself, when he was " cut off." And between three and 
four years thereafter terminated the seventy weeks, or 490 
years. We have, therefore, only to ascertain the date of the 
decree in favor of the Jews, in order to settle the. time of the 
baptism, birth, and crucifixion of our Savior. 

4. The seventh year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, which, 
according to a correction in respect to the reign of Cambyses, 
was E. N. 289, began December sixteenth, A. J. P. 4254 ; B. 
C. 460. In what part of that seventh year the commandment 
went forth, is indicated, first, by Ezra vii, 7-9. Here we learn 
that Ezra left Babylon, under the decree, upon the first day 
of the first month; and on the first day of the fifth month, 
"which was the seventh year of the king," he came to Jerusa- 
lem. The seventh year of the king having begun Thursday, 



PERIOD AFTER THE SECOND TEMPLE. 259 

December sixteenth, A. J. P. 4254, and the first day of the 
first month of the ensuing Jewish year, when Ezra left Bab- 
ylon for Jerusalem, beginning Saturday, March twelfth, A. J. 
P. 4255, Dominical Letter B, which was An. Ex. Isr. 1189, 
Dom. Letter B, it follows that the commandment must have 
issued between Thursday, December sixteenth, A. J. P. 4254, 
and Saturday, the twelfth of the following March, A. J. P. 
4255, an interval of not quite three Julian months. Ezra 
would, necessarily, require at least two months, after the 
commandment went forth, to collect together and prepare 
for the transfer and support of the immense company, of all 
ages, that went up with him to Jerusalem. (See 1 Esdras viii, 
2T, etc.) Secondly, It was in the same seventh year of the 
same king — Esther ii, 16-18 — that Esther became his queen, 
and a great feast was given to her, "when the king made a 
release to the provinces, and gave gifts according to the state 
of the king." Esther was presented to him "in his royal 
house, in the tenth month, which is the month Thebet, in the 
seventh year of his reign." Doubtless, at this time, the king 
was influenced to favor the Jews also, a province which was 
already in Judea. Nor was it necessary that Esther should 
tell the king to what nation she belonged, in order to bring 
her powerful influence to bear on that subject. As the " tenth 
month" of the Jews comprised a part of December and a 
part of January, and as the seventh year of the king began 
December sixteenth, it is made certain that Esther was pre- 
sented to the king, and became his queen, within the first 
month of his seventh year. This requires that the tenth 
month, in question, should belong to the Jewish year next 
preceding that in the first of which Ezra left Babylon for 
Jerusalem ; namely, An. Ex. Isr. 1188 ; for the tenth month 
of the year of his departure would embrace the first month 
of the eighth year of the king contrary to the text. This 
proves Mr. Smith — Hebrew People, p. 375 — in error, who 
makes Ezra depart before Esther's marriage. 

5. Having thus ascertained that the commandment went 
forth within the first month of the seventh year of the king, 
we assume the middle of that month, the fifteenth day of 



260 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Thoth, as the date of the decree. This fell that Persian year, 
on Thursday, the thirtieth day of December, A. J. P. 4254, 
Dominical Letter C, and on the twenty-first day of the tenth 
month, Thebet, An. Ex. Isr. 1188, Dom. Letter C. From 
this date "seven weeks and threescore and two weeks," or 
483 years, will reach to the manifestation of Messiah the 
Prince, at his baptism, on Saturday, the thirtieth day of 
December, A. J. P. 4737, Dominical Letters B. A. ; An. Ex. 
Isr. 1671, Dominical Letters B. A., the twenty-third of the 
tenth month, Thebet; A. D. 24, the fifteenth year from 
the first associate year of Tiberius Caesar, and the first 
year of Pontius Pilate. As Jesus himself then began to be 
about thirty years of age — Luke hi, 23 — subtract thirty from 
4737, and we are brought to the A. J. P. 4707, December, 
perhaps the twenty-fifth day, according to the most ancient 
testimony, as the time of our Savior's birth. Erom the time 
of his baptism, take the middle year of the last prophetic 
week, and you are compelled to adopt the A. J. P. 4741, as the 
Julian year of the crucifixion, and the fourteenth day of the 
first month, Abib, An. Ex. Isr. 1675, according to the law 
of Moses, as the day when "he caused the sacrifice and 
oblation to cease." This was E. N. 775, the eighth month, 
Pharmuthi, and on the thirteenth day; but, according to the 
Egyptian Augustan calendar, it was on the first day of that 
month. This was the eighteenth year of the reign of Tiberius 
Caesar, counting from the time he was associated with his 
father, Augustus, but the fifteenth of his sole reign ; and it 
was Friday the twenty-sixth day of March, according to the 
testimony of Tertullian, Lactantius, St. Augustine, Sulpicius 
Severus, Orosius, Victorius, etc., who state that it was in the 
fifteenth [sole] year of Tiberius Caesar, the two Gemini being 
consuls, the eighth before the calends of April — March 
twenty-fifth. (See Dr. Jarvis's Introduction, part ii, chap. 3.) 
The eighth before the calends of April, or March twenty-fifth, 
must be understood of Thursday evening, when the Savior's 
passion began ; for though, according to the Roman calendar, 
he then began his sufferings, being the beginning of the four- 
teenth day of Abib, or Nisan, according to the computation 



PERIOD AFTER THE SECOND TEMPLE. 261 

of Scripture, yet he did not "finish" those sufferings till the 
next Roman day, Friday, the twenty-sixth of March, being 
still the fourteenth of Abib. This was A. D. 28. And here 
the reformed calendar of Julius Caesar, year seventy-three, 
March twenty-sixth, and the Mosaic calendar, year 1675, Abib 
the fourteenth, become united, A. M. 5573, on the fourteenth 
day of the old seventh month. From this and the two follow- 
ing, Saturday and Sunday, three days the most of all others 
distinguished for interest in the history of man, we have made 
the most of our chronological calculations. 

We shall, in the next chapter, resume the catalogue of Per- 
sian kings. 

6. After the foregoing was written, the author was pre- 
vented, by affliction, from finishing the work as he intended. 
He found, by the peculiar nature of this affliction, that it was 
chiefly the effect of too intense a concentration of mind on this 
subject, and of an attempt to discharge, at the same time, the 
measure of onerous duties which had been assigned him by the 
Church. After a lapse, therefore, of nearly three years, dur- 
ing which he has only been able to make a few additions, in 
previous parts of the work, he has concluded to close here this 
part of the investigation, only observing that, in the fourteenth 
year of Darius Nothus, the next Persian king, Daniel's first 
"seven weeks," or forty-nine years, ended. This closed the 
period of inspirationfor the Old Testament. The General 
Table will, however, exhibit a succession of rulers, high-priests, 
etc., from that time unto the crucifixion of Christ ; and by 
proper use of the various cycles, especially that deduced from 
the Mosaic economy, when the year and day of the month of 
any event are ascertained, the day of the week may also be 
found. 

We next hasten to add, for practical purposes, a few pages 
on the prophecies of the Old Testament, and then to conclude. 
The General Table, extending from Adam to the crucifixion of 
Christ, was carefully adjusted before the hinderance by afflic- 
tion, referred to above. 



262 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

SOME PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 

No. 1. The first was delivered after the transgression, prob- 
ably A. M. 1, B. C. 5545. (See Gen. iii, 15.) "And I will 
put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed 
and her seed ; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise 
his heel." 

This remarkable prophecy, the substance of all others, began 
to be fulfilled immediately, in the appointed enmity between 
mankind and Satan ; and through Christ, the seed of the woman, 
it is yet — A. M. 7399, A. D. 1854, May 1st — in a successful 
course of completion. 

At the same time, more effectually to confirm the prediction 
unto Christ, the Lord God instituted a system of types, shadow- 
ing forth the promised Savior and the unchangeable order of 
his government. " He placed at the east of the garden of Eden 
cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep 
the way of the tree of life." Verse 24. Thus began to be 
discovered the mercy-seat, occupied by Him who sits between the 
cherubim, "in the midst of the throne," denominated "a Lamb 
slain from the foundation of the world," because the sacrifice of 
that animal was then made to point to "the Lamb of God which 
taketh away the sin of the world." Then it was also that "the 
wrath of God" — like "a flaming sword turning every way" — 
" was revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unright- 
eousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness." (See 
Ex. xxv, 20 ; Rev. 4th and 5th chapters.) 

No. 2. From the day on which the Flood began, Wednesday, 
the seventeenth of the second month, A. M. 2262, it was very 
probably on Sunday, the original Sabbath, A. M. 2142, B. C. 
3404, A. J. P. 1309, October 30th, when "the Lord said, My 
Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh : 
yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years." Gen. 
vi, 3. 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 263 

This was fulfilled by means of a universal Flood, 120 years 
after this sentence was pronounced upon the guilty world. 
Gen. vii, 11. 

No. 3. Some time after the Flood it was said — Gen. ix, 25, 
26, 27 — " Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be 
unto his brethren. And he said, Blessed be the Lord God of 
Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant. God shall enlarge 
Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem, and Canaan 
shall be his servant." 

These prophecies, after a lapse of at least 1600 years, began 
to be fulfilled, A. M. 3940, B. C. 1606, A. J. P. 3108, the first 
year of Joshua, when he said to the Gibeonites, descendants of 
Canaan, "Ye are cursed, and there shall none of you be freed 
from being bondmen, and hewers of wood and drawers of water 
for the house of my God." Josh, ix, 23. Then they became 
servants to the Israelites, who had been servants in Egypt. 
The same was more extensively fulfilled in the days of Solomon. 
See 1 Kings ix, 21. Japheth, in his posterity, has also dwelt 
in the tents of Shem, ever since he received the true religion 
from his posterity, who published their expectation of a better 
country by "dwelling in tabernacles." And it may be, that 
many of the Canaanites, when expelled by Joshua, retired into 
Africa, as many have believed; whence great numbers have 
been brought and made servants to the children of Japheth in 
this country. If so, the last part of the prediction is yet being 
fulfilled. 

No. 4. "Now the Lord had said unto Abraham, Get thee out 
of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's 
house, unto a land that I will show thee. And I will make of 
thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name 
great; and thou shalt be a blessing. And I will bless them 
that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee : and in thee 
shall all the families of the earth be blessed." Gen. xii, 1-3. 

This wonderful prediction was delivered on Monday, the fif- 
teenth of the seventh month, A. M. 3469, B. C. 2077, A. J. P. 
2637, the twenty-seventh of March. See Ex. xii, 41. It has 
been in a course of fulfillment ever since. In Abraham's per- 
sonal character it had its truth strikingly illustrated, as since 



264 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

attested by all history. Its temporal grant of the land of 
Canaan, came into possession of his seed precisely 470 years 
thereafter. And Christ, in the spiritual children of Abraham, 
has been a blessing, yea, the only blessing worth naming, ever 
since, to the people of this world. And after so long a time, 
Abraham, in his seed, is evidently going on to bless all the 
families of the earth. How sublime, after the lapse of 3930 
years, is now becoming the illustration of the truth of this pre- 
diction! The whole Christian community, the children of 
Abraham, as defined in God's own book, are traveling, with 
richest Gospel blessings — the word of life — to all the families of 
the earth. 

No. 5. In A. M. 3479, B. C. 2067, A. J. P. 2647— see Gen. 
xvi, 3, 10-12 — the Lord said unto Hagar, "I will multiply thy 
seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude ;" 
" Thou art with child, and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his 
name Ishmael;" "And he will be a wild man; his hand will 
be against every man, and every man's hand against him, and 
he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren." 

This ancient prediction has found ample illustration of its 
Divine origin in the history of the Ishmaelites, Bedouins, and 
wandering Arabs, the descendants of Ishmael. They have 
never been subdued by any of the numerous potentates who 
have attempted it ; and since this prophecy was uttered, though 
3920 years have passed away, yet the posterity of Ishmael 
now, as they have ever done, find a better description of their 
character, in the above words, than in any other portion of 
history. 

No. 6. In Gen. xv, 13, 14, the Lord said unto Abraham, 
" Thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and 
shall serve them ; and they shall afflict them four hundred years. 
And also that nation whom they shall serve, will I judge; and 
afterward shall they come out with great substance." 

These "four hundred years" began to be fulfilled when Ish- 
mael "mocked," or, as Paul called it, "persecuted Isaac." 
This occurred at the feast that was made by Abraham, on the 
same day that Isaac was weaned ; which we learn, by reversing 
four hundred years from the day when the Israelites went out 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 265 

of bondage, was Wednesday, the fifteenth of Abib, A. M. 3499, 
B. C. 2047, when Isaac was five years old. Abraham was then 
105 years old, and Ishmael was nineteen. (See Gen. xvi, 16 ; 
xxi, 8, 9; Ex. xii, 41; Gal. iv, 29.) 

No. 7. It was said unto Rebekah, A. M. 3554, B. C. 1992, 
A. J. P. 2722, "Two nations are in thy womb, and two manner 
of people shall be separated from thy bowels ; and the one peo- 
ple shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall 
serve the younger." Gen. xxv, 23. This prophecy had respect 
to the posterity of Esau the elder, called Edom, and to that of 
Jacob the younger, or the Israelites. The same superiority of 
Jacob over Esau was included in the prophecy of Balaam, 385 
years after the birth of the two brothers, when predicting the 
conquests and dominion of Jacob, or the Israelites — "And 
Edom shall be a possession." Num. xxiv, 18. 

The first of these prophecies, in respect to the servitude of 
"the elder to the younger," began to be fulfilled 952 years after 
its announcement to Rebekah, and 567 years after Balaam 
uttered the same prophecy. The fulfillment began when David 
conquered the Edomites. "And he put garrisons in Edom; 
through all Edom put he garrisons, and all they of Edom 
became David's servants." 2 Sam. viii, 14. This was A. M. 
4506, B. C. 1040. The Edomites then continued in subjection 
to the Israelites about 140 years, when they revolted, in the 
reign of Jehoram, king of Judah, and recovered their liberties. 
2 Chron. xxi, 8. This was about A. M. 4646, B. C. 900. But 
about sixty-two years after this revolt, Amaziah, king of Judah, 
gave the Edomites a total overthrow in the valley of Salt. (See 
2 Chron. xxv, 11-15.) This was about A. M. 4708, B. C. 838. 
After the lapse of 674 years, the Edomites, who had again 
troubled Israel, were attacked and defeated by Judas Maccabeus, 
with the loss of more than 20,000 men, at two different times, 
when their chief city was taken. 1 Mac. v, 2, etc. ; 2 Mac. x. 
And under Hyrcanus, the nephew of Judas, their cities were 
taken, and they reduced to the necessity of adopting the Jews' 
religion, when they became incorporated in the Jewish Church 
and nation. 

The same promise, in substance, which had been made to 



266 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Abraham, as noticed in No. 4, was renewed to Isaac and 
Jacob. (See Gen. xxvi, 2-5, and xxviii, 12-15.) 

The purpose of God, in respect to Jacob's superiority over 
Esau, was further expressed fifty-seven years after they were 
born, when Isaac was made the instrument of pronouncing 
peculiar blessings and privileges upon Jacob. Gen. xxvii, 
27-29. 

No. 8. In the year that Jacob died, his whole family 
sojourning then in Egypt, A. M. 3701; B. C. 1845; A. J. P. 
2869, it was said by him, to his son Joseph, " Behold, I die : 
but God shall be with you, and bring you again unto the land 
of your fathers. Moreover I have given to thee one portion 
above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the 
Amorite with my sword and with my bow." Gen. xlviii, 21, 22. 
This prediction was fulfilled just 244 years after it was uttered. 
The posterity of Jacob remained in Egypt 198 years after his 
death, and then took the bones of Joseph with them toward 
Canaan. And forty-six years thereafter, having conquered 
and divided the land, " the bones of Joseph, which the children 
of Israel brought out of Egypt, buried they in Shechem, in a 
parcel of ground which Jacob bought of Hamor, the father 
of Shechem, for a hundred pieces of silver : and it became the 
inheritance of the children of Joseph." Josh, xxiv, 32. 

No. 9. The same year of the last prediction, A. M. 3701; 
B. C. 1845, Jacob said, "The scepter shall not depart from 
Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, till Shiloh come ; 
and unto him shall the gathering of the people be." Gen. 
xliv, 10. 

This remarkable prediction was fulfilled, or rather began to 
be fulfilled, 1872 years after it was uttered, when our Lord 
Jesus Christ, the only legal claimant to the scepter of Judah, 
according to the flesh, died without issue. The Romans 
already held dominion over the Jews, and there remained, 
after the death of Christ, no legal heir, in a temporal sense, 
to the throne of David. This was A. M. 5573; A. D. 28; A. 
J. P. 4741. Then commenced "the gathering of the people 
unto him," the Shiloh, who was sent to sit upon the throne of 
David, in a spiritual sense, and "to rule over the house of 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 267 

Jacob forever." The people, after a lapse of 1826 years, are 
still gathering unto him, the true lawgiver — a good evidence, 
this, that "of his kingdom there shall be no end." Luke i, 
32; Acts iii, 26. 

No. 10. Joseph died A. M. 3755; B. C. 1791; A. J. P. 
2923. "And Joseph said unto his brethren, I die; and God 
will surely visit you, and bring you out of this land, unto the 
land which he swear to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. 
And Joseph took an oath of the children of Israel, saying, 
God will surely visit you, and ye shall carry up my bones 
from hence." Gen. 1, 24, 25. 

In fulfillment of this prediction, God visited the Israelites in 
Egypt 144 years after, when Moses became their leader; and 
forty-six years after that, or 190 years after the death of 
Joseph, his bones were deposited in Canaan. Josh, xxiv, 32. 

No. 11. In A. M. 3899; B. C. 1647; A. J. P. 3067; An. 
Ex. Isr. 1, " The Lord said unto Moses, Write this for a 
memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: 
for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from 
under heaven." Exodus xvii, 14. The fortieth year from 
this, inclusive, Balaam uttered the same in substance — Num. 
xxiv, 20. "And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his 
parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations, but 
his latter end shall be that he perish forever." The same 
year in which Balaam thus prophesied, Moses called the 
attention of the Israelites particularly to this subject. Said 
he, "When the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all 
thine enemies round about, in the land which the Lord thy 
God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou 
shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven, 
thou shalt not forget it." 

It was 568 years after the first utterance of this prediction, 
A. M. 4467; B. C. 1079: An. Ex. Isr. 568, that it began to 
be fulfilled. (See 1 Samuel xv, 7, 8.) "And Saul smote the 
Amalekites from Havilah until thou comest to Shur, that is 
over against Egypt. And he took Agag the king of the 
Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the people with 
the edge of the sword." 



268 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Another portion of the Amalekites, a few years after, was 
destroyed by David, near the close of Saul's reign. (See 1 
Samuel xxvii, 8, 9.) 

But it was about the third year of Hezekiah, A. M. 4824 ; 
B. C. 722, 925 years after the prediction, that the sons of 
Simeon " smote the rest of the Amalekites that were escaped." 
(See 1 Chron. iv, 24, 41, 43.) Thus was literally fulfilled the 
prophecy against Amalek. 

No. 12. The twenty-sixth chapter of Leviticus, containing 
threatenings and promises to the Jews, as founded on their 
obedience or disobedience, contains numerous infallible predic- 
tions, which have been in a course of notable fulfillment from 
the time of their utterance, A. M. 3900 ; B. C. 1646 ; An. Ex. 
Isr. 2, down to the present year, A. M. 7399 ; A. D. 1854 ; 
that is, 3499 years ! These are facts which ought to arrest 
the attention of the world ; for though the Jews have been 
scattered among their enemies, in their present dispersion, 
about 1784 years, yet God, in his providence over them, is 
fulfilling the word of his promise recorded in that chapter — 
verses 44, 45 — "I will not cast them away, neither will I 
abhor them, to destroy them utterly, and to break my covenant 
with them : for I am the Lord their God. But I will for their 
sakes, remember the covenant of their ancestors, whom I 
brought forth out of the land of Egypt, in the sight of the 
heathen, that I might be their God : I am the Lord." The 
whole Christian world looks for this singularly-preserved people 
" to be graffed into their own olive-tree ; and so all Israel shall 
be saved." Rom. xi, 24, 26. 

No. 13. It was at Mount Sinai, " in the day of the assem- 
bly," Sunday, the fifth of Sivan, A. M. 3899; B. C. 1647; 
An. Ex. Isr. 1 ; A. J. P. 3067, May sixteenth, when the Isra- 
elites requested that the Lord would speak to them no more, 
lest they should die ; but promised to do what he would require 
through Moses, that the Lord their God required them to 
hearken unto the Prophet whom he would raise up from the 
midst of them, saying, " I will raise them up a Prophet from 
among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in 
his mouth ; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall com- 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 269 

mand him. And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will 
not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, 
I will require it of him." Deut. xviii, 15-19. 

This prediction, 1671 years after, began to be fulfilled, in 
the person, character, and offices of Jesus Christ. He is the 
only person, of all human beings, like unto Moses. The 
points of similitude, if enumerated, would soon fill a volume. 
New Testament writers apply the prediction directly to Christ. 
And it has come to pass, that every soul of the Jews, who 
would not hear the teaching of that Prophet, has long since 
been destroyed from among his people. And since his ascen- 
sion to heaven, in the dispensation of the Spirit, the same is 
true of both Jews and Gentiles, who hearken not to his teach- 
ing ; they are destroyed from among his people ; they can have 
no lot with them, neither here nor hereafter. 

No. 14. Balaam said, 3460 years ago, of the Jews, "Lo, the 
people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the 
nations." Num. xxiii, 9. 

This prophecy has been literally fulfilled ever since it was 
uttered. 

No. 15. In the same year of the above prediction, Moses 
recorded the twenty-eighth chapter of Deuteronomy, which 
contains prophecies now fulfilling. 

No. 16. In the first year of Joshua, A. M. 3940; B. C. 
1606, on taking the city Jericho, Joshua said, " Cursed be the 
man before the Lord that riseth up and buildeth this city 
Jericho ; he shall lay the foundation thereof in his first-born, 
and in his youngest son shall he set up the gates of it." Josh. 
vi, 26. 

This prophetic sentence was fulfilled nearly 700 years after 
it was uttered. This was done in the wicked reign of Ahab, 
king of Israel. "In his days did Hiel the Bethelite build 
Jericho : he laid the foundation thereof in Abiram his first- 
born, and set up the gates thereof in his youngest son Segub, 
according to the word of the Lord, which he spake by Joshua 
the son of Nun." 1 Kings xvi, 34. 

No. 17. About A. M. 4490; B. C. 1056; A. J. P. 3658, it 
was said unto David, " Also the Lord telleth thee that he will 



270 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

make thee a house. And when thy days be fulfilled, and thou 
shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will set up thy seed after thee, 
which shall proceed out of thy bowels, and I will establish his 
kingdom. He shall build a house for my name, and I will 
establish the throne of his kingdom forever. I will be his 
father, and he shall be my son. If he commit iniquity, [or 
* even in his sufferings for iniquity,'] I will chasten him with 
the rod of men, [or 'with the rod due to men,'] and with the 
stripes [' due to '] of the children of men : or [' the children of 
Adam:'] but my mercy shall not depart away from him, as 
I took it from Saul, whom I put away before thee. And thine 
house and thy kingdom shall be established forever before 
thee : thy throne shall be established forever." 2 Sam. vii, 
11-16. 

This remarkable prophecy is true only of the Messiah, and 
that in a spiritual sense ; for it is true of no one in respect to 
a temporal or civil throne. He is constantly spoken of in the 
Scriptures as building a spiritual house, "whose house are we," 
said Paul. Heb. iii, 6. And, again: "Know ye not that ye 
are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in 
you?" Peter said — Acts ii — "David being a prophet, and 
knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of 
the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise 
up Christ to sit on his throne ; he seeing this before, spake of 
the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, 
neither his flesh did see corruption. This Jesus hath God 
raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. Therefore being by 
the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the 
Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, 
which ye now see and hear. For David is not ascended into 
the heavens, but he saith himself, The Lord said unto my Lord, 
Sit thou on my right hand, until I make thy foes thy foot- 
stool." On the throne of this spiritual kingdom will Christ 
continue till the kingdoms of this world become his ; and " of 
the increase of his government and peace there shall be no 
end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to 
order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice 
from henceforth even forever." The great principles of this 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 271 

kingdom are now holding successful contest with their oppo- 
sites, as they are wielded by all the enemies of God and man ; 
and the final triumph of the former will be glorious. This 
prophecy began to be fulfilled 1083 years after it was spoken, 
when Jesus Christ, the only legitimate heir to the throne of 
David, refused to occupy it as a temporal prince, and, after 
suffering for the sins of the people, arose from the dead, and 
was exalted to universal dominion at the right hand of the 
throne of God. 

No. 18. In A. M. 4558, B. C. 988, A. J. P. 3726, it was 
prophesied against the altar of Jeroboam, at Bethel, " altar, 
altar, thus saith the Lord : Behold a child shall be born unto 
the house of David, Josiah by name ; and upon thee shall he 
offer the priests of the high places that burn incense upon 
thee, and men's bones shall be burnt upon thee." 1 Kings 
xiii, 2. 

This wonderful prophecy was literally fulfilled 367 years 
after it was uttered. (See 2 Kings xxiii, 15, 16.) 

HOSEA. 

This prophet prophesied about seventy-three years, from A. 
M. 4752, B. C. 794, to A. M. 4825, B. C. 721. He began 
the fortieth of Jeroboam, king of Israel, and the fifteenth of 
Uzziah, king of Judah, and ended about the fourth of Heze- 
kiah, king of Judah, and the seventh of Hosea, king of 
Israel, just two years before the captivity of the ten tribes 
by Shalmanezer. Within this period numerous predictions 
were uttered, some respecting the ten tribes, and some respect- 
ing all the tribes, as they were recognized after the return 
from Babylon. We select the following as being of the latter 
description : 

No. 19. About A. M. 47^3, B. C. 783, it was said, "The 
children of Israel shall abide many days without a king, and 
without a prince, and without sacrifice, and without an image, 
and without an ephod, and without teraphim ; afterwards shall 
the children of Israel return, and seek the Lord their God, and 
David their king, and shall fear the Lord and his goodness in 

the latter days." Hosea iv, 4, 5. 

18 



272 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

It is impossible to contemplate this prophecy, and not per- 
ceive that it has been in a course of literal fulfillment for 
the last 1784 years. If it did not begin when the Jews 
rejected their Messiah, in whom their king, prince, sacrifice, 
etc., concentered, it certainly began to be fulfilled to the letter 
when the Romans destroyed their temple, and put a final end 
to their civil and ecclesiastical economy, since which time they 
have been destitute of the very semblance of prophet, priest, 
and king. But after this part of the prediction shall be 
accomplished, the other part will, doubtless, also be fulfilled to 
the letter. Though nearly 1800 years have been consumed on 
the first part of the prophecy, yet the Jews are, in the provi- 
dence of God, maintained as a distinct people in the earth. 
And why ? Because, it is said, " Afterward shall the children 
of Israel return, and seek the Lord their God, and David their 
king ; and shall fear the Lord and his goodness in the latter 
days." By " David their king," the prophets Jeremiah, Isaiah, 
Amos, and all the inspired writers, since David, understand the 
Messiah, the promised Christ, who was to "sit upon the throne 
of David to establish it forever." This return unto the Mes- 
siah has yet to be fulfilled. " The latter days," as understood 
by even the ancient rabbins, mean the days of the Messiah. 
Who can consider this ancient prediction, of 2637 years' stand- 
ing, and not perceive its Divine inspiration? The people to 
whom it was first published had their kings, princes, sacri- 
fices, etc., for many ages, as testified by all ancient history ; 
but it is an obvious historic fact that they have been destitute 
of all these distinctions about 1800 years. It is also a noto- 
rious fact that, for the same space of time, these distinctions — 
which were acknowledged by the ancient Jews to be only 
typical of their true antitypes in the coming Messiah — have 
been claimed by Jesus Christ, and as such acknowledged, by 
his numerous followers, in a most high and spiritual sense. In 
the Christian Church, yet spreading with increasing numbers 
over the earth, we have Jesus Christ, our heavenly prophet, 
priest, and king, our Prince and Savior, giving repentance and 
remission of sins. And when the Jews, who are reserved as a 
distinct people, for this last demonstration of the truth of our 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 2T3 

holy religion, "shall return, and seek the Lord their God," in 
the person of Jesus Christ, the true Messiah, it will be to the 
whole of the nations as "life from the dead." 

AMOS. 

No. 20. About A. M. 4748, B. C. 798, it was said, in the 
ninth chapter, that the Lord God would destroy the sinful 
kingdom — of the Israelites — from off the face of the earth ; 
that he would sift the house of Israel among all nations, yet 
that he would not utterly destroy the house of Jacob ; that 
"in that day" — or, as the Septuagint is better translated, Acts 
xv, 16, 17 — "After this I will return, and will build again the 
tabernacle of David, which is fallen down ; and I will build 
again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up ; that the residue 
of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon 
whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these 
things." 

The kingdom of Israel has long since been destroyed — that 
of the ten tribes about seventy-nine years after the predic- 
tion, and the other in the final overthrow of the Jewish polity 
by the Romans, about A. D. 70, or 868 years after the predic- 
tion — since which time the house of Israel has been sifted 
among all nations ; and yet the house of Jacob has not been 
utterly destroyed. The tabernacle of David began to be 
raised up, in the formation of the Gospel Church, among the 
Gentiles, in which the pure worship of God was had, by 
singing, prayer, and preaching the word, as it was of old, 
in David's tabernacle, without the ceremonies of the Mosaic 
ritual; and this will be more obviously fulfilled when the 
Jews, being returned unto their own land, and unto the Lord 
their God, shall worship him in a great tabernacle at Jerusa- 
lem, as David and his people did in the days of old, without 
the sacrifices and offerings of the law. In that day their 
prophet, priest, and king will be Jesus Christ. David had, 
in the midst of his tabernacle, the Ark of the Covenant ; and 
the Gospel Church, composed of believing Jews and Gentiles, 
has Christ, the true Ark of the Covenant, in her midst. 



274 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

When this shall be fulfilled in the return of the Jews, not 
only will all Israel be saved, but the residue of nations will 
bo gathered also into the fold of Christ. 

ISAIAH. 

Isaiah prophesied from about A. M. 4788, B. C. 758, to 
about A. M. 4838, B. C. 708, being about fifty years ; that is, 
from the fiifty-first year of the reign of Uzziah to the seven- 
teenth of Hezekiah. 

No. 21. " And it shall come to pass in the last days that 
the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established in the 
top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills ; 
and all nations shall flow unto it. And many people shall 
go and say, Come ye and let us go up to the mountain of the 
Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob ; and he will teach 
us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of 
Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from 
Jerusalem. And he shall judge among the nations, and 
shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords 
into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks : nation 
shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn 
war any more." Isaiah ii, 2-4. The same prophecy was 
repeated by Micah about the year of Isaiah's death. (See 
Micah iv, 1-3.) 

This sure word of prophecy began to be fulfilled " in the 
last days" or times of the Messiah, when the house, or Church 
of the Lord, was extended and established by the preaching 
of the Gospel among the Gentiles. This house of the Lord, 
compared with that of the Jews, was to be exalted to an 
eminence far above the literal mountains and hills about 
Jerusalem. It was to become so conspicuous and attractive 
that all nations should flow into it. The law of this attraction 
and direction of the steps of nations, was to go forth out of 
Zion ; and the word of the Lord, commanding this universal 
obedience, was to go forth from Jerusalem. Accordingly, 
Jesus Christ, the great Messiah, commanded his ministers to 
go and teach all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. This order 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 275 

was given A. D. 28, and since that time this prophecy has 
been in a gradual course of fulfillment, in its various parts, 
down to the present year, A. D. 1854. It is now about 2612 
years since the prediction was uttered, and about 1826 years 
since it began to be fulfilled. And Zion, the house or Church 
of the Lord, is, at this time, extending, with increasing pros- 
pect of final success, over all the earth. Messiah is yet judg- 
ing among the nations, and rebuking many people, by the rod 
of his strength, the Gospel law, which he yet sends out of 
Zion. His providence yet confirms the truth of his word, and 
national schemes of aggrandizement and perpetuity not founded 
on righteous principles are yet being rapidly turned into fool- 
ishness ; and many people, both in their national and individ- 
ual capacities, are proposing to go up to the mountain of the 
Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob, for instruction to 
direct their steps into the paths of wisdom. As they become 
taught in his ways, they learn that their best policy is, to beat 
their swords into plowshares, and their spears into priming- 
hooks. When this important lesson shall become sufficiently 
known, nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither 
shall they learn war any more; and the signs of the times 
increasingly promise this wonderful fulfillment. 

No. 22. The fifty-third chapter of Isaiah, written about B. 
C. 710, contains a prediction as minutely applicable to the 
incarnation, preaching, humiliation, sufferings, death, atone- 
ment, resurrection, and mediation of Jesus Christ, as though 
it were an extract from the history of those events as recorded 
in the New Testament; and yet it is demonstrable that the 
former preceded the latter more than seven hundred years. 
Moreover, according to the prediction, he whose " soul was to 
be made an offering for sin," was to " see his seed, prolong 
his days, and in his hand was the pleasure of the Lord to 
prosper;" and, therefore, now, after the lapse of eighteen 
hundred years, his days are prolonged, and his seed are still 
prospering and extending over the earth. The preaching of 
Christ, and him crucified, as foretold by Isaiah, is yet " turn- 
ing the Gentiles from darkness to light, and from the power of 
Satan unto God." 



276 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



JEREMIAH. 



This prophet begins with the thirteenth year of the reign of 
Josiah, king of Judah, A. M. 4919, B. C. 627, and closes about 
two years after the destruction of the temple by the Chaldeans, 
A. M. 4961, B. C. 585, having prophesied forty-two years. 
(See chap, i, 2.) 

No. 23. In the twenty-third year of this prophet's ministry, 
A. M. 4941, B. C. 605, A. J. P. 4109, E. N. 143, fifth year of 
Necho, king of Egypt, Usherian A. M. 3399, Bab. A. M. 3156, 
twenty-first or last year of Nabopollassar, but the first year of 
his son Nebuchadnezzar's rule over the Jews, then being asso- 
ciated with his father, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim, king of 
Judah, it was predicted by Jeremiah, "And this whole land 
shall be a desolation, and an astonishment; and these nations 
[the Jews and their allies] shall serve the king of Babylon 
seventy years. And it shall come to pass, when seventy years 
are accomplished, that I will punish the king of Babylon and 
that nation, saith the Lord, for their iniquity, and the land of 
the Chaldeans, and will make it perpetual desolations." (See 
Jer. xxv, 11, 12, and my large or General Table, for the years 
just cited ; also, Jer. xxix, 10.) Thus is the year of this proph- 
ecy established to be in the Julian year 4109 ; and as it was 
in the fourth year of Jehoiakim, it is thereby shown to be in 
An. Ex. Isr. 1043. This year of the exode, it may be seen by 
the Mosaic calendar, began March the twelfth of the same 
Julian year. Jeremiah also fixes the length of this captivity at 
seventy years ; but Daniel, one of the captives, fixes the begin- 
ning of it in the third year of Jehoiakim. This third year of 
Jehoiakim embraced between two and three months of the same 
Julian year ; and within this time, according to Daniel, the Lord 
gave Jehoiakim, king of Judah, into the hand of Nebuchadnez- 
zar. This fact harmonizes the two prophets, one of whom 
records the time of the beginning, and the other the time of the 
continuance of this captivity. 

Sixty-eight years after the commencement of this captivity, 
Belshazzar, the last king of the Chaldeans, was slain, and 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 277 

Darius, the Median, took the kingdom. (See Dan. v, 30, 31, 
and Xenophon, Cyrop. 7, who speaks of the same event.) But 
it was the first year of Cyrus, which began January fourth, A. 
J. P. 4178, being the seventieth year of the captivity, that this 
Persian king, according to the prophecy of Jeremiah, issued his 
royal proclamation, authorizing the Jews to return from their 
captivity to Jerusalem. (See Ezra i, 1-4, and see my General 
Table for that year.) At least one hundred years before this 
prediotion was uttered by Jeremiah concerning this noted end 
of the captivity at Babylon, the same length of time before 
Nebuchadnezzar was king, and consequently 170 years at least 
before the conquest of Cyrus over the Chaldeans and his proc- 
lamation in favor of the captive Jews, Isaiah, prophetically 
contemplating the desolations of Jerusalem and the cities of 
Judah, during the coming captivity, said, " Thus saith the Lord, 
thy Redeemer, . . . that confirmeth the word of his servant, and 
performeth the counsel of his messengers ; that saith to Jeru- 
salem, Thou shalt be inhabited ; and to the cities of Judah, Ye 
shall be built, and I will raise up the decayed places thereof: 
that saith to the deep, Be dry, and I will dry up thy rivers : 
that saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all 
my pleasure : even saying to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built, 
and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid." (See Isaiah 
xliv, 24-28.) What a wonderful prophecy! It foretells, by 
name, the deliverer of the captives at Babylon, Cyrus — under 
whose authority the foundation of the temple should be laid — 
which implied, that the temple standing in the days of Isaiah 
should be destroyed ; that the cities of Judah should be demol- 
ished, and the places bereft of their inhabitants ; but that they 
should be rebuilt and inhabited under the executorship of 
Cyrus, the performer of the Lord's pleasure ; that, in executing 
this work, the deep river Euphrates, running through Babylon, 
should be dried up; and — chap, xlv, 1-4 — that "the two-leaved 
gates should be opened" before Cyrus; that he should "break 
in pieces the gates of brass," and enter upon the treasures of 
darkness and hidden riches of secret places ; and that all this 
was foretold for the sake of Jacob, the Lord's servant, and 
Israel, his elect. All the particulars of the siege of Babylon, 



278 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

when it was taken by Cyrus, as thus foretold by Isaiah, are so 
many historical facts, attested by Herodotus, Xenophon, and 
other historians, in the fulfillment- — and the time when these 
things were done exactly agrees with that set by Jeremiah for 
the end, and that noted by Daniel for the beginning of the cap- 
tivity ; so that infidelity has no escape but to deny the evidence 
of all history. The very canal, Pallacopas, constructed one 
hundred miles above the city, by Nebuchadnezzar, for the safety 
of the capital, by draining the redundant waters into a vast 
lake, forty miles square, was used by Cyrus to conduct the 
whole river into said lake, thus making comparatively dry the 
channel at the city, in fulfillment of the word of the Lord by 
Isaiah, and enabling Cyrus to lead his army through "the gates 
which had not been shut," and even through the gates of the 
palace, which at that moment were opened by order of the king, 
Belshazzar, to ascertain the cause of the tumult without. (See 
Herodotus 1, 191, and Xenoph. Cyrop. 7.) 

DANIEL. 

This prophet continued at least seventy years — from the 
beginning of the captivity at Babylon, B. C. 605, to its close, 
B. C. 536. 

No. 24. "And he said unto me, unto two thousand and three 
hundred days, then shall the sanctuary be cleansed." viii, 14. 

This is the answer to a question in the preceding verse, con- 
cerning the duration of Daniel's vision of the desolations of the 
sanctuary — of the casting down of the truth, of oppressing and 
embarrassing the people and cause of God. At the very time 
when the prophet had this vision the abomination that makes 
desolate was bearing heavily on the appointed services of the 
sanctuary and on the Lord's people; and though there would 
be various important changes effected for the better, yet, in 
the future spread of these and similar desolations, great imped- 
iments to the progress of truth and righteousness in the earth 
would prevail for 2300 prophetic years, and then the sanctuary 
should be cleansed. The sanctuary had been literally the place 
where the people assembled to worship ; but here it means the 
people themselves, and their services, regulated by the truth. 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 279 

Commentators have been greatly perplexed to ascertain 
when the calculation of the 2300 years should begin. As they 
are not agreed, we run no risk of a conviction of heresy when 
we say it should begin at the time of the vision. This is assert- 
ed by Daniel, in the first verse, to be "the third year of the 
reign of King Belshazzar;" consequently, it was the fifty-third 
year of the captivity, and the year B. C. 553, Add to this 
number A. D. 1747, and you have the last of the 2300 years, 
when the sanctuary evidently began to be cleansed. 

As the subject on which Daniel prophesied was the same 
on which John wrote much, in the Book of Revelations, and 
as the circumstances of the sanctuary, at the close of the 2300 
years of Daniel, both admitted and required the employment 
of cleansers, so at the corresponding time in the visions of 
John, and on the same subject of purifying and extending the 
sanctuary, he said — chap, xiv, 6, 7 — "And I saw another angel 
fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting Gospel to 
preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, 
and kindred, and tongue, and people, saying with a loud voice, 
Fear God, and give glory to him, for the hour of his judgment 
is come; and worship Him that made heaven, and earth, and 
the sea, and the fountains of waters." This angel, on a close 
inspection of what each prophet has said concerning the Church, 
and the work to be done, at the time specified in both cases, 
should be understood, we think, of that uncompromising and 
extensive Gospel ministration which began so signally to distin- 
guish itself in the last of the 2300 years of Daniel — that is, in 
A. D. 1747 — and which yet increases and prospers beyond all 
former examples. 

We here glance at a few evidences that the Apocalyptic 
Angel was this year — A. D. 1747 — becoming visible over the 
earth, and that the effect was the cleansing of the sanctuary. 

1. In this year, Mr. Experience Mayhew and his associates 
in Indian missions were laboring successfully in Martha's Vine- 
yard — he having published a translation of the Book of Psalms 
and of St. John's Gospel, when a great portion of those Indians 
had become a praying people. 

2. In this year, Mr. Sergeant, a tutor from Yale College, 



280 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

with others associated with him, was successfully preaching 
Christ to weeping hundreds of Indians on the Housatonic river. 

3. This is the year when both the Brainards were laboring as 
missionaries with the Indians of Crossweeksing, and of the 
Forks of the Delaware — one of them on the point of dying as 
a missionary martyr, and the other taking his place in that 
field of labor. 

4. In this year, Mr. Shultze, with his colleagues, in a mission 
to the East Indies, was laboring with great success — much of 
the New Testament having been already translated for the use 
of the natives, and upward of 5,000 being numbered of those 
who had been baptized. 

5. It was in this year that the venerable Christian David 
returned from his native country to his fellow-missionaries in 
Greenland, with a framed church on board the vessel, and after 
braving the storms of the ocean he arrived safely, as an angel 
of mercy, in the month of June. The church was erected and 
consecrated, and crowds of rejoicing missionaries and happy 
converts united their daily ministrations and praises therein to 
the end of that year. 

6. In this year, Frederick Martin, with his colleagues, was 
teaching the negroes of St. Thomas, in the "West Indies, the 
way of life and salvation. Hundreds of the slaves were con- 
verted to God, and in a few years, though scores of the mis- 
sionaries, both males and females, died; yet were their places 
regularly filled up by new recruits. 

7. George Schmidt was, this year, sowing the seed of the 
kingdom among the Hottentots at the Cape of Good Hope. 

8. Two of the United Brethren, with their company, were 
undergoing, this year, almost incredible hardships in preaching 
the Gospel to the people of Berbice, near Surinam, in South 
America. 

9. Others of the Moravians, this year, made their way with 
the everlasting Gospel to the Gaures of Persia. 

10. This year, John Wesley and his colleagues held their 
last conference on the saving doctrines of the Holy Bible. 
They, and others in America, were most successfully declaring 
the word of life to the dead, in so-called Christendom. In 



PROPHECIES AND THEIR FULFILLMENT. 281 

the American division of this part of the work, it is sufficient 
to mention the name of Edwards. 

11. This year, also, in the political world, the desolating 
elements of war and discord began to subside in the earth. A 
peace was established this year between Austria and the Porte, 
and rendered perpetual by an agreement which Maria Theresa, 
the Empress of Germany, concluded with the Porte. This was 
also the last year of a general war for seven years in Europe, 
which was occasioned among the pretenders to royal succession 
by the death of Charles VI, the last male descendant of the 
house of Hapsburg, A. D. 1740. After the most lavish expen- 
ditures of the men, money, and morals of the belligerent powers, 
till 1747, by a kind of general consent, a preliminary treaty 
was then signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, which was consummated by 
a definitive peace the following year. 

Such were some of the signs of the times at the end of 
Daniel's vision of 2300 years ; and since that memorable period, 
during the past interval of one hundred and seven years, these 
signs in favor of cleansing the sanctuary have increased a 
thousand fold. See, at the present day, the size, strength, and 
rapid flight of the said angel, dispensing the purifying word of 
life, as now being fulfilled, at home and abroad, by the various 
Gospel ministrations of all Protestant denominations. And 
these signs must increase till truth and righteousness shall be 
established in the earth, and the mountain of the Lord's house 
shall be filled by all nations. 



GENERAL TABLE. 



In the following general table, the years of the world, and the years before 
Christ, begin about correspondent to the middle of our September, and end 
at the same time the ensuing Julian year, as set forth in the synchronical cycle 
of time prior to the exodus — chapter 2. 

Different eras are noted in their proper places as they begin. This table 
begins the 5546th year before the vulgar era of Christianity, Tisri the first, 
corresponding to Monday, the 15th day of September, year of the Julian 
period reversed, cycle of the sun the eighth year, Dominical Letter E. See 
the synchronical cycle of time prior to the exodus. The reversed Julian years 
were from the crucifixion, Friday, March 26th, A. D. 28, Abib 14th, A. M. 
5573, An. Ex. Isr. 1675, A. J. P. 4741. 







Ante 


Ages at 
the 




A.M. 


B.C. 


A. J. P. 


Successor's 

birth. 


All things were created in six days. Ex. xx, 11. 




5546 






1 


5545 


832 




Adam was one year old at the end of this. 


230 


5316 


603 


230 


Seth born at the end of Adam's, 230. 


435 


5111 


398 


205 


Age of Seth at the birth of Enos. 


625 


4921 


208 


190 


Age of Enos at the birth of Cainan. 


795 


4751 


38 


170 


Age of Cainan at the birth of Mahalaleel. 


833 


4713 


A. J. P. 1 




Julian Period begins, first year of the cycle, 
Dom. Let. G. F., January 1, Monday. 


930 


4616 


98 




Adam died, aged 930 years. 


960 


4586 


128 


165 


Age of Mahalaleel at birth of Jared. 


1122 


4424 


290 


162 


Age of Jared at birth of Enoch. 


1142 


4404 


310 




Seth died, aged 912. 


1287 4259 


455 


165 


Age of Enoch at birth of Methusalah. 


1340J4206 


508 




Enos died, aged 905. 


1474i4072 


642 


187 


Age of Methusalah at the birth of Lamech. 


14874059 


655 




Enoch translated, aged 365. 


1535 4011 


703 




Cainan died, aged 910. 


1541 14005 


709 




Ush. 




1542 


4004 


710 




A. M. 


Began Sunday, October 23, A. J. P. 710; but 
Usher made a strange mistake in saying 
Sunday, the 23d of said month. 


1543 


4003 


711 




1 


End of Usher's first year. 


1662;3884 


830 


188 


120 


Lamech 188 at Noah's birth. 


16903856 


858 




148 


Mahalaleel died, aged 875. 


1785 


3761 


953 




243 


Rab. 
A. M. 


Rabbinical Era of the world began 
Monday, October 7th, A. J. P. 953. 
This was my A. M. 1786, Tisri 
24th. 


1786 3760 


954 




244 


1 


End of Rabbinical first year. 


1922 3624 


1090 




380 


137 


Jared died, aged 962. 


2164|3382 


1332 


502 


622 


379 


Noah 502 at Shem's birth. 


2256| 3290 


1424 




714 


471 


Methusalah died, aged 969. 



284 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



A. M. 

~2262~ 
2263 
2264 
2265 
2266 
2267 
2268 
2269 
2270 
2271 
2272 
2273 
2274 
2275 
2276 
2277 
2278 
2279 
2280 
2281 
2282 
2283 
2284 
2285 
2286 
2287 
2288 
2289 
2290 
2291 
2292 
2293 
2294 
2295 
2296 
2297 
2298 
2299 
2300 
2301 
2302 
2303 
2304 
2305 
2306 
2307 
2308 
2309 
2310 
2311 
2312 
2313 
2314 
2315 
2316 
2317 
2318 
2319 
2320 
2321 



B.C. 

3284 
3283 
3282 
3281 
3280 
3279 
3278 
3277 
3276 
3275 
3274 
3273 
3272 
3271 
3270 
3269 
3268 
3267 
3266 
3265 
3264 
3263 
3262 
3261 
3260 
3259 
3258 
3257 
3256 
3255 
3254 
3253 
3252 
3251 
3250 
3249 
3248 
3247 
3246 
3245 
3244 
3243 
3242 
3241 
3240 
3239 
3238 
3237 
3236 
3235 
3234 
3233 
3232 
3231 
3230 
3229 
3228 
3227 
3226 
3225 



A. J. P. 



1430 
1431 
1432 
1433 
1434 
1435 
1436 
1437 
1438 
1439 
1440 
1441 
1442 
1443 
1444 
1445 
1446 
1447 
1448 
1449 
1450 
1451 
1452 
1453 
1454 
1455 
1456 
1457 
1458 
1459 
1460 
1461 
1462 
1463 
1464 
1465 
1466 
1467 
1468 
1469 
1470 
1471 
1472 
1473 
1474 
1475 
1476 
1477 
1478 
1479 
1480 
1481 
1482 
1483 
1484 
1485 
1486 
1487 
1488 
1489 



Remarks. 

Flood 

Arphaxad born 



Noah's 
Years. 


Shem's 
Years. 


Arphax- 
ad's Years 


Usuerian 
A.M. 


Rabbin. 
A.M. 


600 


98 




720 


477 


601 


99 




721 


478 


602 


100 




722 


479 


603 


101 


1 


723 


480 


604 


102 


2 


724 


481 


605 


103 


3 


725 


482 


606 


104 


4 


726 


483 


607 


105 


5 


727 


484 


608 


106 


6 


728 


485 


609 


107 


7 


729 


486 


610 


108 


8 


730 


487 


611 


109 


9 


731 


488 


612 


110 


10 


732 


489 


613 


111 


11 


733 


490 


614 


112 


12 


734 


491 


615 


113 


13 


735 


492 


616 


114 


14 


736 


493 


617 


115 


15 


737 


494 


618 


116 


16 


738 


495 


619 


117 


17 


739 


496 


620 


118 


18 


740 


497 


621 


119 


19 


741 


498 


622 


120 


20 


742 


499 


623 


121 


21 


743 


500 


624 


122 


22 


744 


501 


625 


123 


23 


745 


502 


626 


124 


24 


746 


503 


627 


125 


25 


747 


504 


628 


126 


26 


748 


505 


629 


127 


27 


749 


506 


630 


128 


28 


750 


507 


631 


129 


29 


751 


508 


632 


130 


30 


752 


509 


633 


131 


31 


753 


510 


634 


132 


32 


754 


511 


635 


133 


33 


755 


512 


636 


134 


34 


756 


513 


637 


135 


35 


757 


514 


638 


136 


36 


758 


515 


639 


137 


37 


759 


516 


640 


138 


38 


760 


517 


641 


139 


39 


761 


518 


642 


140 


40 


762 


519 


643 


141 


41 . 


763 


520 


644 


142 


42 


764 


521 


645 


143 


43 


765 


522 


646 


144 


44 


766 


523 


647 


145 


45 


767 


524 


648 


146 


46 


768 


525 


649 


147 


47 


769 


526 


650 


148 


48 


770 


527 


651 


149 


49 


771 


528 


652 


150 


50 


772 


529 


653 


151 


51 


773 


530 


654 


152 


52 


774 


531 


655 


153 


53 


775 


532 


656 


154 


54 


776 


533 


657 


155 


55 


777 


534 


658 


156 


56 


778 


535 


659 


157 


57 


779 


536 



GENERAL TABLE. 



285 



1 A. M. 

! "2322" 
2323 
2324 
2325 
2326 
2327 
2328 
2329 
2330 
2331 
2332 
2333 
2334 
2335 
2336 
2337 
2338 
2339 
2340 
2341 
2342 
2343 
2344 
2345 
2346 
2347 
2348 
2349 
2350 
2351 
2352 
2353 
2354 
2355 
2356 
2357 
2358 
2359 
2360 
2361 
2362 
2363 
2364 
2365 
2366 
2367 
2368 
2369 
2370 
2371 
2372 
2373 
2374 
2375 
2376 
2377 
2378 
2379 
2380 
2381 


B. C. 

3224 

3223 

3222 

3221 

3220 

3219 

3218 

3217 

3216 

3215 

3214 

3213 

3212 

3211 

3210 

3209 

3208 

3207 

3206 

3205 

3204 

3203 

3202 

3201 

3200 

3199 

3198 

3197 

3196 

3195 

3194 

3193 

3192 

3191 

3190 

3189 

3188 

3187 

3186 

3185 

3184 

3183 

3182 

3181 

3180 

3179 

3178 

3177 

3176 

3175 

3174 

3173 

3172 

3171 

3170 

3169 

3168 

3167 

3166 

3165 


A J. P. 


Remarks. 


Noah's 
Years. 


Shcm's 

Years. 


Arphax- 
ad's Years 


Usherian 
A.M. 


Rabbin. 
A. M. 


1490 

1491 

1492 

1493 

1494 

1495 

1496 

1497 

1498 

1499 

1500 

1501 

1502 

1503 

1504 

1505 

1506 

1507 

1508 

1509 

1510 

1511 

1512 

1513 

1514 

1515 

1516 

1517 

1518 

1519 

1520 

1521 

1522 

1523 

1524 

1525 

1526 

1527 

1528 

1529 

1530 

1531 

1532 

1533 

1534 

1535 

1536 

1537 

1538 

1539 

1540 

1541 

1542 

1543 

1544 

1545 

1546 

1547 

1548 

1549 




660 
661 
662 
663 
664 
665 
666 
667 
668 
669 
670 
671 
672 
673 
674 
675 
676 
677 
678 
679 
680 
681 
682 
683 
684 
685 
686 
687 
688 
689 
690 
691 
692 
693 
694 
695 
696 
697 
698 
699 
700 
701 
702 
703 
704 
705 
706 
707 
708 
709 
710 
711 
712 
713 
714 
715 
716 
717 
718 
719 


158 

159 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 

192 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 

201 

202 

203 

204 

205 

206 

207 

208 

209 

210 

211 

212 

213 

214 

215 

216 

217 


58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 


780 
781 

782 
783 
784 
785 
786 
787 
788 
789 
790 
791 
792 
793 
794 
795 
796 
797 
798 
799 
800 
801 
802 
803 
804 
805 
806 
807 
808 
809 
810 
811 
812 
813 
814 
815 
816 
817 
818 
819 
820 
821 
822 
• 823 
824 
825 
826 
827 
828 
829 
830 
831 
832 
833 
834 
835 
836 
837 
838 
839 


537 
538 
539 
540 
541 
542 
543 
544 
545 
546 
547 
548 
549 
550 
551 
552 
553 
554 
555 
556 
557 
558 
559 
560 
561 
562 
563 
564 
565 
566 
567 
568 
569 
570 
571 
572 
573 
574 
575 
576 
577 
578 
579 
580 
581 
582 
583 
584 
585 
586 
587 
588 
589 
590 
591 
592 
593 
594 
595 
596 


























































































































286 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



2382 
2383 
2384 
2385 
2386 
2387 
2388 
2389 
2390 
2391 
2392 
2393 
2394 
2395 
2396 
2397 
2398 
2399 
2400 
2401 
2402 
2403 
2404 
2405 
2406 
2407 
2408 
2409 
2410 
2411 
2412 
2413 
2414 
2415 
2416 
2417 
2418 
2419 
2420 
2421 
2422 
2423 
2424 
2425 
2426 
2427 
2428 
2429 
2430 
2431 
2432 
2433 
2434 
2435 
2436 
2437 
2438 
2439 
2440 
2441 



B.C. 

1tt64~ 
3163 
3162 
3161 
3160 
3159 
3158 
3157 
3156 
3155 
3154 
3153 
3152 
3151 
3150 
3149 
3148 
3147 
3146 
3145 
3144 
3143 
3142 
3141 
3140 
3139 
3138 
3137 
3136 
3135 
3134 
3133 
3132 
3131 
3130 
3129 
3128 
3127 
3126 
3125 
3124 
3123 
3122 
3121 
3120 
3119 
3118 
3117 
3116 
3115 
3114 
3113 
3112 
3111 
3110 
3109 
3108 
3107 
3106 
3105 



A. J. P. 



1550 
1551 
1552 
1553 
1554 
1555 
1556 
1557 
1558 
1559 
1560 
1561 
1562 
1563 
1564 
1565 
1566 
1567 
1568 
1569 
1570 
1571 
1572 
1573 
1574 
1575 
1576 
1577 
1578 
1579 
1580 
1581 
1582 
1583 
1584 
1585 
1586 
1587 
1588 
1589 
1590 
1591 
1592 
1593 
1594 
1595 
1596 
1597 
1598 
1599 
1600 
1601 
1602 
1603 
1604 
1605 
1606 
1607 
1608 
1609 



Cainan b. 



Noah's 


Shem's 


Arptiax- 


Cainan's 


Usherian 


Rabbin. 


Years. 


Years. 


ad's Years 


Years. 


A.M. 


A.M. 


720 


218 


118 




840 


597 


721 


219 


119 




841 


598 


722 


220 


120 




842 


599 


723 


221 


121 




843 


600 


724 


222 


122 




844 


601 


725 


223 


123 




845 


602 


726 


224 


124 




846 


603 


727 


225 


125 




847 


604 


728 


226 


126 




848 


605 


729 


227 


127 




849 


606 


730 


228 


128 




850 


607 


731 


229 


129 




851 


608 


732 


230 


130 




852 


609 


733 


231 


131 




853 


610 


734 


232 


132 




854 


611 


735 


233 


133 




855 


612 


736 


234 


134 




856 


613 


737 


235 


135 




857 


614 


738 


236 


136 


1 


858 


615 


739 


237 


137 


2 


859 


616 


740 


238 


138 


3 


860 


617 


741 


239 


139 


4 


861 


618 


742 


240 


140 


5 


862 


619 


743 


241 


141 


6 


863 


620 


744 


242 


142 


7 


864 


621 


745 


243 


143 


8 


865 


622 


746 


244 


144 


9 


866 


623 


747 


245 


145 


10 


867 


624 


748 


246 


146 


11 


868 


625 


749 


247 


147 


12 


869 


626 


750 


248 


148 


13 


870 


627 


751 


249 


149 


14 


871 


628 


752 


250 


150 


15 


872 


629 


753 


251 


151 


16 


873 


630 


754 


252 


152 


17 


874 


631 


755 


253 


153 


18 


875 


632 


766 


254 


154 


19 


876 


633 


757 


255 


155 


20 


877 


634 


758 


256 


156 


21 


878 


635 


759 


257 


157 


22 


879 


636 


760 


258 


158 


23 


880 


637 


761 


259 


159 


24 


881 


638 


762 


260 


160 


25 


882 


639 


763 


261 


161 


26 


883 


640 


764 


262 


162 


27 - 


884 


641 


765 


263 


163 


28 


885 


642 


766 


264 


164 


29 


886 


643 


767 


265 


165 


30 


887 


644 


768 


266 


166 


31 


888 


645 


769 


267 


167 


32 


889 


646 


770 


268 


168 


33 


890 


647 


771 


269 


169 


34 


891 


648 


772 


270 


170 


35 


892 


649 


773 


271 


171 


36 


893 


650 


774 


272 


172 


37 


894 


651 


775 


273 


173 


38 


895 


652 


776 


274 


174 


39 


896 


653 


777 


275 


175 


40 


897 


654 


778 


276 


176 


41 


898 


655 


779 


277 


177 


42 


899 


656 



GENEKAL TABLE 



287 



A.M. 

T442~ 
2443 
2444 
2445 
2446 
2447 
2448 
2449 
2450 
2451 
2452 
2453 
2454 
2455 
2456 
2457 
2458 
2459 
2460 
2461 
2462 
2463 
2464 
2465 
2466 
2467 
2468 
2469 
2470 
2471 
2472 
2473 
2474 
2475 
2476 
2477 
2478 
2479 
2480 
2481 
2482 
2483 
2484 
24-5 
2486 
2487 
2488 
2489 
2490 
2491 
2492 
2493 
2494 
2495 
2496 
2497 
2498 
2499 
2500 
2501 



5. C. A. J. P. 



3104 
3103 
3102 
3101 
3100 
3099 
3098 
3097 
3096 
3095 
3094 
3093 
3092 
3091 
3090 
3089 
3088 
3087 
3086 
3085 
3084 
3083 
30^2 
3081 
3080 
3079 
3078 
3077 
3076 
3075 
3074 
3073 
3072 
3071 
3070 
3069 
3068 
3067 
3066 
3065 
3064 
3063 
3062 
3061 
3060 
3059 
3058 
3057 
3056 
3055 
3054 
3053 
3052 
3051 
3050 
3049 
3048 
3047 
3046 
3045 



1610 
1611 
1612 
1613 
1614 
1615 
1616 
1617 
1618 
1619 
1620 
1621 
1622 
1623 
1624 
1625 
1626 
1627 
1628 
1629 
1630 
1631 
1632 
1633 
1634 
1635 
1636 
1637 
1638 
1639 
1640 
1641 
164J 
1643 
1644 
1645 
1646 
1647 
1643 
1649 
1650 
1651 
1652 
1653 
1654 
1655 
1656 
1657 
16o8 
1659 
1660 
1661 
1662 
1663 
1664 
1665 
16H6 
1667 
166-J 
1669 



Noah's 


Shem's 


Arphax- 


Cainuu's 


Usherian 


Rai bin. 


Yc.-r.rs. 


Years. 


ad's Years 


Years. 


A.M. 


A. M. 


780 


278 


178 


43 


900 


657 


781 


279 


179 


44 


9(1 


653 


782 


280 


180 


45 


9 2 


659 


783 


281 


181 


46 


9i'3 


660 


784 


282 


182 


47 


904 


661 


785 


283 


183 


48 


905 


662 


786 


284 


184 


49 


906 


663 


787 


285 


185 


50 


9^7 


664 


788 


286 


186 


51 


9H8 


665 


789 


287 


187 


52 


909 


666 


790 


*88 


188 


53 


910 


667 


791 


289 


189 


54 


911 


668 


792 


290 


190 


55 


912 


669 


793 


291 


191 


56 


913 


670 


794 


292 


192 


57 


914 


671 


795 


293 


193 


58 


915 


672 


796 


294 


194 


59 


916 


673 


797 


295 


195 


60 


917 


674 


798 


296 


196 


61 


918 


675 


799 


297 


197 


62 


919 


676 


800 


298 


198 


63 


920 


677 


801 


299 


199 


64 


921 


678 


802 


300 


200 


65 


922 


679 


803 


301 


201 


66 


923 


680 


804 


302 


202 


67 


924 


681 


805 


303 


203 


68 


925 


682 


806 


304 


204 


69 


926 


683 


807 


305 


205 


70 


927 


684 


808 


306 


206 


71 


928 


685 


809 


307 


207 


72 


929 


686 


810 


308 


208 


73 


930 


687 


811 


309 


209 


74 


931 


688 


812 


310 


210 


75 


932 


689 


813 


311 


211 


76 


933 


690 


814 


312 


212 


77 


934 


691 


815 


313 


213 


78 


935 


692 


816 


314 


214 


79 


936 


693 


817 


315 


215 


80 


937 


694 


818 


316 


216 


81 


938 


695 


819 


317 


217 


82 


939 


696 


820 


318 


218 


83 


940 


697 


821 


319 


219 


84 


941 


698 


822 


320 


220 


85 


942 


699 


823 


321 


221 


86 


943 


700 


824 


322 


222 


87 


944 


701 


825 


323 


223 


88 


945 


702 


826 


324 


224 


89 


946 


703 


827 


325 


225 


90 


947 


704 


828 


326 


226 


91 


948 


705 


829 


327 


227 


92 


949 


706 


830 


328 


228 


93 


950 


707 


831 


329 


229 


94 


951 


708 


832 


330 


230 


95 


952 


709 


833 


331 


231 


96 


953 


710 


834 


332 


232 


97 


954 


711 


835 


333 


233 


98 


955 


712 


836 


334 


234 


99 


956 


713 


837 


335 


2*5 


100 


957 


714 


838 


336 


236 


101 


958 


715 


839 


337 


237 


102 


959 


716 



19 



288 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



A. M. 

"2502" 
2503 
2504 
2505 
2506 
2507 
2508 
2509 
2510 
2511 
2512 
2513 
2514 
2515 
2516 
2517 
2518 
2519 
2520 
2521 
2522 
2523 
2524 
2525 



B. C. 


A. J. P. 


304T 


T67T 


3043 


1671 


3042 


1672 


3041 


1673 


3040 


1674 


3039 


1675 


3038 


1676 


3037 


1677 


3036 


1678 


3035 


1679 


3034 


1680 


3033 


1681 


3032 


1682 


3031 


1683 


3030 


1684 


3029 


1685 


3028 


1686 


3027 


1687 


3026 


1688 


3025 


1689 


3024 


1690 


3023 


1691 


3022 


1692 


3021 


1693 



Noah's 


Shem's 


Arphax- 


Cainan's 


Usheriiui 


Rabbiu. 


Years. 


Years. 


ai'aYesra 


Years. 


A.M. 


A. M. 


840 


338 


238 


103 


960 


717 


841 


339 


239 


104 


961 


718 


842 


340 


240 


105 


962 


719 


843 


341 


241 


106 


963 


720 


844 


342 


242 


107 


964 


721 


845 


343 


243 


108 


965 


722 


846 


344 


244 


109 


966 


723 


847 


345 


245 


110 


967 


724 


848 


346 


246 


111 


968 


725 


849 


347 


247 


112 


969 


726 


850 


348 


248 


113 


970 


727 


851 


349 


249 


114 


971 


728 


852 


350 


250 


115 


972 


729 


853 


351 


251 


116 


973 


730 


854 


352 


252 


117 


974 


731 


855 


353 


253 


118 


975 


732 


856 


354 


254 


119 


976 


733 


857 


355 


255 


120 


977 


734 


858 


356 


256 


121 


978 


735 


859 


357 


257 


122 


979 


736 


860 


358 


258 


123 


980 


737 


861 


359 


259 


124 


981 


738 


862 


360 


260 


125 


982 


739 


863 


361 


261 


126 


983 


740 



GENERAL TABLE. 



289 






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tt 1 in :r t- ao ci ~ HWM'*irttflt>-ooo)OHO}co'!j , >n(0^ooffjo 
xoocoooQOXomajoc-.oaiscsmooocoooooon 

U)05ai050>0)ffl05ff)5)00>ffi005mCOOOOOOCOOO 



Kingdom of Egypt settled by 
Misor. or Mizraim, A. M. 2540, 
Tisri 1, A. J P. 1707, Wed., 
Sep. 14th, Thoth 1. The first 
217 years are given to Mizraim, 
according to the old Egyptian 
chronicle. 



T-KMeOTfiocor-oocnOr-KMco^ 



3 k m JB ^ ' 



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* J3 k r " 1 ^ 'S A 



! £-g*S:5 b«2 



^§awffi 



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13 £.s 2^ ^ 



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1? «-S 3^ 5^ a 8 



■*rj<nnnno}^^(NHH 



Each year of this cycle begins Thoth 1 



s.'-'tMM^iotat-oocoHCTco^irttONOoaiOMOinTjiirswi-QO 

£HcOCOCOCO.OCCCOOt~t~t~l>t^t~lr»i^^r^aOaoaoaOCOaoa>aOaO 



OOCDtfltOCO«C(Oi>NNi>^t-t-^l^t^XXOOXXOOOOOOQO 

r:c^coc^c^cococococofocoirococococococococococococococo 



^vocDir^ooa50T-ic^co^vr5cr>jr^QOC50^c<!co^ir5coi^ooa50 

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t? tft CO f- CD 51 ( 

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H«n^mtct»oooici-iO!nTfirtcofXaio 

OCCCOOOOO^HrHrHr^^Hr-^r-l-Hr^^-lC? 



cox^tflm-*coo!HCff)OONOo^co(MiHoma)^tflLO^ 

(Mr-rHrH-.r-rtHrlM- OOCGOOOOOOCICICI CI Cl CI 

CCCCCOCOCOCCCCCCCQCOOCICICICICICI 



■ • irj in l^ in l~ \n \t: l.^ m li o ift ^ l*: li lt it. 1/: lt o 10 m ^ m >f! ifi in 
< \oio\ ex a c-i cj a cj a a 01 ci <m c^ ci c* a a a ex <n c^ cm cm c-i a 



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290 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



•SS!!000>OH(N«^ifltDNQOfl50HCTCO'*m!flN(»ff30H(Mn'iiio«iNGOO)0 
S^'^COt^l^t-t-^t^C~-t^C-f-OOQOCOQOOOOOQOQOQOOOCT!Cr5a5Cr)0^a5CT5C5Cr30^0 



ljHW«^iftui>ooaiOH(^m^mtON(]oooH(Mn^iflrt^ooa)0 



^jlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



«j'iotot-ooff)OH(NmTf<incfiNQOnO'H(N«T)<m?flt-QoaoT-i«eorj<Lotot^ 



§S 



^ 



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88 >» 









*IIITIJIIitf1JlIS1flJ 111111 



^1 e site, 



ooooojffjoioiQOooQOoot-^t-NWtaocoin^wiorii-^'^^nccnntM 



^inON800iOHOICOTf<iOC01>QOOlOH(?)01^0tSt~00050H(MnT)(ifla 



OiOHisn^otot^oomoHwn^mtor'flOKOHCin^iotot^TffiCH 

■DClClfflfflOlfflOlOiafflOOOOOOOOOOHHHHHrtHHHrtlNW 
(^C3(^<^C4C^(^C*<^C$(^COCOCOCOirOCOCriCV3rocOCOroroCOOOCO 



g g ' 050 



WW^OtOt-OOff30HO}fOTi<irtC£lNOOff50HCTW^ifl5fll>OOfflOH 

odoaioocioimmajoiooooooooooHHHHHHHHHHOK 



rH(^CO^lO^^CCC50T^C^CO^Lr5C01r-OOCTiOi-<C<5CO^lrtCOt^OC050^H<>l!r5 

aiommmaiaoiroooooooooooHHHHHHHHHHWWOiff! 

0000O)00000000(»a3(75<^mO3Cnm55O5O3aiO5C5O5(J5iJ5lXa>O5O3O}O}J)O)O3 



H(Sn^lfl<Ot»COCJOr 



nWHOo>XN!om , *c»j(NHca)oot'toifl^nWi-icaiQot*toiflTj<«(NH 

030>ffi01C1010501C505mO)C5C5fflOJOlO)050)Oi05Ci?>3)C53!050)fflfl5fflO 



i o h (^ n ^ o 
I ininininirtirtifttewootrtawto^eoi-t-Sj^SSNt't-t-ooooQO'r'flo x< 
i m in in io o in in ifl in in in i.o in io io o io in io o >n in to io tfj uio in ifl ift o o o 



co-^vn«ot~ooo50— > 

- n m o in in <b (o 



<N«^K5aNQoo50H(N?;T("in'>ot-ao 

""i(5ini(5K5K5inK5i(5in 






GENERAL TABLE. 291 



HOiM'^iooNOOooHisco^vnwt'QooOrHtMco^intor-oocno-HPin 
oosoooooooQoooaoajaoQOoooooooooocoaoaoaoQOOoxiooQOOoaoQoaocBQOQOOo 



Fo-hee. •** 



g^;00050H(Mn^irttON00050HOinTtiOtot»QOC50H(NP5Tl<iOtONQOffiO 



02 






£^2* .^£^* «^££^-§ -^^"-S .&*££^ 



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SthJ£h£c72 oq S H ^ Eh £ aQ m % H ^ H &a} OQ S E- ^ H £ «} QQ § Eh ^ H £ 



» c <^ <^ <M 

all 



Sa't-ooc350H(Mn^inti)i>oooiOH(McoTj<irtc5NoomoH(Mm^iotflt>.a)oi 

2= OOOQXOBClffiOOaiaffiCDOOOOCOOOOO'-iHrtHrHHHHHH 



r -> 



5^1 CMCMCMCMCM-NCMCMCOeo r^ror^cocrjcocoro^^^^^^Tf^^^iOiOiOiOiO 

£*« coc^cococococoiocococococrofococoirococoaicroc^cocrocoM 



. .1 

a-B "Hirt«fli>oomoHcqco^io«5t-oomOHWcoT)*iota(^ODc750 

= | <MC}CJCM<MCM:o:OCOcrocrococOc^c~co^^Tl<^Tf^T*<Tt<^^in 

2 si CJ5C!O^O^C5C^C^C^O^CJ5C^00^050^C5Cj5CT50^0^crr5CJ>05C75C5CT3C73 



Pn ^u^co^ooo^OrH(>?co^ocD^oocr50^c>5co^io^t^c»OTOT^c?co^*tncr> 

iomiflirt>flo<a!00«0!Dcfltocca(ONt'^^NNNi«i>NOO'Xao(»xQoa) 

"> . r-t-t— r-t— t~r-t-t--t- t— t~ f- t— t- t— r- t— i>-t~r-t-t—t~-t~r~t— t— t~r— t~^t~ 

^ ^ rtr ^ rH ^ r - ( ^ (r H r H r -,_ r H^_ !rHr -HrHr-lrHrH^lr-(r-lr^r- 1 ^r-lrHrHr-.r-lr-|r-lrH 

,; Off!QCN«0>ftHjnWHCCJ)Q0t*{0if5Tj(KCTrtCO)Q0N«flO-*rt(NHOm00 
O3<7}C^C^C^C^Cr;C^C^C^CiC^C^C^O50^C^0^C^a5C5OiO5O5Cf5C^cr5C?JC5C^c75C7>O5 

» cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm ox ox ox ox ox ox cm ox ox ox cm cm cm cm cm cm cm 

. tot»acoOH(M?!Ti'ifl»N30cnoHKnTj<int3t'inffiCH«nr)ivnoi>-QO 

§ ccxxicift o» cr> cr.c-; oor, crsoooooooooo^-irHr-if-i-^r-ir-ti-irH 

. ! m in ifl o o o in o in o o m o o to a -j u to a co a - o - j a o c co tn to a o cb 

-< ; CM OX OX OX OX OS OX Ol OX OX Oi ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox ox Ol ox ox ox ox o* 



292 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Ti'otDt-QooiOrtCTiro^irjcot^QooiOHtMn^incoNQomor-iCTn'^Lito 

Q0Q0Q00000(Xi00CX)00CDGO00000000000000CX;0000CZJCC'(XjCC00000000CO00CC00 



hht-yO'XooL'XooQoooxccffianrooaiQjintLcocoococco 

COOOOOOOOOOOCOOCOOOOOOOr- Ir-li-HrHl-lr-)!— If- (I— (r-H 



^^T?\^^^- : ( ?Pcno^-ic<jcoTfiocr>i--Qpo^o 



&0 

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£l£.«t?^te$S^&tg.„$ 



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IM^ 11 *i_S£.g II *SS*8 11 ^ frMi-S M feSf I 






^^^H^H^^cc^H^H^tC^SH^H^^^^H^Hf^CB^SE-i^ 



^55 g'S*^ 3 



Oi-i^ccr^u^^^fxicnOi-ii^co-^in^Dt^ooasOi-ic^r^^ocDt-.oocno^HC? 
CTtMCTWCTCTWCT^CTwnnwooforommm-^^TjiTti^TjiTlt^^^oirso 



mcot-Q0050HC!n^ioto^oooiOr-iCTw<#inoNaoo)0'-i««'<totof 



lOiriNQOmortCTnTtiotDNOomoHfNcoTfiflCNQooiOr-iwn'^mcN 



t^ooa50^<^c^^incrir-QOCiOi-»CJccTt<ir5cr>t^QC050i-icjcoT^ocr>t^oocrs 

ocKOOOiffiffiixoa'-cr.ajoimccoooooccoHHHHHHHHHH 

Nr-t-t-I>t-l^(-t-Nt^l>t-'XX00XXCOQOXXQ0Cf.COGC00Q0a0MQ0«X 



,< ^amitnciHoaixiNtoirtiimwHOOj'Xt'toinTCMiMHoroQOi^o^ 
cfoiCTDiMaciciMHHrtHHHHHHOccooocoocaiammj) 



. aoiHor-fi^ai-xooHOin^ifttDNXOiCHWK^otriNXffiCH 

3 ' -< o ct C! CT (M C! C! c; ci w c r^ ro c-: r^ ^ r^ r: r: ~ Tf ^ t t? Tf Tf Tf ■* rji if m o 

. i to id - j c o o o c c co a - o r '^ c a o c w r c c c w c u (c o o c c o 

•< l & &l Ot <?l Cl (X Cl C* Cl O) Ci Ci Oi Ci &t ei C* C* Cl Ot C* Gl (^ tt C* ?i &i C* Ol Qi Cl Ct Oi 



GENERAL TABLE. 293 



■i3 i t'0005OrHCiP5">!)iint0NQ005OH(NnT(iin«0NQ005Or-i(NP5T|imtaN0005 
g^'xxxxxxaoaoxxxxxxxxxxajxxxxxxxxxxaoaoxao 



«HHHHiHH-HHff!Oi(N^(M(N(^ao}(MMmmfCcoconconco^'* 



H&l 






t-Otf»tOt£>mirtiOlflTl<^TCT#M«rtCO(N(7)OJ(NHHHrtOOOOO!05m05 



rHC^CO^O^Dt^OOOSO 



S " OcC^G*CnIGNICNIC^C*C<!C^C^GSIC^C^G^CMG^G^C^C^G^C^G^C^CMC^G^C^GnIC^C^G^C^ 



oomOHCTn^mtONQ0050H(Mn'<#ifltflNa)5)OHC}n'*ifl<£>NaoaiO 

ooooffioiaoiraoiffloioifflooooooooooHHHHHHHHHHtN 



asiooojOHNnri"into^Q0050H(Mn^mtot-xioiOHDic<)'^in«ONaoeiO 
^KriaooimajifflmmojioiooooooooooHHHHHHHHHHH 



OHNM^maNxooHCiw^oot'OociOHOin^iirttot^oooiOHCQ 

QCXXXXjoXXXXGCXXX'XXXXXXOOODOOGOQOOOOOOOQOQOOOOOQO 



r < Tjin(MHCCiXl>tOin-<tCOC!r-iOOX t-.CO O-^nCJ'-iOOlXh-COirt^COCT 

° ci^cn cr. cT500QoaoaoooQG"r xxxt-t-i^t-i> r-t^ir~t~-r-o<o<iDcocootD:o 

a ao ao oo ao xi x x xj x x xj x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x « oo ao 

I c^c^c*c^c^G^CNic^cMcMG^c^c^c^G^c^c^c^G^c^c^G^G^c<iG^c^cMCMcMG^ciG^c$ 

S m Li i.i o o to l", m a to t2 ^ - "^ - j to -J tc i^ n !^ r- n !^ f t^ f- t- x x ro 7 ao 
co co co eo co co <o - o-oaooo-jaoxcotatoototo'-oausoctfltflcoy) 

■< (M CM CM CM CM CM CM <M CM CM <M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM C<i 



294 



BIBLICAL CHEONOLOGY. 



OHlMn^Otfl^OOOlOHOinrjtLOONQOClOrHWn^iflfOt-GOCiC-iOl 



^ £} ^ ^ Shinp;-nong. 






CO *- n-1 ~ ^ 



3 ^ ^ -S ta 3 ^ S ^ ^ 



Si ^ll* 1 



l"**!?! 






fev- 



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5 3 S'tf'S £^S ^3 3 






H^Hf^MC»SH^HP^M^S^^HfeMiMS^^HfeM^SH^Hf5cc 









(aNaoojoHWco^irtcDNCoojOHon^iooNcomoHCJM^mfa^co 
oDODQOoooomonoimroajaiooooooooooHHHHnHHHH 
<M<Mcq<MCM<M<MCiC^c^c$(M<MCMoorocococococococococororo 



C?CO-<#iri<X>t-~000 , iO 



^intChcocftOHOin^wtOhcomoHCjn 



Hijjn'infltoNcocrjOHCMn'^mtONaociOr-iCT^TtivnoNToeiOr-iojn 



co^vft«D^oocr>c3rHc^co^>r3cr)^ooo^Oi^c}c^^Locot^oocrjOr-icNc^T}*ir5 

00<X)C&aO(X>GOa)aj(»GOa)GOOO<X)GO(X)aja0 03aoaOCOOOro 



CDOOOOCCOOOOaiQOOO.TDGOOCODQOTOajCOOOOOOOCOajOOOOOOOOOOQOOOaOQOQOOO 
C*CNC*C*(MCJ<M(MC\IC^<>}<M<MC4<MCMC4C^C^C1C}CM<MCMC^^ 



ooooooioxoffinociaioicftmoioooooocoooHHHHHHHH 

OIC^CM(M<M01C}<MC4C^OJC1CTO}C^<MCM(M(MCMC*C^CM<^ 



GENERAL TABLE. 



295 



I- 1 

CO ' 


■cglt^t-t^^ooooQOXXfloX'QoaooooicniaiovaicDoimmaiOOooooooo 

J» . HHHHHHHHHHHHriHHHHHrtHriHriHCT(M«J)WCT(M(Jt(N 


| 
5 


Hwn^iowt^oomoHwn^intoNQOcnoHCjm^intflNQomoHCTfo 


'11 

s6 


©r^C^CO^iOCO^OOOT©^C^CO^vO«r>t^COOTOrHe3COTjiOCO^COa^O^<^ 

00fflQ000 00(BiX)Q0XXm0i0)0>«(n0)0)0)0)OOOOOOOOOOHHH 




Ha 

11ll|l||il1||lllli|ill§|l|||lll*i| 


SI 


HHi-ioooocriromoiooooooooNNt't-tDcoo^ifliflinifl-rc^^iimn 

COC005C^COC^COC^C>*G^CNC^CNe?OICNGN{C^C^CNC^CN^ 


O 


OrM<^<r5^incor^ooOTOT^c^cvj^ir5^r^coCT>OrH(^coTfirtcoi--oocr50i-iG^ 






x2'o50H«COrl'knWt>'00050H(Mn-^iO«ONOO<J50rt(NM'«*iOtOt'(X5050H 

^« 00ffl0)fl)0)0101B)0>5101OOOOOOOOOOHHHHHH-iHHHWff) 


3^ 


C50H!MnM , >ntDt^Qom^HO{nr)(irttONQOcr)Op-i(^ni'incfli^oD050H 


*§ 


>« lO ffl 1> 00 fli O-H W W-^i >ft «D l> 00 03 O H (K TO Tji W5 ?fi N 06 05»0 i-i W CO ^* W tfi 

vOiT50Lf5i^ir5C^tOCpCDCr>cri«r>COtOtDt^^t^l^t^r-t^t--t-~l>-OOQOOOOOOOCDOO 


. .1 

pg ; "*ou:i>QooiOH(Mn^incoi^ooo50H«m^>rttfiNOOaiOHC , 5oi'^int£) 

s-iminmimnincDtatflfDcotntDCDtocD^NNt-NNNNt-t-ooQOQODOQooooo 


| 




pi 


^t^QOO^O'^OJCO^incO^OOCr50rHC?CO^iOtO^OOCT50rHC<(CO-^<ir5COt^CX) 

C0Q0a3X'C50i0505OCDCVff305CT)OOOOOOOOOOHHHr-(HHH.HH 

ao ao ao ao oo oo go Co ao ao x> co co go mmmaimax^CTsoaimCTjmaiOTmCTioxjj 


6 
pq 


(MOOO^CTCToiciHHHHHHHHHHOocooooooomorom 

OOOOXGOXai.XOOXi'/JCC'OOGOXaOOOODQOQOOOQOQOOOOOOOOOCOOOQOt't'f^t- 


< 1 <^C*C?G^CNC^CNO?CNOl<^!03GN!CNC*C^CNC*CSC*C^G^ 

— — — ■ . . 1 



296 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



;gtONOOC50HW?5'^ift{Cl^Q0050HC<J5^ifltOI>000:OH(NC , 5'^"vOsO^OO 



.e^CJ<^CQ(M<MCJCMG^<^<M<MCM(MC^e}C}CM<MC^^C'}^ 



li «r)nfltot»H«mTjno«Df.ooajOHDi«'^in<CNOooiOH(N«'^ifl'-o^oo 

b h I <M CM <M CM (M 

S"| Menes begins 15 dynasties of 443 years, or 15 generations. 



^ff^l^ '^i^£i% '^i^ilS '^f^fl 5 '*£*$& 

_g £ -3 T3 m^ J" _5 b T3 I 3 ^^ s^rt £ Td ^ cc ^ s-,rt £ -c I 3 a^ b ^ b T3 I 3 , DQ 

'035aS^3^3s5iD^3T35ca(D'ti3'CS^C^3'fl3r2S 

•C t3 3 o 3 {* -fl -c te 5 £ 3 £ ^ "£ * 5 ^ ^ £ ^ •=: -g § £ vgrGX^ 5° ? 



& 



n^otCNCOffiOHCNw^intaNQomoHwn^iotflt-QocDowCTcc^o 



<M(M<M(M<M(MCM<M<M<M<M<MCMC^CM<M(^<MCMC^CM<MCM 



(Nm-^ifttflt-COOlO-H^mTtHAtONQOOiOHCNCO^vrttOt-OOOlOHCTrO^ 

K5inininmoiflifl(o»«oto«3tO(Oocsto^t't't»NNi*t'ft-(X)ooxxx 



z - 



SSr-oocnoHwnrjiiflto^QocnoHOim^nntD^coooHwn^mtcf'TOi 
S^ooooxosCTjaiajojo^oiosaiaiooooooooooi— i— <f— ii— ir-H^-ti— t-Hr-Hf-i 



a E I ^comoHCMnTjimtot-ooaio 

g « I COOOOOC5C3aiC5Ci05CTi(7>a50)0 



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298 



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300 



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dynasty of 190 years. 



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302 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



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GENERAL TABLE. 303 






J;gJT)i^'^'^'^i , ' , *Tl | Tf'^inirtlOiOiniOiOLOinOtD(OtO(a!fl(0(atB«D«3NNN 



N(BO)OH(NWTi*ifltoNoomoH(MmTjii/550t-ooa>OHcgoi5Ti'mtot-Qom 






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I" ty bc-gins with .Mar-H r^r^^^r^rHr^r^^OT(^(^(^(7iC^G^C^(^C^0CiCOCOC^(«C0O0 
docentes. 



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304 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 









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GENERAL TABLE 



305 



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H J5 n ■* ifj ta t- 00 05 o 
t— t— e^ t— t--i>-t^-t— t^ao 

oooooooooo 
r: .1 r; n ^! n n n ^5 co 



306 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



.SjltflNCOOCHCNJ'J^irttO^OOnOHOrt-^irttONGOCnOr-KMnTjiflONX 

•f * t C5 C5 CTS C": CT O O O O O O O O O i— I rH r— I r— I r— ( i-H r- 1 — I i— < -n C) CT 1 C! OJ C O! CJ CJ O 

^IrtHHHHrtrtrtHrtHHHHrtHHHHHrtHHHHHrtHnHHrtH 



Es 



iO lO irt O i/5 L.O O iT5 lO ITS m tO uO iO O V-O ITS lO UO i/i iT5 lO i.O O iO O iO O tO UO iO iO O 



J OHC^rt'^otOb.ooo50HO?MTt<>ooh>ooaJOHCin^ir5tDNQOHe}^ , <# 

2 O^iOO^iflOO^OUOtOOaomoSi^Pt-h^^^pN^ 







« 






I 




g* 


(fit^oDoiOHwn-^mwt-oomoHCJn^iflONoomoHCTnTjdrtONOO 



OinXI!a^^'O-Oa;DC^It-t^l>t-£-i>i>t-t-l^0000Q000XG000a)Q0XC3 



xmOHCJrt^inmNxrjOHCTn^iflcoNXCiOHwn^iflo^xmo 
xxoinocjDciiiDnojiOoc^coooccHHHHHHHHHHO} 
(7? CI Q1 Cl Cl d Cl Ci Ci a Ci (X co co co co co co co ro co co co co co co re co co co co co co 



ciOH'Nn-^incflNxnor-iw^-fioor-xooHWW'tiftci^xooH 
Tjir5vni.'iominoinLToaoaacooooot-f't-i>t^^Nt~Nt^xx 

C! O? O! OJ Ct C! OJ O! T! T! CI Ci O! O* CJ C{ OJ OJ CJ CM CI CI CI CI OJ CI CM CM CM CM CM CI CM 
CICMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



o ^ r: cm c c. TN(£)mr)<^(:jHO?ixt-iairtTf«(MHOcnxt^toor(<n 

i-iW^-^intot-xojOrtCTnTcmtot'XOiOHCTn^iooNffioiCHwr: 
oo co oo co rxj x 30 oo icncnc^cnciainnooooooocooOrt-iri-H 

OOOOOOOOOO — OOOOOOOOr-(r-(^-(rH^-lr-lf-(— 1^-1 — r-Hr-l-H-H 

c~cococo:o~co:ocococococococococococococococococo:ococococo:oco:o 



GENERAL TABLE. 307 



OJOHisr! , <jiifl»NaonoH«M'*ooNooffiOH«nT!n.'j!Ot-ooo50H 
eo co eo co co eo co co co co co co en in co co co co so co co eo co co co co co «o eo co co co co 



t~r~r~r~-t^t^t~t-xxxT tt x)ooaoaDaooa)o>Aac«ato>C6 i o)OOOOo 

l-5 U5 O O ^ ifl iT5 iT! O Ll O Li in tfj u^ lO O m tti ifl lO O O iO Li fl ift l! !C 'J "J U O 



s oot*aoooH«n^LOONooc!Or-ic}n^inoNQoc50H(^rt^ifloi> 
_= T^rMrti^r^^rtr^r^rtCiCiCiCiCiCJCiCJClCircciJirociceccri 



So, C5OHNW*i-'J'ONXCSOH(Mn-^OON0C«O-(CT«' , #'rt«£t-X«OH 
= >-. m CO CO CO CO "-T VC CO CO CO CO i— t- t- t~- t~ t- £» t-- t- J— X X I '00 X X X X X X X ■ CJ CJ 

^ . ; r^r^r^c^cocococococccocococ^cocQcocococococoroiTiccr^rorjcococococo 





^ 


1 


<1 

* .f^blf *$&£$i$ *$&&$*£ *f £££"1 -£>;^ 

e^^ a g l"5 =3 5"= §212 3:2.3 = £ i"B§^5^ § ®*| e3-2^ = 


Is 


nnnWCTNCiiHHHHCOOomcifflfflaoaoxooNNt'^oaooioo 

<M««K««Jlffl(MW<M«Cl««HHHHHHrtHHHHHHrtr(HHH 



= ' ONXsiOH^^-^LT^fX^o- <cjre^tncot^x>cT5©.-iC}ciTt<incot~GO 
t- t- t- t- oo x x x x x x i ao x x cr: en en en a-, t-. t*. > en en en o o a ~ o o o o o 

5 1 o o o m its o o li in in in in m in in >n o o li o o o o o o o a o o » <a u co 



•2 




H««TjiOOt-00ffiO>-iC?rt'^L'5tOt^C0 
Parannus. HnrtHHrirtH 


as *" 


CS O rH C$ COrf «3 SDf^.GD jDJ Q iH C« rt 

Lecocococococococococoi>r^t^r~ 


Tj<uocot^oocno^H«co-*uo«ot^oocio^H 
t-t-t-~r^t~t^o)aoacccx5xaoaoaoaocjcn 



! : H«n^mo^xsiCH«rt^L'5C5NMC50H(M«^o!ar'roffiOHN« 
5 = C!c;r.r.r.c;r.sscccccccoocHHHHHHHHHH«C!J!« 
i; ; h h h h h h h h h C! Cl Jl C! C! Cl C! a ?) f! C! C! CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI 



£ ^<NJiTfiftcot-aocn©<-HC?ci-T}<»ricot~aocn 
~ ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci m co co co co eo co re co co 

££ ceeocejicceocicicicecorceocococicecici 



-r 



-f o a r- x r. o h j i « Tjufl o t- x c; e 

— OSOOOOOOOOOOi-h 



"' ci i! ci ci c? ci ci o> cj 1! c? ci ci ci CJ ci ci (M eo re r^ eo eo eo w eo eo eo re eo re n eo 
«,• | Ci CI Ci Ci CI CI CI Ci cj — 



rj C< CJ Cl Cl Cl CJ Ci Ci C? CI CJ CI C* C? Ci C? C? CI CJ CI CJ cj cj cj 



Ci CJ Ci CI CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ 
x# \Q to *- 00 1 



308 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



CTC0Tjnnt5^0)c75OHOT«Ti*intfli>Q0ciOHC-!^-fiC'ONXooHW?:-<t 

(C«WO?CO{OtOt-t*^Nt'N^t't'^aOXXMXQOXX!»Q005C5353iO 



^ ^ Oj ^D C^ *^^ C> *— H — ■ 



»fl,CT«^ift«OI>roff)OHW«rtiii , 5tDNXC)OrH(Nn^iOCCl>X050HCJ«^ 

5wo)OiojfflffiamaocooooooooHHHrtHHHHHHC!««ffiO! 



fe 



5 >»5» - 



^^S-ill^i^^ 






S^— * ^ -T? ™ <D ™ 



«.£Mllw§ 



fS c 






^ »-d a s 



£ cs »- 



T3 3^3 3^ 3 £?T3 3-3 3 






F=hGQCO 



£1 



wio^Ti<'*^nnnP5(NWW«HHHHOooooj05050iXxxxNft' 



oiOHOJW^iowNXffiOHwn^ifltnNXoiOp-nMn^LfjcflNxoio-- 



(^OrHCvJCOT^irS^t^OOaiOr^C^C^^O^^ODO^Oi^CSCO^iOSOt^OOCT© 
r^QJ(^<^{C$<^Cl<r}<7^<O^C$COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOTt« Nabonadus ends the 2d dynas-*" 1 

ty of 215 years. 



o)OiO)0)Oio;o)aooooooooooH 



^ 



Ti<iLrtco^oo<^o^c?co^ino^oocr50r^c^co^tncrir--ooCTiOr--ic^co-rT'ir5co 



cm intfli^xaoHOjfortintjDNxmop-icico-^Lict-xcoiHCTn^L^ON 

1-5 P5 n n W CO « . : CO « :- rr: ^ :: m :- r-j r :o r: CO « . : ^rOCOP5P3P5«nP5Mm 



oiXr-tom'fcoWMCcnxf-tflin^coojHCciXNomTfcocj-icmxt- 
l ososajciCicic^c^c^c^rx) cc or jqocxdoo 1 ao ao oo 1— t~ r- r~r^t--t~r--r^r— tocr^: 
a ! nmncococor. ro^rororoco^rococococoeoconnrtrtcopjrtnn n ro ro 



cocococococococococowcoco 



CO CO CO CO CO 



GENEKAL TABLE. 



309 



!< 


01QOnC)OOOOOOOOCiCHHHHHHHHrtHflMO)J!C!0!«g 







Ti-tchee. Yao. 



\fi to l— 00 OJ o 
CM CM CM ~ " 



CMco^mtoi-^oocio 



(Nn^mto^ooojo 



Pfaf - » * 



b 



S.SI'S&P 



5 s ' 






-ft 






~s 



G^M^o«rit^QOCTO^c?coTtiino^ooOTOi^c^roTj<Lftcrijr^GOcr30r-(C<!cciT}< 



«n , <*in(ot'QOOiOH(Mn^oH(MnTi'vn<SNxaoHOtnT«ifia^oo« 

rHrlrHrHrHrHrHrHCMCMCMCNCMC* Belug begins 3d dynagty> rH r-i^rirHrHrHr-lrtr-l 

H««^OtaoQ0050H(Nn^irt!01>COmOHCT«TJ(iOtOt- 



t-ooooMWw^ioot^oooiOHCjn^insoNQooior-iCTn^iooNQom 

IftOOCfllDOtBtOtDOtDCCOi^r'NNNN^NNNQOGOQOOOQOGOOC TO 00 X 
(^CNCNG^GMCMCMGMC^GMC^C^CMGMC^C}GMCMCMC^CM<^C^CMGMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC^ 



Pn ooooHWWTjunw^xcoHon^m'vONOoojOHNfflTiiinot-xmo 

• ^ rj ifl i« C O O O lT lT O O -X CD -O O O O a (fl O (D t^ t- ^ t> t' t- ^ N t- 1^ X 
^ | CM CM CM CM CM (7? CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 



toifl-^noHCffiXNtoift^xwHOJixowiflTjcflKHOox^oo^fi 

! 5C o o to a a a ul O O fl O lO O O O UO Tj tJ ^ ^ rj< -^ ^ t? -^ -^ n ?: n ?: ^ n 
! CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (7J CM CM CM CM CM CI (71 CM CM CM CM CM CM C-J CM CM CM C^ CM CM CM CM CM 





c 


_, 


7? 


~ 


T* lO 


.- 


t- cocr>© 


_ 


CM 


~ 


"* LTJD t^ X C5 








CN 


M 


UJ 


X X 


I. 


X X X 


X 


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CT5 :T5 Cn CT> O 




rnoooo 
































— 








CM CM CM CM CM 


CM CM CN CM CM 








ec 










PC 




fc»J 












nrjr: 


•• 


~ w 








PC 





310 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



U\3 



ooHCjco , !t , moNooo50HCTco'*mcat^coa)OH(McoT*iflONG0050 



S .1 en 



t-M^r^t'Nt'i>ooa)ootix.QoooooQOQoac5DC5cic)ODC5a>oooo 



s| 



cmckmcicmcocococococococo coco tj^^^^^^^^^oSSSSS Sic 



>_otoj>ooc7iOi-iGsjcoTf<iocr>i^coa:o 



— c^c^c^CQCQCiCic^c^cicocococococococococo-'tf-'^i^^^'^-^Tj* 




ir5tor-oocnoH(^co'*mix>t^ao<riOi-ia«'^in«3^oocnOrHO}c>:'^u , icflj> 
NNt't-NQOoooocoaooooooooooDaioaiOiOCTiffimoifflooocoooo 



ooo^Oi^c^co^to^^ooa:oi^(^jcoT^trtco£^ix>a30t^cicO"<*»r5«£)t^oocT50 
c^ic^cocococococococococo^^^^^^^^^^ioioioioioirtiou^ioioco 



C0ClOHCT«T)H0(fiNQ0OOr-(«C0Tfint0i>000iOH«M^lflON0C0)O 

g=Oirt^ | ^co^x>cr>e3c^to^^5r)t^t^t^t^l^lr^^-c^t^^-ooooaoooooooooooooooc5 



0>^C^CO^vOCDl^OOCT50^HC<CO^>r5COIr^OOCnOi-(C<JCO'^lOtOl--OOC750i--lC^ 

CT)CT3cnCT5criCT5CT5a:a:a>ooooooooooi— ihhhhhhhhhmimct 

CJC*C3C4C^C*C4C$C*C}COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOrocOeOCOCOCO 



i^C^CO^O«Ot^C»O^Or^C^CO^^tO^OOO^OrH<^CO^ir5COt--CDCr50>--<C^CO 

XQCiQOQOQOooQDQOxaajmoaiCJKffimaiOoocooooooHi-iHH 
cococococococococ^cor^cocococororococ^^^^T#Tt<^Tj<^T^T^r)<'^<^Tt< 
ClCiC*(MC*<MCJC^CJC*C*CJC4C4CJClCiC4C4C4C4C*C}C}C4C}C*CJC*C^ 



««-H00500t^(£i^-i , «(NrHOcnaot-wio^«o!rHOcnTjNCOin-^rtO!rH 

««««(MIM(M«(Mff)C!IMO!f!HHHHHHHHHHOOCOCOOCO 
cocococococococorococococococoi^cocococococococococorococococoooco 
C*CJC*CICJC4C*C4C4CJClC4ClC4C4CJCiC4CJC}CJCJC4C4C*ClC*C*C4C}CJC^C^ 



CO'^irttDt^OOC^O'— lOJCO-fiO^Dr— OOCJ50--<G^CO'*>0 5£)l>-OOCJiOr-(<7JCO'Tj<vO 
d CM CM C! C? CI CI C! CJ C! CI CI CI CI CJ C! C! C! CM CI CI CM CI CI CM CI CM CM CM CI CM CI CI 

eocococococoroeococococ^cocococococO'Cocococococ^eocococccococoeoco 



GENERAL TABLE. 



311 



C0C0C£>CJ3OC£>er>^C0t— t^l^r^t-t~-t-t~t~t^TO 00 000000000000000005050505 

^? "^* ^* "^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^j* "^ ^* ^f* ^* *^ ^* ^^ ^3* "^* ^* ^* "^ "^ *^J* "^^ ""^ ^^ "^^ "^ ^^ "^ ^f "^ "^ ^* 



.= jh*iO(ar-oocnoH(Nrt-^m(3t-Qomo-HO}.-o^i.otDNGoroor-ic i 5co^iO'j5 
^ooooooHHHHHHHHHHT!CT(MMt)f)(M«(Monnrtnnn« 

J^,^rH>^r^rMrtrHrtrHr^rtrtrHf^^^r--lr-(r-<r-lr-4r-lr-(r-lr-lr-l^-lr-lr-(i-lr-(^lrH 



j| ooooH«n^w(oi>ooooH(NnT(iirt(o^ooo50H(MnT(<wo^(KCiO 



1^ - 

T3 3^3 5c -fl) 



!>, 



- jwii ^0Mi tM0m $* 

1l2llI11l|IIIl 



fl 



t— fr» fc— t— t~ t- t~ t— C^t^i^t^t^t— t~- t- t^t^t-t-O-^-t^t^t^t^t-t— !>■ t- t- t^ t- 



Kaiomars and Siamek. tH rH *""' ■"" ' 



f0^iT5rHCiCOrJ<»ri«Dt^OOCT)0 
^ ° ° Babius, son of Belus. "^ 



H^n^oWNOOOJOHCTCOTti 



H(Nn^"rtWN00ff)OH(MCi5^O<ON00C>OHUJmT)iL0tD^0Dff)O"Clrt 
<X>CO^tOtOCOCO^^t~t~t~r~t~t~t^l>'t~t~GOGOCOaOGOaOaOaOaOa005050505 



^e}n'*i.' , j«)^3omo-'W^^iou:i>oooio-iCTeoTj<in«fli>oocDO-H(>3co 

03)010)C>0)ffl01510000000000HHHHHHHHHHO)(Mff|(M 






« :h 



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^ocr>t-occr50rHC<!c*:^ir5cr>i^'iC'!riO^HC?corj<ir5«rijr^ooc3Ci-iC? 



OQonr.snsiCiftcixxxxxx i xaoQONt^t-t^t~r-t-t-Nt~oo 
m Gi Gi gi gi gi gi cj cj cr» c> c? ci t< t? tj gi o? c; cj c> gi gi ci ci ci c-? c? c; c; c^ c\f cj 

C* CN (71 !X O* Ci Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gi Gl Gi Gl Gl Gi Gl Gi Gi Gi Gi <M Ci 



t# ^ ^# tj o ti l", in m i-iiLiiiLTJoaccatoooui'M-M^hM^^ 

CI <M <Ci C* 7! CI CN Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gi Gl Gl Gl Gi Gi Gi Gi Gl Gl Gi Gl Gi Gi Gl Gi Gl Gl Gl Gi Gi 

rs m n f i r: n r. r, r. n n n r: r: r: n ^3 w w n n nn « rc c-3 n ~ n n w n n 



312 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



•JM 


^oto^ooff>OH«n^ifttot»ooo>OH(M«Tjio'>ONoooort(Mn^o!o 

05CnC!C100)OOOOOaOOOOHHHHHHHHHHCT(MC)!MC!C!'M 
•"* rj< "^ "* "* -* O ift iO ift ift ift ift o o uo ift O ift iO ift ift ift o o o o ift ift ift ift ift ift 


.SjlNQOOsoHdw^ifltoN'XosoHffjnTjuotoNQOciOHiNnTjiintat^QOci 


4 

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^c>jcort<tnaDr^occ^o^^rHC«co^ift<^t^QOcr)0^-ic i 7co'<*ift?rii>.aocr50rH 

C5 05 0iaiff50Jffl05QOOO ShUll HHHr- IrH— ■ Ir-li— It— (i— 1 Q} (^ 


Is 


H^cnTfirtot-ODOiOHonTfintflt-aoooHon^kflcoNoonoHOM 
ooQOQOooooooooQOOoajaiaiojmoajajomcococccoooHHHr- 


■jjj 

I 

1 


S 2 5 2 S X S 

^ - £ £ £ 


• |n«(M(MO!(NHHHHOOOOO5Oia)O5QOQOQOQOt't«t»^0CWtOifliaifl 

CS ,2 r— I— ' i— 1 1— ( r— ( i— 1 I— 1 I 1 i— 1 r- ( t— 1 r— ( I— 1 I— 1 


«■ H««Tj<iftt£)b-a)050HCTwn*incDNOoo50HO!n'*i.' , 5 50NQoooi-<(Mn 


1 


cflt.aomoHwnTjfotot.ooaoH«n-^irttoi>ooo}OiHCTnT)iifttci>QO 


a 


CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Anebig; son Qf Babius> rHrt-Hr^^PHr^rtOlCNCKNWClC* 


11 


iotDi>oooiOH(Noo'*oaNcomoH(MmT)<incot^QOO)OH(MnT(Hrtot. 
i-t^rHi-trHC^^c^cJCic^^G^c^^cocococococococococo^^^T^T^^^^ 


ggi , *mt0N00C5OH(Mn"^irtc0f-Q0C5OH(Nn^ , mwNCEmoH«n'^mo 

^=3C^C5C5C505C^OOOOOOOOOOr-lrHr-(p-ll-ll-ll-lr-ll-ll-lCJCT<M<N(?lOJ<?» 










..•••••••••••• a> 


1 


ai ( ! . 

Vi a 

:::::::::::::::::::: 2 £:::::::: : 

01,0 

::::::::::::::::::: :ta ::::::::::: 


< 


^ccmOrHCTmttin(Dt^oomoHCinT)<iotot.ooQOrtWW^iflot.xa5 




Ntsirj^^ciHcaxNtom^c^ofHocjooNCOo^noHomcC'h-oo 

O O (C co a to - « kft 'O 1ft i-O i.O ift iO ift iO ift Tt« Ti« ^« Tj< Tf ^ Tt* Tj< Tj< T* CO CO CO CO CO 
CJ CM C4 £vj <7! (M O! Of O! ?> C> O! O! C! C! OJ OJ O! Ol C! <M CM O* CM (M CM C! CM CJ <M CM ft} CM 
CNCMCM<MCMCJCMCMCJCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCM(MCMCMCM<MCMCMtMCMCNl<M<MCMC^ 


-< 


oo^cMco^ot£>r^oo<r:o^O}co^iftco^ooc^©rHO}co^iocDt^c»cTiC'-* 
<- x / rrf.fr t i ' -.cmr.mr.acocioooooocoooHH 

CJ CJ OJ C4 OJ (7J OJ Ci 0! C* C? O! O? ~l O! O) OJ CJ CJ O! OJ to CO CO CO CO CO « CO CO CO CO CO 

eocococococococococococococococococococococococoeococococococoeoeo 



GENERAL TABLE. 313 



z< 



irs io li oin 1/5 o o w ifl o o o ifl o li 1/5 o o li o in lo in o ifl m m ui lo io m n 



3 • o-H^^^ocNaoffiCr-K^nT^LioNQOciOHW^^inwNajmoHOi 

r 3 t-^fl^t>Nt't'N^XX00X)X00a)(I)00XOC15185O350i(n05C5COO 



S a^^Li^Nxr-OHffjn^mtof-oooo 



■*Lf5ifflt^xmoHC5«^otfli^QocioHCJn-<*iotDNxoiOHCTnT)iLOO 

„ H HrtrtrHW(r!CJ<^CTCTCTW(MO!mnfimcO«nCOC<5n^ Amessea, or Amo- 



l|t|l!rf|lfl!fl 




^ 



ifl^^^^nnnn«(^w« 



^lOC0^00050i^CQCO^LftCjDt^OOCr50r-HC^CO^>r5?£)I^OO(TiOr--<C>JCO^<i^tO 

i>t-NNt'NXXXXXXXXXX31G055)C)C)C5C5C5C)OCCCOCO 

t^i--t^t^t^t^t--t-t^£^t-t-t-t^j>-t~c--t--r-t^c-t-t-t-ir-c^ooooooaoQocx)oo 



Hushang. 



(^(M^cococoo-cocccoco Chaealus son of Anebis.' 



Ill 



.bOOOOHDinTl'ifltOt-QOOCHWK'^mtONXCJOHlNn'^WtDNQOOSO 



vEt*xoiOH«nTfnn(ONxaoH«nTfiflcot«ooo50H(Mn^in«ONxm 

= iLOOLTO^C^-OtDtOO(flXH>t^r-t^r-t-Nt-t-t-XXGOXXXXXXX 
8 £ CJC*C*C*C}C}C*C*C4C<C1C?C}C*C*C$C}C*C*C}C}C*C$C3C*C3C«C*C}C*C3C^C* 



Tjufito^xsiOHLMrt^intONXaoHWPJfifito^xoiOHW 



r < ^«!MHcnx^OL'5T)i?;c5HOC5XN(aiflT|in(MHOC5X^«oin^n« 

t> cin.-»r:r:?i(M(MK(M:)Hoi?iff!-HHHHHHHrtHHOOCCoooo 

aj C* C? C! C! CJ CJ C! Ci CI C* CJ CJ CM C) C! Ol C> CI CM CJ C} C! CJ C? CJ C! C? CM C? CJ C! CJ Ci 

w C^ClCiCiC^C^C^C«CJC*CJC^CiCJC^C^C^CJC^C^CJCiC^C^C^C^C^C^C*C^C^C!C! 

j wn-^L'iot-xmoi-iCTMTfoo^xooHonTfL.'icot-QoooHom^ 

S ,_ rt _ rt rtHM-rHC!C<0(>!CTCTC}CTWC<C1K«^^~:co^Kn^f^rl<^ 



314 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



.s.jOH^«TjiinoNaoo50HCin-*inoNa)noH«nT|iioot>ooo)0-i(M 
, r i ir; m o o o o Li in in in in li in o in >n in o fl in in ifl io o o ir) a o lo o it; o in 



p-s 












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cn-^Loat-xcnoHtNm^LOLONxmor-iojn^initONXCiOHCNn^in 

OOOOOOCHWHHHHHHrtHMCJIMJKMtMJJOCilln.-IKrt^M 
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 



« I 



Tee-kee. Tay-kang. 



r~ 



5,, l-QOOJOHW«^li(5«5t»000>Ot-l(NeO'<*if5«aN00050iH(NnTjlLf5!flN0005 

gg H HHHHHHHHH(NCJ«wo{«LMW(NC{coconnconnnnn 



o NXC50H(Mm^mtot^xo50H(Nco'^LOtoNX050H(Nn^mLDi>xo5 
« ocoHHrtHHHHHHHCTocjCTCT^cjoc!«fn«.->:nnc<j^nnK 

iS" 00CO000000O)lX)Q0CDQ0000000(»Q00000CO00Q0a000Q000000000G00000 



c^coTt»incr>i^ooo50i^tr?co^intrit^oo!-750rH<r?co^in^t^QOcnorH(^coTi< 
«CQtri(^(^^cT^<^cococooococofococofo^^^^^T#T^^-^^in xahmurs 



(Nco^»n«ON00050HCQnfinwNQ0050Hwm'^i(:H«nrHifl«ot-Qoo5 
C*<^(MC*c^<^<N<Mcocr:coMcoMcococQCOTi<^T^^^ Arbelu son of chaealus 



hH 



SSOHW«rJiintOt»QOCiOHD)f0^ifl(flt»(X)050HOJP3^i«tDh.00050riCl 
= =ltO^C£)COCr>COOtOCOC£)t^t--t^l~-t^ir^lr^t--t^t--OOOOOOCr)OOOCQOQOOOQOC5ajC5 



fe*l 



Oi-io(m'^irt«ot^xo50--(N«'*incflNXCiOrHNnTfm!£)t-xc750iHC{ 

oajJioiOifflajoaiaiocooooooooHHHHHHHHHHWo^ 



n^inict»ooo50H(Mn^ifl(ONQoa)OrtC5n'*in«)^ooo5CrH(Nn'!(iLn 
in iij K5 in in 1(5 o «n in in in m in in in in in in m in «n in in m in in in m in in in m in 



,j K5?o^xc550H(Mr5riiL'5iot-xmc-i(N« , l , ini«3NXciOH(Ncnfinch- 

S "*'*'*T)i^inK5i(5i.'5ifiirti.'5i(5i(5 0COtOCOC{OtDl9«)Ol»t-r»l>-^r-t'h« 

• mw««mcocoecmc^«coe»5««meO€oet5eo€oeo««cow55«»5coe»5«oeoeo 

< cnc^cncncococ^roror5c^r5cor^ro«cor5co^cocnroc^r^coci5rcP5cn^c»5cn 



GENEKAL TABLE 



315 



£| Manetho's 511 years preceding the 
3 I exodus begin with Salatis. (See,. 
M Jos-plnis against Apion, book i, 



CTPJ^WtOt-QOOJOHOlW^iflWt-OOCl 



Is 


Bee. 14.) 


i ■ 


c-. o:05005050oooooooooor-<*-H.--<r-<^H,-ir-ir-i,-i^cM<MCMCMCMCM 



a . I coi>aoff)0>-iCTm^irtt£)f-oocJiOHWco^intot-ooo50HC?m^nocor-oo 

£ .|COCOCOCBCOCX:CX)aOaOCOCr>COC»aOCX>a)a)COCfcCO 



r-iwmTfurtcor-xoHWnTCiotaooooio 
cmcmcMCMcmcmcmcmcm Tchong-chang. -* 



1-1 rH Tay-siang. rH 



OHC3n^H^n^in«5H(Nm^m«5NoooioH«co^ir)«)^oomH«m 

Tr* "■* ""* "* "<* Tirnaus Concharis. Salatis, first shepherd king. r-ti-ir-iiHr-irHi-ii-Hi-ii-i Beon _ 




OHOJco^mcBt-QomoHCjn^maf'OomOHWcrjrldotut-oomoHW 

QOOOOOQOOOOOOOQOCX)OOC»OOQOGOQOOOOOOOODOOGOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOaO 



irtcor-QOftOHCJn^irjWr-oomoHOjm'fincflr-acmoHWco'^^tot^ 

^^.^.H^^^^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOICMCO Gemsheedj 



Ninus. T ~ K 



H«n^owNQoajOH(Mco^into 



M 



CO^iOtOt^QOcrsOrHC^CO-^iOtDlr^OO 
05050505050505OOOOOOOOO 
,-ir-<,-(,-(,-i,-ir-<CMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCM 



si S CO^i^tOt-00050 
Bg CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCO 

Sjg cocococococococo 



-1 

£«1 



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^ , ^T«^L'5iflmmininir;iflif)inOtD(OU'0(DatO!CUNr'r'r-r-Nt"Nr« 
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CM CM OX CM OX OX OX OX OX OX CM OX CM OX OX CM <M O? CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (7* CM CM CM 



<MCMCM<M(MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCiCMCMCMCMCM(MC}C}C}<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCM 



< I cccococ^crjcoc^rococ^coc^cocccocrjrocococorccoc^cococococo^coc^c^ 



316 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



3 5 

a£ 






2" 



^p^c>!iro^v^coi^oocnorHC^co'*iococ^oocr50i-tc?ro'*iotDc~-oocr50 

GOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOO'X)OOOOOOQOOOOO^OO^doSSSSooS55SSS§ 






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Ills 



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oooot»t^t^i^t^ , x>^«5?r)ini«»oio^^^-^cococoeoojc?(7?c^ 



WTFmtONaoffjOH^n^otot'QomoHCjw^intoNoonortoifo^ 

r-l>t^h-^t-t^QOOOQOQOQOOOOOOOQOODO:0305C)ma)a5!^0)0000-0 
OOCX)OOOOOOaOOOQOQOOOQOQOOOQOCX)OOOOOOOOOOQOQOOOOOOOOOOOCT)asa5tr5C^ 



QOCJOHCTco^mtONOOWOHtMco^iotONQoaio Zohatik, or Ninus, the 
iHrHHHHHHHHp-iWWCTCTWWWHWtNm conqueror of Persia. 






HtMco^mtot-oocjOHCTn^mcoNQOcnoHWHCTn-^ociNQoco 
cocorocorccocoeoco-^'tf^'^^^^^^^ioino gemiramis '""' 

Babylonians conquered by Ninus. 



3* 



h.QOffiOH«n^iflot^ooa)OHCT«T)<intONOoc50H(M«^moNx 



8 § 



t-ooooQOQOoor/jQocoQoccmoimoicnmcajmojooooosooocH 



CN<^C$<^(^C^C$G^<^C*C^C4<^C*C^<^C^C4<^OJC4C^tC4C^<>lC\!<^C^ 



HtNn^iniBt-oooiOHfNnTtiirttot-QomoHfNnTtuntoi^QOosgHCT 
^^M,^ T ^ P M^rHrHC}CQC^C}C<<^C^O!i^lOJrccorc£2C2Ccr2£2E2£231 r ^"^ 

■^ '^i T^ TJ* T^H "^< t$* T^* ^< "^H ^< T^< -^J< ^J< *^J< *^ "^ T^l T^< ^4 ^J< -^4 TJ< "^ T^ TJ< "^ ^P ^T "^^ Tf* Tt^ 



GENERAL TABLE. 



31T 



m(£)NOomoH(??MTj<mwr-ooo50H(N«^in«>NQomOHWn^iflw 
ooooHCTn-rfurtcoNooooHo^n^mtoi^ooffiOHOico^iAtoNcoff) 

min«fl<flt£!tj:ilD(O(D5DtD(£)t-Ni>t^l>t^t-l>t^^Q0000000Q0Q0000000a0 



Is I 



H(M«T)nr5co^oooiOr-i(Mc»3T)<intoi>oomOrH(r}«T)<incflr-oocnoHOJ 



rH r^ rH CM CM CM Shoa . kang . ^^.Hrt^^rt^rHrMCMCMCMtMCMCMC* 



j2ti~ ot-cocnoH^n^H^n^intot-cooiOHWco^mtDfcomoHiMco 

9.3^ CO CO CO CO T* -^ ^ ■<* -^ A *,„„„ rH rH l-l rH i-H i-H M rH r-( rH CM CM CM CM 



Apachnas. 



'•5 HHHOOOOCr>05(3)05COCCQOQ01>Nt-^«0 




fiS 



uOCOt^OOCTiO^CMCOT^iOOl^aOOSOrHCMCO^iOCO^OOa^O'-lCMCO^iOtO 

ooocoHHHHHHr-iHHHiDcjoiOtcJCT^^WCJWMnrtcona: 

O505O5CT3O^C73O5C5C5dC7SC3C?3O5O5C50^O^05dO5CT5C5O^O5CJ3CT5C?5CT5O5CiCT5 



"si ! 

i-3 



Call of Abraham at Terah's death, Abib 14, Sunday, March ,h CM co •<* o 
26th. (Gen. xi, 32; xii, 1-4; Ex. xii, 41; Gal. iii, 17.) 



s e 



050H«M'^ift«!t-COO>OHCJ«'*ifltOt'COfflOH(NMTflfl«I^COCTiO 



o>Oi-Kj}m->*in(r)i>cocnoHCTn^io«5NOOCTiOr-i(^nTjiio 

t-oooooooooooooocooooommoimoiaicnoicioioooooo 



:w 



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H M rH rH pH -. -H rH h C} ?! ?! f ) O! Cl O! P! C! CM CO « « W CO ?? « CO M M ^ T)< Tl< 
CICMCMCMCMCMCMC1<MCMCM^CMCMCJCM(^CMCMCMCMCMCM<7}CMCMCMCM<MCMCMCM 

n«H005CCN(oifl'<?x(j}HOC5xr'tomTj<c«3WHOO)CONtoifl-<*rtO} 
oocociCir.ciciofflr.ninxooxQOOoffixcoQOcot-i't't^NN^N 
i— (■— (i— i-^oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
C*CMCMCMClC*CMrMCMCMCMC^CMGS!CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCM<MCM 



_: P5TfifltONxmoHCMXT)<inoNxaiOHO!nT)iiotCNCOGOHC!x^ 
•< cocococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococo 



318 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CJ CO t# m to t- 00 



ss 




fiH 


cnCTJcriCTjaicriajasCTjaioooooooooor-ir-Hi-Hi— ir- ii— ihhhhim^ 


fa 


n n m to « n f) •* -^ Tf "* ^ -^ rf ^* t(" Tj< o m m ifl o o ic o io m a co w «o to 

OTOTCTSC^O^C750^0^C^^CT3CT50^C75C^O^O^C75C^C^C73C^O^C75C75C^C75C^C^C;C^O^ 


6 


j^ooCT)Oi^c^«Tj<^cor^oocTiOi^c?co^io«ot^(X)0^<ot^<^ieoTi*tniiot^r-i 
(MC^C^cococococococococjcO''* Xee-^hoo i—ii-hi— tf-ir-ii—ti— ii-h_. 


"2 -^ 

Ja*a 

CO w 


Ti<iftcoNooaiOH«r5MT)iiflOHCJ«Tjtincot-Qoo)OH«co'!!<ifttoNooc5 

<MC*C*<MC*C?iMCOCOCOCOCOCO ApophiS. ,ir-<r-(^H^-lrH^-l^-lr-(rH 




i-ooirjOHOjeo^mcoNQOcDOHWco^incoNQoaiOHwn^L'icot-oo 

O^O^O^O^O^O^O^OSo^O^O^O^O^CX>O^O^O^O^O^C^O^O^C7iO^O^O^O^C50^cr5Cr5CTi 



"3 2 

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Ninyas, or Chederlaomer. 



i-lC<!C0Tf<if5C0t~00a5O 



• 3.SC 

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• <3 i— i 






m^^co^cooiOrHCjco^mcDt^aooiOr-iCTn^inco^aooiOHon'^ 
■^'^TtiTf'^^-^inini.oinim-oiOinmirtcDiocotococototocoiof-NNNN 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCDCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 



HOoiQONcomT)<no)HoaooNcoiflT)in«Homoo^coiflT|imcii-io 
r~- t- co co co co co co co co to co >o o >o m io w io lo »n o rf ^ rr -^ ^ tj< •<* ■<# -^ -^ 
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocro 

iocoNOOC)OHO}roM < vncoNoocDOH(^e»:TjnncDNOOcT50HCTc v :T(<if!co 

N^N^l>-00(D.X00 7J®(B!BGO(»OT05mO)a)Oi05ffi050!OOOOCCO 



GENERAL TABLE 



319 



J 3 criOi^c««^^^^ooc^OrHC?rOTj<vr5CDt-QOcnoi-H(? ; Jiro-*»o«o^-oocr50 

*>, ,^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC^COCOroaOOOCOrorOCOCOT}<^^^rt<Ti<^^^^iO 



CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMrocororcc^cororocoeo^^^^^Tj^^^T^ioiriOiiO 



ifltot-oooiOH«c*5T(iiccoNOomoH(Nco^vfl«>r'00050H(MM'iHinw 
{nco^«at£it-t-i>t^t-i-t-t-i>t-ooxQQ»XQOOOGOOOX'mmj)C>QOC5 



fil 






.— 4j s ,-, j m - .X -t-^ ^* r^ 3« CD ,-< .~h 4-3 *-» r> ™ CD —t **h -*-^ ^ o _» cd w ---h -^ *"■' r*, 

ell 3l5 2 ^ ^ E Is 3 J2 =3 ^.— 2 ce 3 £ 3 hi -^ £ «s 3^2 3 ht ^ C cs 3 JB 



inirtiftTf^^TcncoMMWN^CTHHr-iHOOooojaioioiOOoooooo^ 



c3^o^c^co^ocxir^cocTsOr^c^co'*iiOtor^aoo50F-(G<lco-^»rttor-'OOc75o 
c^^,t^^^r^t^t^^^^^t^t^cococoooooa)QOOOQOOOo^alc^c3^a5C75c^sa5cr)CT50 

C504OTO^O^C3^0i05050^0iC50^CT50^0^050^0^C505C730^0iO^C^C75C75C75C75050 



°J OOC^OTM(TQCO^U^CO^GOOTO^<^fO^^CDt^OOO^OrHC<lCO^vr5CDt--QOC75 



iroTj<o<ot~cx)i^cMco^u3coi^coo}0'^cMco^iiOcr>t^c»OTOr^cM«^irsco 

CO CO CO CO CO CO _^ r i ug> r-lr-l.-lrHr-lr-(r-lr-t,-lrHCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



rtrHrtrHr^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^^-'^^ 



3* 



fc OtONQ0010HCTfO-^irtCOt^OOC50HM«'^irtCONQ0350H05«^iniXI 

n n r- n t- x x qo x x qo X' x x x a) o as as c o c: m o) n o o o o o o o 

!0ccaaUU«l0aaOOt3OCOt3Ot0t0!0a«t0ttfl>-t't»M^l' 
.£ CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 

OS00r~^irt^eOCM'^©C^a0t~tOtft"Tj<co<Mi— lOCiOOt^COin^COCMi— 100)00 

©oooocr?oooo©oooo:^oooooo©o©oooo©oo 

CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (M CM CM CM CM CM (74 CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 






oococococococosocococccococococococococo 

21 



320 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 






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t^oomoHCjn-^ifltot-oocnoH^rt^inoNQoaoHW co ^m 

CDCTiCTiOOOOOOOOOOrH — 1^-l-Wr-t^^l^H-HrHCJOJC^ CM DIN 

C505C5OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOZ:CO o oo 

t-n r-i i-c CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 



ooo50H«n^mtot^QOH(Mn^iAcoi>cO(j)OHCMn^»n co i~i cm 

,_,,_lr-li-ir-lT-lr-li-l T ee _ g J e# r-l fl r-( i-l ^H rH T-l Tee _ 



Hi 



cjn^iflcoNQOcnoHrtCNn^wsD^cooiOHOtrt^ouNoooio 

l^lfl»OOinOOin(fl(fl JailiaS. T-lrHr-lr-HrHrHrHrHrHrHCM 



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t-ft^WCOtttOUllOiniOrii^Tifi^ COCOCOCOCMCMCMCM 



r-lCMCO-tflrtCOt^OOCTiO — lCMCO"*>040l>OOCT)Or-ICMCO^irStDt^OOC750 

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CO CO CO 
CM CMCM 



t~COiO^COCMi-lOCT503t--COi-0"^COCM'-lOCn>OOt^<X>iO'^COCM 

ooooooooffiffjmciaimaioaiOGOOOcoooQOCccoco 

OOOOOCOOO05C50iC505G05010505O05Cft0505C5C35 
CMCMCMCM(MCMCMCMrHr-lr-l^-(r-l--I^HrHr-l^r-(r-lr-lr-lr-lr-ln-lr-l 



i-H O CD 
00 00 l~~ 
CJ5 CD CD 



aoHCTnrfiotoNOOQOHwn^incot-oocnot-icNn'^ m cch- 

CO^^"^"^'^ < "H^" : ^'^ T *"^ ,Lrtlf 5 lf 5 l rt» r5ir5>r 5 l ^ Lr5l ^ to<:r) ^ otDt ^ 5 <0 «OtO 

iALOtOLO>oirtioio»ovf5LOiOiotr5»oio»oioirt»rtvrtiouoir5irtvo to mo 

irOTOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO coco 



GENERAL TABLE. 



321 



H««^L'5tOt^Q0050H(Mn'<#intONOOC!OHW«'«tO!Ot-OOff>OHOl 
XXlXOOXDGOOOnC-.fflClOKmfflOOlCOOCOOOOOOHHrt 



ooxa)xoO'Xxonc!ono>fflo>nffloor>oocooooHHHHH 

r^t-t^I>t^t-t^l>t^i>t-t>^t»t>t-I>XQOC^QOQOQOX0OX0OXia)0OOOQ0 



OOOOOCOOO = OOOOOCDOOOOOC2=:000000(=:00 
OJ(MCMCMC^tMCMC<!<MC*<MCM<M<?*CMC^<MCMO*<MCS!C3G^G^<M<^ 



po-ki 



<^cMiMC*c*CMC*tMC$cocococococococococo^^^^Tr<TrT}<-'*"<tf-'3 f irs 






ST! S 



nit, a ^m 

w s £ ^ -r; -g s £ ?£■&'£& s2 3 t^""^^ s ^ » i" .3 "£ Is cJ 



ft»ea * o^ £ ? >>JP* g-g « ^ 






" J3 3 k? -^ 'd ts =.° 3 ■- -£ *£ "£ S.9 3 



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mo-H(Nn'*irtto^x(7)OHCTn'<!)<incDNXC50r-ioj^^>rtt£it^xo50 

CiOOOOOOOOOOrHrHrHr^rH-^rHr-lr^r-ICMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMtMCI 



tONffiC50HCTnTi<irtt£n^xffiOH««Ti(ifl«)i^xo50HNn-«iintD^ 
ps;? CM CM cm CM co co co co co co co co co co t* Xerxes, or Balaeus. i-h.-if^,-hi-i,-ii-iph 



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^ocx>r^coa:Oi^c?co^intot^oocy50rHCMcoTj<irt«3t^cx)a50--<(Mco'*irs 

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CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCJCMeii^^CMCMCMCJCMCMCMCMCM 

roi^coifl^c*OT'-iooxNtoin'^?5(MHoaxNtOLO'*«(^HOc5Xf- 

t» t« c» t» t>- 1» t> n (^ to to u o c a o a a a in li o li o li l<5 o m m ^ i 1 ^ 



xr. o-H?i^-?i.';'Jt'XC50HC}r5'!|im'>oi>xo50H(Mn^intoNxo5 
o o h t- t' t> ^ h t- > h h x x x x x x x x r /. ~ s c: r, c n o c: n 3) 

Li Li Li Li Li Li l1 lI Li l1 lO l1 ii Li l1 ii Li l1 l1 l1 l1 l1 l1 l1 O l1 l.1 l1 l1 l1 lO l1 

cocococirocicococoeocoeoeocoeocoeocococococorocococococococococo 



322 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 






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r3T)<m»i>Q005OH(NnT)<mcDNQ0rooHwn'*mixiNQ0cr)OrHC5n^ 
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comoH«n , *i(;co^!X)moH(N«'<*u , 5«!^QomoH(Mn'<tifloi>oo3i 

CO CD t~- t- I- t-~ t- t~- I— t- t- I- 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 GO OC GO CD CT3 Ci CT5 C5 CT5 CT. CT5 CT5 <T5 

t^ir^t—i— t^t^t^t^i^i^t^t^i^i— i^t^r^t^t^r-r^t^r— r^t^t-r-t^t~t^ir^'-~ 



( c^ c* <m cj c\ 



oo^coWHomxt-toirt^nCTr-ioo)OONcr!io^«ff}HomooNtD^ 



Oi-i(NP5^iOt9t*QOOlO- i(Mniiu;«t^OOO)OH(N«'^iOtONOOmOH 



GENERAL TABLE 



323 



-* -* -^ -^ ■*# m in un lo o Lie m lo li a o a r a a a a o a t- m-> h n h n 

S - " C* CI CI CI CI CI CI CI C* Ci CI C4 CI CI CI CI CI CJ CJ C* CJ C? CI C* CJ CJ CJ CI CI C5 CI CI 



t^aoffjOHwn^vntONOsooHCTn^LotDi^GomoHOin^intONCO 

00 CD X QC 0C 0C GO 00 00 X 00 00 QC 00 CC X X' X X OC 00 IL 00 00 X CD X) CO X' '30 30 'CD 



0)0)fflffl05ffiffl(J)0)a)ooooooooooHHrt-iHHHHHHCie) 
cicicic3cic*cicic$cicicic3cicic*cicic3cicicicic$cicicicicicicici 



^^^^^^^^^^cmc* Tee-kin. w 



CT n ^ m en i> go 



ma^oooiOHWci^mcDNOooiH^M^ooNcociOHC^co'^otot- 

COC5COC'OCOTt , "^ , Tf <- ^"'^ l '^Tj < Tj<"<3< - '^ Alisphrag-muthosis, or Thet- i— f i— l i— i i— l i- It— <i— ir- ( 
End of Hycsos rule, mosis — or Amenophis I of the monuments — the 18th dyn. 



ft" " 



,2 ^p* 2^ 



££1.5 



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« ST3 i i«^ bi3 S'S " «^i * 



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HOOOO310)fl5CiQ0 00Q0 00t»t».t» 




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-iWco^inwr-aoftOHWw^ioto 

HHrHrtfHHrHHH«(Nl?l(N(MCN(N 




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Oa«(S»»Or«t»t»t'Nr-t»r-t't'a)XXiXM'X00XXX0)0)0i910i 





OHtNn^ifttot-ooffiOHweoTtiiotD^HC^n^intDt^cooso 

CMCMCMCMCIC*CICICICir?COC0COO0CQCOCO £ e lochuS. i-i I 



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ooooHwn^LicoNOocDOHcm^inwNooooH^cATjdntaNoooi 
i»t'QOOoaoQOOC(X)coQoooooo500icno)Oi05moffiOooooooooo 


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QOffJOHW«-*iftOr-00050HU}«'^ii5(flr-QOC50H(J}MTiHf)tOt»0005 

c^co^^^^^^^^^^^^»n , ^"'i , n iJ 3 1 ^ l ^ l o c £ >? £ ,c £ |? £ ,? o < ococococo 









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OH^^^mo^cocDOT-KN^^LOtnt-cocTjOHtNnTiirtcDr-ccroOH 

ocoooosocsHHHrt-iHHHrtH5i(MN(NWffi««f!nn« 

X X X X X X X X X X X X X D X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 
CM CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CM CI CI CI CI CI CI O CI CI CI CI CI 



Tf*ciHCCJXr-OL'5Tj?:c!HOO)XN(r)ifl'!«nff!HCC)»r'amTji?5 

rtHHrlHCOCOCCOCCCr.SfflnonSltr.OOXBXXXXT 
mCinSiSlfflOOOOCJSlClSlSXOOXXXXXXXXXXOOXXXX 



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^ ~. :- r^ nc«o -? t"? T* rti -? -i ^ Tf -^ o o o o i- ii i': Li ir. o ^ c ^ a 
CO CO CO CO tO CO to — CC "-O to CO CO CO to CO to to to CO to CO CO CO to CO CO CO CO CO 



324 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



t-^^ooocQOOOQOooxQOQOosajomoamainffimcoooooooo 

^QOQOQOQOQOQOOOQOXOCffi050lO)0)C)ff)(JlOi050CCOCOOCOOH 
•5J 000000(X)(»COQOOOaOCC)OOQOQOOOOCOOCr)OOCCQOGOC^Cr5OTC?5<^OTC5C7SCr3a505 

|3^ 



cC*!c?}CNC^<^<^C3C$c?*c?*GN{C?Ji3NlC^cCtN(<^C*C^ 



Kong-kia. 



or On. i— i i—i i— i i— 4 Amennphi 



uu vjj <*_> t— i (^^ <.'j ^r uy m t*x <•'•> ^1 
of Theban kings, 342 years 



, one of the ancient' 



OJ4 



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^ rt 



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g^ S-O 3 



•3 r tcj ^ « "13 " w„ '-Ji 2T! 

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•r 1 -tf « o 3 oj ^a •— « E o 






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13 3 2S £ 

i-" 1 »-». r^ *S cj 3h 



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0)ClSl(SaOOOOOOOOOOHrtHHrtHHHHHIM(N(N«(N«0( 



"SI 



kncoNOoo30Hff5m-<#in<oi>QociOrtC}«^ , mcoHCTm'^in©f'OOOio 
Hr-iHrtHWOl(M«c«(NW(N«(MmcomneoMP: Baleus. '" H 









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• 00 X 00 X ■» "JO 00 TJ TO X' 00 X ' 00 X) CO .00 '00 00 00 .X) CO 00 CO XI 



(jjn^mtflt-xcno-iojn-* 

00 GO CO 00 00 : X> CO 00 X GO X> X "X 00 00 X X X X ' CO .00 CO -X .00 CO 00 no CO X X X 
C*C*C^<^C<tOJO}C*c^<^<^GNI<^GNlC}}c>lC>}c^Oic^ 



c^i-too^cot-oirs-^r^cjr-iocnoo^com-^coc^JHoasoot^coio^r^c^^H 
oo no oo co co x i ao x j: /. /_ / CO CO CO CO oo x co oo cc oo x> oo go oo oo oo CO CO CO CO 

Tjin»i^ocnci-i(M^itioto^xo50H?!n'*»n«ONooo)OHjjrtri<ifl 

(£ CD CD Cfl -J CD N t- t- N (- I- t- I- N N CC X / OOOOOOOOOOTXOlftSiCJOCJ 

to ts a cfl o x a x c - J is cc co 'D co cc to tfl r to to co » co co to a to » a 'o to 
n«nnn«c^5?5t':w:•:r:7).•:p5conc»5e<5WP5nm^;^5wc»5n.■-;?5n.'<5 



GENERAL TABLE 



325 



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^ifl«ci«ooc50H(Nrt'^ifltot«iXc:o-i«P5Ti<intot»aoo50H(Mn^^ 

^^C*<MCSC*<MCM<^C^CM<M<Mc3c353cMC^<M^<Mc3c*C^C^C^C^ 


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OHH<^«-^mwi>QOC50r-(H(??n^moi>oooiOH(Mn'*»ncoNooaj 
W w Tee-koo. rH 1 Te-fa. ,-u-irtrtrHF-n-iiHi-iiH 



CTn'^otot'OOfflOHWco'^iflto^oooiOHCjcoTjimtoNComoHHW 

.-H,-,,-,,.,,-,,-,,-,.-,^ ArmeSSeS. i-l.-11-lrH.-lrHi-li-l.-lfHC*©* Meph . 









02 CG 






NXKOrt^ninnat-oocsoHsqn^intONOOfflOHCTrtTi'otot'CO 

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H«c"5"*ifliot»ooooHCTnT((ifl(flr-xoiOH«nT|iin(CMiomoH« 


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t't-oi-^ooooooxcoxxoocoQommjjmajajoxiiocnocooooo 


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c^ co ri< m co t- 

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•^ooNXsrjo-iCTnTii^aNXooHO^^oo^xmoHO^^irt 

tOSOtOtOCD«Ot~t^r~t~t~t»t~C"l > -t-"Q000Q00O0000CDCX)00CX)OiOSOlOSOSOJ 

SS 99 99 99 99 SS 29 99 99 29 SSSSSBSPSS 000000 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 
<m <m a oi a a <?i cm a oi ot a a a a oi a a a ci c* cq <m <m <m cm cs cm cm cm cm cm 

O ?. X ^ tO i-T<t n (J) H O Ci X t^ tO iO ^ rt CT r- lOOXNtDiO^^ffli- lOff) 
00 op 00 QO 00 QO 00 3D 00 00 ' X XX XXX XX XXX X XX XX X 00 X X X 

..TfifltOt-XOO-HCT^^ulON 
S3 23 S3 .%; — ~ P ° ° ° P ° ° — — ' ~* — ' - 1 — < ^ —< <-+ r- ^ CM <M CM CM CM CM CM CM 



326 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 






n^iflOt-oomoHCQn^iflor-xaiOHfMn-^inoi^aomoHNn'* 



coi>GOC50Hwn^wot^a)3iO'-iWrt^incoNXff50i--CTffl'^irsaN 
^1 ^ s si s zi Z3 s S3 s s ^ s '- 1 ^ £2 23 -' c* - ? ° ' ~ ? - J ~ J ^ ^ CM CM CM CM CM CM 

CM CM <M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM M CM CM CM CM CM 



HCMw^ocor^moo 
Kie, or Kooei. ,_l 






C0-<*irttDi>.00CJ5OrH(Mi-lCMC0T}<OCr>t^00C3O 
"""* JMephrathutmosis, or Ameno- 1 "" ' 
puis II of the monuments. 



O; j 5 j ; 



o, 



fea 









© 3^^ •£ -g 5^2 3 






„• H«w->fif)«r-xciOH(Nn'^>ntONc»S50H(Nn'^oor»xnoH(N 
•3 oionffionsioiooooooooooo^HHrtHHHHHHKAirj) 

>, ,-Hr-lr-Hi-ir-ir-irH--i — CMCMCMCMCMOJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOJCMCM 

»S c^oHCNn^intoNXcio-HCQrt^incflt-xoio-iOirt-^intoNXccno 

J* i> CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 

w <1 



i|l 



n-^inoi^xffiOHCjr-icNm'^incoNxcjiOHCNC'O'^incflNxoorHCj 

^^^T|^^TinniC3in Altadus, or Sethos, according!-! H HHHHHHHnCTCMIM 
to Syncellus. He erected hanging gardens. 



lOCO t- 00©© 






Is 



xxxxxffiXocJ>mojoo5!D0505QOcccccoccoH From (ie;lth 
rH '- lr - l '- l '- l '- lr - ll -"- l '- lr - 1 of J„ sf p ht 

r-flocKOHNn^mat'XoiOHOin'^mcor'XCiCHOiiKTCvnot^ 

i i ; i i m . '. '. i •'. '. ; i i i '. i *. i . '. . '. * r r '.& • * • • 

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:::::::::::::::::::::::::: :3 ::*§ : 
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t0N00?!OHC5rc;'*L'5ONXC5OHtSrt'* | 0!0t*X05OH(Nr , ;^iiflwr- 
ftaoiaoooooooooortrtHHHi-i^HHH«««aN««ffl 
oo x ■"/■ / ©cncccn©Ci©cccn©c^©^cccn©cj}©:T:©©©cn©c^©©c^cncncr5 
(MCMCMCMOJ^CM^C^'TiCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOJOJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 

Xr-tBmTfC5eiHOClXr-U3mi1'«e)wO<JiXr-COift^C»!(NHOOXt* 
HHHHHHHi-iHCOCOOOOOCC5)OClRC5J)fflCSO)OCOCCCO 
XXXXXXXXXXXXXDXXXXXl-t-t-^r-Oc-t^t-r'r-r't- 



oo en © 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO e« «5 



GENERAL TABLE. 



327 



S3 g, 



t»t-t"-^t"f-f(X)XQOXQOa)X»QOQOff>C50n01?>Oe)C5C500COQ 






irtOt-xmoHCT«Tj*owNXO)OHC5n^iotot-xciOHWr3T)(iC(fl 

r-t-^t*NXXXXXXXXXXC!CJ3i5)OC5 05ClC!C5OOOOOOO 
QC50505ff503Cn050C5C)05a501C5C5Ca3ffliCri^iCiCDQCDOCOCOOO 

^^^^ rt rtrtrtl^rtr^,-H,-- 1 ,--<P-(,--l---<t-HrH---lr-l,-l,-lr--l.-lC0GOC0G0G0C0CO 






xc50HCT«TfirtcDi>xciOrtCJn , ^Lito^a)C50r-i(^K'^ooNxm 
i^COCMGO<MCOCOGOGOGOCMcr;c^r^roc^:^c^:^rcro^^^^^'=*^'*^Tri 
GO CO GO CO GO CM GO CO GO CO CO CO T 1 SO C 1 TJ CO CO CO CO CO GO CO CM CO GO CO GO CO GO CO 
C^GOCMCMCMCOCOCOG^GOCOGOOiGOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOGOCOCOCOCOCOCOGO 



SI 



coco^mcojr-aoaio^HCM 

Ching-fcing began the Shang 1- ' !—! I—l 
dynasty for 644 years, 28 sovereigns. 






C^Tt*U^^(MCC^lfl^^C0a5rH(MC0^U^C0^Q0aiOrHr>}CC^vnt£)l^00C75O 

GO GO CO Tmosis. Amenophis III of the momi-"- 1 »-i<-hi-Ii-Ii-i»-ii-ii-Ii-h<N 

ments. This king must have known Joseph. (See the year from 



o a 



^ 
•« ^ 



5* - ^ - 

!-i ~ rf ^ Si . W >i Tl ° rfi -1 !-i CO ~r-j^J rn 

-2 _ s h^ rF 5 l- ri 3H r 3 K." Si rt S t— i J 3 t»- r 3 t* & = bi J^ fca. r 5 '— rf 3h h». 



'&£5V 



8f*S^I*£$*?3 



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«T«ooi-xc50HCQ~iT)iir50f-xc50H(j}n^oc3NXooHCjr5T* 
<>! « C! C! ?? o) ?J r: ^ ^ r: ro r: m ?5 co ^ rf ^i ■<# •<* -* ^ tt Tjt tc tj( o o o uo 10 
GO CO CM CM CO CO CO CO GO CM CO GO (7? CO GO CO CM CO GO GO CO GO CO CO GO GO CO CO CO CM CO C* 



= a 

o5 



H(N«^ l 'fl<ONXC)OH(MnT|ilfl!Dl>X050H(N«^ifl{Ot*X050r-i(N 

ffloieiffloaonnooooooooooHHHrtHHHHHHKfjN 
<^CT«w^CTCTC{CJ«nmmcocom«nconMnnnnnnnnmnco 



n-*vooNXffiOrt«H«nTjnnot-cofl)CH(Mc<5T|im(fl^xojOH(M 

GOCOCOGOGOCOCOCOCQCO AmythuS. rt.-lr-O-lr-'pHr-lr-l.-lr-lCOCOCO 






(flt^xciOHtMnTfuftW^xcjOHWrtTjiirttONromoHCNn 

OOOOHHHHHHHHHHOffKNCTCTOiOWfflOJWnrjn 

mtot'XOiOHOjn^L'iar-xjDOHWd'^inor-xmoHCTfiTfiino 
HHHHrtHrtHrtHCTWWc^^cNwcNcjwmmncoconco 



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^^^^^rr'OciQOir^ouO'^focor-i ooi ooi--<£>iOTj<r'i<M'-H©cr. oot-coio 

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OO^COx^'— OOC^Ot^t^t-f- t^t— t- N t- N X X X X X X 7j X 00 XOO) 

C5?5r , :r;r;r;?:ar:ci:ccr5P3neiOP5nconnP5nMrtnc«5r5«nnP3P5 



328 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



mtONQomo 

O O O O O H 






o h ct « N 1 "J « r- uu »i — ■ . ■ -.>-- - -. — 



^< 



N00 05O 
O O O 



KNn^ioONOomcHCTnTjimtsNoociO 



C^ CO Tf< ift CO I— CC 

co co co co 



OOOrtHH^HHHHr(HCJ(M«(M(M(?J(M(?)NCl?5Knnt.. 

ocrooooooooooo -oooooooooooooooooo 
cN<^cNc>JC3c^<^ieNc^<^c}c^c*cNC}c*c^(c?*oic^ 

OHwm^ifttot-ooffjOHCT^^inot-ooovoH^n^otfl^oomoH 



nHWW^»n«o^ODO)OHC5n^ | inot'(X)050H(Nn^L'5«NaooiOH 

1-1 Tai-kia rHrHr^r^rHr^r^r^rHrHC*CttCNC>*C*C*CNC>*CNOiCOCO 

H««^intc^ooffiOH(NP5-*>ftcoNOOo:oHwm^in«5r-Qoa>OHW 

C*<?l<N<N(N<N<N<N<NeO HonlS( or Hor of the monu .rH ^^ P -,-Hrtr- l rH^,-<C*CiC* 

Joseph's death.) ments. 

|777777^77TT7nT|77777T77777T7T 

3^52 eS^3^_g^ 2 S ^ 3 ^ .g la g £ ^ 3^3^ 5 2^3^5 3 
^ •£ t§ §,2 s^^-Hrt 3*2 ?£^-£* 3® ^^^-r:^ 3 £ 3 £ ^ ••: -g § 

m^^^^nmncowtNWCTH^HHrHHHi-iooooovffimffiQOQOQO 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCNCMCNOJCMCJCN 



JiJJTf<^!|:°i 

32*3 3^ ° £§£ 1,3 85* 

I gSfOj >,j~g S-. ^£ „sl g, 

*§ 3 J:3gj5 wall's 



_ ^ ^ " _ ffi - 






a a -a • - • * -^ a- 

iLrt^^oomorHCTm^iotc^ooCTiOHtNfOrfirtONOoaibH^n^iflU) 
lO ift iO m m -to to co to so co to CD to to t- t~ b- I— J>- t~ I— *- t- *»- 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 

C<tC^G>4CNC3G^C^C^C^CNC>}CNC^C^CNCJC>}G>}G^GNC^e^ 



w^iflcsNOoaiOHCJn-^iotnt-QOCTiOrHtMn^ifltot-oomoHWcoTji 
CTOJG^C^C?G^o*cocococococococococo^^T#^^^Tt<'<^TfTtvr5uoir5ir5vn 
cocococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococo 



^5 T 



a«CT«W««« Mane Ash. hhhhhhhhhhimwucjoi 



6.2 



I'll 



t-QOOiOr-CTm^iflcON Joseph's " brethren and all that genera- 
cococo^"<tf^<Tt<Tj<Tf-<tf-3< tion " being dead. (See Ex. i, 6.) 









•■*3 



:S 






OHonTjurtONXOiOHtNn^mtONQOosoHfMn^nnto^oDocH 

COCOtOCOtOCOCOJOtOCDNNI-r-t^NNt-t-NQOQCQOOOOOOOaOfEXXmm 
CNC>iC^<^C*G>*CNCJeJC>10}0}C*CNC^C4C>iC>1010}CNCN<^C^ 



TjirKNHOciXNcoio^nCTHOCTixt-com^nojHomQOt-cDmTttrt 
t-- t^ t^ t— t-t— c^»t-~t^-r^-i~-t^t^-t^»t^r- t^t— t~ t- t— t^ t— t— t~~ t^ r~ t^ t^ t-~ t— i— 



c5nTjimo^a)i350r-io>«T)not£)NfDC)0-iff}^'*mtot-xff)Or-i(M 
omociaroKoiooooooooocHHHHHHHHHHCi«« 
t- c- t-~ t- r- t- t- t- co ''Jit /j 30 oo oo co /- co ac x co co no co co co oo co co ac co co 

co^cocococococoeococococococococococococococococococococococo 



GENERAL TABLE, 



329 



2i>> 



n r; r: ^* -r" ■* ■? t 1 -^ •? -? 1 t? t? o ^ l-; l». li i.i o c i.t n a a a a a c a a a 

T^ "^ "^ Tj* ^ "^ "^ T^ *^J* "^ "^ "^ "^ "^* "^ ^j< -^ r^ ^ -^ t^* -^ ^J4 t^ -^ ^ -^ -^t -^ -^ -^ ^ 



Ci< = , r2S£2'2!!£2St:2£ c ?~ — ' c* « ^uocot-cr:cio.-HCMcoT}<Licoi^accrjo 

^ Tf ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ "? ^ u*. o l* Lt o l*. li ui li o o o a a a a o a o ts t» 

CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM M CM M CM CM 7! CM CM CM 7! CM CM 7J CM CM CM CM CM CM 



(Mci^Licot^x-c^Oi^cMri^LiJot^xc^OrHCMci^Liot^cocio-^cMri 

(N CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (M CM CM CM M CM CM 1} I) CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO GO CO CO CO CO CO 
CMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 






tNciH^n^uia^aooOrtonTjLia^.DciOHOj^TjiLiaNQOmH 

CO CO tt„ ,.; ^<"<-lrH,-(r-l,-tr-<,-H^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM„. 



Yo-ting. 



CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Achenkert8) daughter of Horus^ -■ ^ Rathotis, Rameses 
I, son of Horus. 






iiii^iilfrfiiifi^iiiifirfi 

S 5)" 3"3 3 - S S ^ 3 13 S », S yT 3"3 5 « 3 y ^ s -^ s ; 
«^H_S»'~ < — — -^ i^j _ >-=» 3""" — " - : «— 1,^3"^ — ^i -3 ■?-< _ S» 3"" *h rt 3 

S cH^E-tfaaQoOSr-^g- 1 fe 02 I» § H ^E-^i 02 CQ S H ^ En fe OQ « 



S -S OOt^t^r~l^OOCOtOLOLlLlLO^Tj<^^COCOC1COCMCMCMCM 

? = CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 



C1C1C1WCNOCTHHHHOOO 



CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 



111 
< 



l^OOC»Oi^«COTflOtOl^Cr)050r-lC«CO-<!}«iO«Pl>.00050-H(NCO^W3«Ot^OO 

oooooocfioaoiOifflcsoscsoioogooooooo^H^HHWHHH 

CM <M CM CM C? CM CM CM M CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 



>l1Ot-0055CH!M«'^L.'5aNX05OH«rt'^OOt-!I)55O-HCN?!'^L')O 
Li Li Li l.1 lO CO J32 tO CO CO tO '-3 CO CO CO t- t- t- t- t- I- t- t- t- t- -CX3 X 'X) ZO 00 CC CO 

C1C1COC1COCOCOCOC1C1COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC1COCOCOCOCOCOCO 



Lior-crir^ojco^Livoi^oociiOrHCMco^Lioi^cricio^cM^cMco^ioco 



I £|| <* ™ « « S p ha e r us. 



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::::::::!: :::.'.'::: ^ . 


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33 • 

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1-5 • 



cm ri^Licor-cx)3^o^CT-?ri-t | Litot^x;ciC3r--<c^co^Litot^cx)ciOT-HCMri' 
0J05eiejcsacjjaooooooooooHrti-(HKrtH-H-HH««ww 
oscnojoscnojojosoooooooooooooooooooooooo 

CMCMCMCMCMCJCMCMCICOCOCOCOCOCOCOCICOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOrOCOCOCOCOCO 

«HOciXNOL'j'*m(MHCCixi>oinTji?5(MHOoxr-oo'<*«(NH 
(MililHHHHHHHrtHHSOcoococcccionc.acirrs 
t^t-t^t-t-t^t>-t-t't't^i^^t^i-t^t^^t^^t^i>i-a)aiaaaia>'a(oa 



-? ii a n x r- c -i c! ^ •? li a t^ x r. c h (M m t? li -a t- x ci c H o? ^ t? li 

I! CM M CM CM 77 CO CO CO 31 CO CI CI CI CO CO "^ r? t}< ^ tJh ■*-< -r}< -^ tJ< t* l.1 Li l.1 Li l.1 l1 

X X X X X X I X X I X X X X X X 00 X X X X X » X B » X ^ X X M JO 

rocococococococococococococococococococococococococococococococo 



330 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



moH^n^inofQociOH^co-^iotONQOffliOHCQMTfoo^Qooo 
ot-f~t^t-i>-r-t>t^t~i^xxaoooxxxxxxomc:ej(ri:r5Cs;r:cieiO 

T^ ^^ ^^ "^J 1 "^ "^ "^ ""vf *^t* "^t* "*^ ^* "^ "^J* "^* "^J* "^t* "^T 1 ^* ^* ""^ "^^ "^ "^ *^t* *^f ^t* "^t* "^ ^* ^* *^ 



r^i>i-Nt-i-i^t-t-QOXXTOxoooox)oox'c;cr>ci^C3cncimc)05coo 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCr-ir-HrH 
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM cm CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM <M CM CM CM 



,^^,^r^r^rHCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMcoco:o:o:o:ocoro:ocOTf^Tt-*-*-Tj< 



CMcoTjiiocnt^ooaio 

k^ng-. 



(Nro , *mtflNXmOr-iji«Tjiir5H(N«'<?io«ot'X 

^^^^CMCMCMCMCMCM gias _ kia _ 



5gg 1» 00 CD rH CM CO T* Irt CO t- 00 OS O 
" ^.^f Meneptha I, son of Ramesea I.*"" ' 



^nTjtkflcc^xmortwn^Hwn^m 

^^^Pir-.rt-i^cMCMCMfMCM Arrnais, Ramesea 
II, son of Me- 









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t-- t- NNtootoommiflrtTf^^^nwwrtwtMN 



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rH<MCMCM(MCMCMCM<MCMCM:OCOCOCOCOCOCCCOCOCO^^^^**^Tr^'*T}<LO 



NXQOHCTn^mcDNxao-HCJW^iotot-XffiOHCTm^u^o^oo 



ixxioiOHCJW^irttot-xoiOr-iCTn^intONXOiOHCTrt^mtot-x 



Sparthaeus. 



= S CO ■>* iO CO t- 
CO CO CO CO CO 



• £2 <D 

: S3 



T)im»NXOiOHWM'*into^X(3)o-i(N«'*ift(oi^xmOrtCnn'<#m 

OOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOGOOOOCCOO 

eococococococococococococorocococococococococococococococococo:o 
ocsxt^cotn^cocM 

O -XI X X X X X T 00 



toNXc350H'M«"i"-'!aNXC5CHC > !r:T)iinaNxa)0-ic5r:^irttON 
moLivn'J'Jaacaoa-j^t-M^NNht-ht-^xTjXT a x x » 
x x x x c D /. x 30 /. c i x c c x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ao x 

oocococococococococorocororocococococococococoroco^ococococococo 



GENERAL TABLE, 



331 



s«S o o oo O'O o c O i-h 



<^<^<^<?*<^c^c^c*^ci<^c^CTC^c^<^c*<^i<^<^(^<^(c^<^ 



»S 



rf "* -^ Tf< ifl O O »TS uO lO Li O O O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO to CO t- i— t- t- t~ t~ t- t~- 



0)OH«?5'^iftCOi>H«M^inONOOC50HCTH«n'<*>Ot®I>OOC;OH 

i— ii— (i— ii— irHr-^r-ii—i yonor.^j, i—i rH i— i Tair-vou. rt '~ l 



5i~ 



Beginning Abib 1, March. HCTW^»ncot'00050i-i(N«'^ocoi>ooff:o 

13, A. J. P. 3067. rH^,r-(r-l^r-(rHrHrHrHCN 

Rameses III, 1 year and 4 months. 

cofQOooHOjn^HHiMm^nflcot'QOciOHWW-^irtco^QooiOHCT 

Sesostris, or Amenophis. 
nephtha. 

O" - - « - - - 

ilillll ifJIllj iJJlllJ iplllj i|il 






ooooc5C5oc5QOOoooooi>^^t' | atocooiniflininTt^'^ 



HOjnTjiooc^oosiOr-iiM.-oriiLOOt-aocjOHCTn^incoNQoaiOHCJ 
o lo m o o m o l". l- cc co a w o co o co co co n n t' t^ n t- n i> i^ n qo x ao 



* = 



'* 



crso--!(MCJTt<ir5cor-a)c750 
t-h c* <?} oi tz: of a>i ei cj cr? <?? n 



1 t3 s-. 
1 o M 



^^^i5o?^^3£^3£S35S^£r^ l ^^^^t-t-i^ir-ocxoo3cooooQOQO 

o o — o i — — — ooocicooocroooocoooooc^ooooooo 



QONCoinTttwc-JHCicTiooNcoirj^nCTFHomoor-.coio^nMrHOcnQoi^ 

ocooococoococococoococoocococoScococoSScooScococococd 



xxocr. cT-. orior.cTiorccTior. cr; oooooooooo^^h^hi— (r-Hr-irH^-ir-ii— i 



332 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



(&** CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 

n* j CCOTO^CMro^OCOt^XtcTiOrHCMrc^iO^^aOa^O-^CMCC^OtOt^aOCJi 

8 S r»t"Q0XX00DXXXXQ0m01fflO(Sa55101C»S5OOOOOOOOOO 

P"! I CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 



2"| I i— 1 1 



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„ v. v. p** <- 
V. ~ >. gj >. v. 



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f^|ff f |||||| f |||||| f |^ T 



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«'*in«lNC0350HWCO'^irttDt'XCTiOHC?M^lfttON00050HWC < 5Tjl 
XXXXXXXm050)Cn05CS00050)OOOOOOOOCOHHHHH 
COC^COCOOOCOC^C^COCOC^C^C^COCOCOCO^^^^^^^^-^-<*^^Tt<TfxJ* 

THCMC0^O^^Q0OTOrHCMC^Tj<u^C0^00C^OrHCM0?T}<>r5«r)t^CX)0^O^-iCM 
Ascatedel ^^^.h^^cmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcmcococo 

HWrt^mwNOOCTiOrHCNn^wco^oooiOHNco^ifl(flNcoo50H(N 
SE2222222l2^^Z3Z;=!^^i^2 Joshua. rt - 1 -• 






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OOCnOrHCMCO^^tOt-OOCJiOrHCMr0^iOtDir--QOC750^-(CMCO^O«'t^OO<3 , 5 

xxmociciKor.cDaiaiooooooooooHHHHHHHHHH 

OOOOOOOOOOOGr— I^Hr-H,— It— li— li-Hi-Hr-tr-Hi— It— ll-Hr-lr-lt— Ir- li— I i— I i— I 

tflm^wcjHOOJOO^avn^mcNHomcoNcoin^MtNHOcnQONtOin 

CT(NClC'!Wf)Cli- | T-(HHHHHHHrtOOOOOOCOOOCJ)CncDC5C5 

truDiDtototflotDOtootfitDooatacccDcfltototococDtotoirtinirjinm 



OHC!rt"*^ | a^<xcr)OH0jc y 3^in(£iN00OOHCNn^mcD^Q0C5OiH 
CJ<7lOJCJCMCMCMCMC^OJcoco^c^cr2corococ^cOTtirf^^rt<T^^-^-rj<-^ir:io 

»C^OTOSC^G}C^C^CTiOC^O^CTiC^C}CT}C^cr5CTiO^C^CTiCT5C^C^OCTiC75Cr5OT 

mmcor5cowM«cocom«mmmrtcm«w^mcom«n^Mnrtc^rT^) 



GENERAL TABLE 



333 



■ 


■ NXCiO-H?}^^fO«>!>QO(3)OHCTnTl'O^^OOff)OHffJ^T)iOCN!X) 


|s 


u:-j:-Ji>r-t-c-t'NNNNt-xxxD0XXXX300!)ir,D^^05C5OC-,a5 






pH 


; CNC^©*C*C^<^0?C\iC^<^C^<^<^C$CQ<r}<?*!^03<7i<?*<?*OJ<?iC^<NC^ 




1 OHOrt^LTJNXOiOHjjnTfmofXCiO'-KMn^oot'Xir.oH 


sS 






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r)iocot'XaiOH(Mnrj(ina^xciorHwnT!*oo^xmotH(Mn^ifl 


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1*4 


' r;^ooi>xo50HCTM-*wo^xnoHOjn^ooNxaiOrH«n^ 


F' 1 


iflminomifliflto<oaia«oo«»o(OM-t»t'i»i»t"i'i'hxooooQox 


At 


oo^xcioHuin^iflONrttMnHNPjTiiiso^QoojOHNn^inta 


5 5v$ 


vousooioooooowwo Armessis Amenophis. ^ rt rt rt - 1 rt -< 


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Miammun 




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ifltoi»xs)OH«?)^L'5ot«ooffiOHffin^ooNX5)o-icin'*L'jo 

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CO CO CO CO CO CO AmynteB; Act0sajf „ At083ee) ^ rHr-«^.H rt PHPHPH,HC«C«CN<N©ICN(M 


a second Semiramis. 




3 


«Tjii«cfit*xoOHOTrt'*iflHffjn^ooh'QonoH(NcO'^»fl»f»mH 


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rtHHHHHH«CT«CT«(M Anarchy. rt Mesopotamians. -i 

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"*r:(MHSS5X^Oin'«t«(NHC«XN©if5'^«0li-iO5!XN«L'5^r 






cr- cri cr. srj:r. xxx xxxxxxxt^r-r~t-t^t^t^t^r~r-~ to ^tr;;r:cr:->D 


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uO iffl uO ifl uO lO lO lO L.O uO O i-O lO O O iO >-0 tO tf5 t-O O O O uO O O tft lO LO irt O tT 






?! r: t< o -J i- x s o h ?) r; t? o -o t- x o o h c! ?: ■# o *J t' x ?i c h « n 




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ifl iT5 uO l~ l~ L-t uO O — '-2 — tO — "-^ — CO O \£> t- I— t— t- t— t— t- t~- t- t~- X X X X 




o^ m at Oi ai Oi cn cn Oi<yi ai a> <y> at ai ai at ai <ji <t> a^ Oi Oi Oi Oi Oi a>Oi a> Oi eyiOi 


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r^c^r:r;r^r-:r^cor^cor-:cococococococor;r:r;r;rococor-5r:coc-;cococo 



334 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



x< 



cnOOOOOOOOOOi-Hr-i^-l^-i-^-H^— l— i^H(MdC^<M<M(M(M<MOlCMro 
i-h <N OJ CM CT (M T-J OJ TJ C} fM OJ CM CM CM rM CM Oi CM CM Ol <N CM CM CM C} CM CM CM CM CM ^M 
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



CM«^*o^t^oo©OrHCM«^in^t^opq50 

"^ "^ ^T ^ "^ "^ "^ 
^ST" "^ ^t* ^* ^^ "^ "^ 



Tfmot'OomoHCico 



"* ^ "^ "** ^ "* "^ 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ >° ,r: ° ^ ^ ^ *P '-P r -° ^P <P ^P 'P *P ' ^° . *P ^ : **r *~- . tr. 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC; 









r-^cMco-rHmixit^ooaio 
Chousr-tinsc. 



1-1 r ~ 4 Vai-GCin. HrtHHrtH Ho-tau-kia. 



ifltOt-Q0050H(MP5'>!(<ifl<Ot»OOOSOHO}«'*ifl!a^lI)ftOHCin'*L'5 
OOOOOC100 00ffl05 0)0)01(J105C)05 01COOOOOOOOOHr-(HHHHH 

Sethos Egyptus. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. ', 

^•00 050hWh • 

i-i i-h i-i CM Merri i9tb dynasty. This dynasty has 194 years. '. * '. '. '. '. ' '. '. " 
CO 



11 


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1-tCMfO-^iOtOi^.QOO^O 
Sfeeond cycle of 14G1 Egyjj- rH 
turn years. 


i— i 


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slj 

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Belochus II, dethroned by Bui- 1- ' 
tetores, governor of liis garden. 



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pjcoconnnfocoMPjnnnMooconnnnoopjcsnpjnfonwMncc 



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w co to in ifl o io lt irj io >o >n io ■* *i* "^ Tf ■>* rt< ^ ^ ■<# tji c<5 m m c: co c^ r: « n 
inioinininoiflioioinioomooifiOiOKJininoininoifliflifloifliflm 



■*mtOr-COOOHW«Tl<ifltON00050H(NM'*incOr-OOmO'-i(N«^ift 

ofjQuajooair/jocflmffionocftCicncooooocoooHHHHHH 
Qmmmmmmmcnmmaimmmoioooooooocoooocoo 

COC^COCOCOCO^COCO.^COCOCOCOCOCOTj<^T}<T}<T^Tf , ^Tj<^T3<Tj<-«^T}<T}<rJ<T}< 



GENERAL TABLE. 



335 



HwnTfifltfl^QomoHoiM^inu^oooiOHfNnTtiotoNOOfflOHW 

C>}<^C3 0JC^!C^c^r?}CTcr}CT^>.0?C^!OJC>}0}™<>*r^ 

OJC?JC^c?icC>iC>JCJC4C^CTC^C30JC>iC*C^OJC>i(^ 



Tj<io50^aooi0^ww-*Lnc£)NCioa)OH(Mw^ifl«ONQO<j)OHCTn^m 

t- t- t' f- t» N X CO X' X. M D Ij X O) X CT Ol CD ff) O) 32 Q C5 CD ffl o o o o o o 
r^C*C^C^f^c?i<-^C*C?*<^C?}C^C$C\!^C^C*<^ 



iflCO^QOCSHCTCO^mCDt-QOOO 

Zu-ye. 



rtHHHH Zu-zin. 



„ m .2 i>C0050HCJW*iOtJ3r-OOCTiOHfNC(5T)*iOtOt-C0050r-lO!n-^vncDNOO 
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t - (r - 11 -i.-ii-ii>-i(N<N<NC*©«<M BaltetareSjOrBellepares.^ 



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X X X X X X o c. c^ o m n r. CI Q Q O C O O O O O O O O H H H H H H 

rOCOCOC^COCOCO'COTOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOlOeOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 



ocnoot'OO^rtffiHocjOONCDin^ncjHocnooNtoirtTiinoiHOOi 

C~ O? C! C} C( CN OJ CJ (M T) 0>l —I I- 1 —I t-l r-l r-H r-H H r-H I— I O O O O O O O © © O © 

in li o l". l 1 : o o l<; li ui lo o is in in o in in u5 in m io in ifl m in ifl in in in io ^ 



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336 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



co^LOco^aoCTiOr^^M^irscot^ooo^o.^ojMT^irico^-aocJsCr-ic^c':'^ 

Ci O) CM C} C\! CJ <N OJ OJ OJ Ct Ci C* Ci Oi CQ CM <M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 
CM(MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



c- to^aDOTo^oJco^xo^^ooo^Or-(C?co^voot^Qoa50--iG^co'<*iLO?r>i> 

23 I ooooH-HHHHHrtHH(M(N(M(M(Mffj(M«t!(Mrtm^rn«r:rt 

£>< (M<M<^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC}CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCM 



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H rt H Pi Pi rl p-I v . . rtPlPlPHpHn^r-lrHPKMOKNOJOl 



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p3 rHplplplplplplplplplplplPlPlPlplplplplr-lplplplplnplPinPiplP-ipl 

2 P 2 

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HW«T(iiflcoNOomoHOin'*ifttoi>a)OiOH«m'*owt'TooiOH05 

CM<MC*CMCMCMCMCMCMCO Lamprideg . r i rtrtP i r i rt _.H r i r iCMCM<M 



ooc^OpicMeoTf<otDt^oo<^opicMcoTf<u^cot^c»o>Opi<McoT*io<r>t-aoo> 

HHHHHHHHHHWWCMCMWCNCNCNCNCNnmcrjWCOWeocOMCO 

::::.. p ...:::::.:::..:::: : 

t3 ...:.:: 

o 

x 

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: i i . . . .a . z i i . . . . . . . i . i i i . i . i i : . ; 

:::::. :t> ::::::::::::::::::::::: : 



h h h h w (ji ?i w (M (M w w w w n « n n pj ?; n i. . »■. „. rf v v n- 



00 t— to >^ "^ CO CM 

as 05 c^ O) a: !> m 

■^ TJ< TJ4 Tft T* -^ -Pj< 



oo i oor^t^t^i^r-t^t^t^r^r-tococo 



coasOHCTmTfintoh.ixajOHOJcoTjiiotfiNoomcHWcn'^mcD^QOa 
Tf Tt i.urt irt vo o m m o ifi io tow sine a: «d to o ta id i- i^ t^ n i^ i- n t- t- n 
oooooo — — oooooooooooooocrooocoocroo 

"^ T^* "^ T^ *^ "*$* ""^ "3* '^^ "^T ^* *^}* Tj^ ^* Tj* ^^ "^ Tt 1 ^* ^* "^ ^* ^* ^* "^ , * ! ^ ^* "^3* ^* "^ ""^J* "^* 



GENERAL TABLE 



337 






cnOTcrsciaioooooooooo^-i^Hr-ir-inHr-i^— iHnc<«(?«CTCTCTtN 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



oooOH^ro^m!DNooaoHCT«^iflxiN005)C)HW^T)iirttONOoa) 
m irt in m in in io m io ut li io o io o c in in in io o io lo if; in io in in >o o lc in 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



iftrHtMco^iricDt^ooaio 
01 Zu-ting. ^ 



HC5n-*mwi>oomoH(MW'firtixiNQomor-(CTM'*intot-Q0050HCT 

()OjOOOOOaOQOQOQOQOC5C35C3lj)J50ima5QOOOOOOOOOOHHH 









4 I'g'Ss-* ^^ 



CS r ^3'33- = S' :3 3'^ 3 



^•C^=°.^^-r 



OJ 






ocoocnmojcnoooooooot-N t- 



c^-^irscoir-oocnOi-ttMfo^vo^ot-oocjo 
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMco g osares . or p osa res. -* 



wm^iotot'OomoHCjr:- 
M HHrti-iHrtH« LamprajB, 



(M n ^ it: to t^ qo o> o 



CMCS^iACOt-OOCTJO 



rHC?co-^mtnt^aocT5 
*- t— t^ c— t-^ 



(»mOHOin^intDt-xo)OHj}^^mot>xmoHCT 

^ Tf o in o o m o m o m o *-r> co r o ^ o 'o -o (n c to t- t- i^ t- i> n t- t- t- t-- 

CM CM CM ?! CM CM CM CM CJ CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 

(3L'jTjirtClHOC5W^!Oift'^«(MHOC5iXN!OL'5^?;(MH005CO^<fiirt 

c so "o 'o co o in o >n in o in in o o in ■* Tf tj r* ■* -f -f ^t r« -^ n ^ n ^ r: 



OHfMrt^L'jtofooooiHOjriTjuntci^xcnoHOJ^^ift'ot'Cocr. o- 

GC CC CC X- X 30 30 30 QOOOOlfflOlCflOXSOJOJOCROOOOOOOdOOHH 



338 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



:§2 i 

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NnrsoHiMn^iotoNQOftOHwn^ioto^'BmoHWrt.Tinntot'OO 

py cr: :-: ro c: ;o co co co ••roc y :o7W^roro^nn«Wcodc y jp:coconr:xM 
CMCMCMCMC^CMCMCMCMcMCMCMCMCicMcMcMCJCMCMCMOiCMCMOJC^CMCMC^CMCMC^ 



, otONOomoHCirr-^iotONOocjo^-. 

CMCMcMCMOICMCMcMCMCMCMCMCMCMC^CMgMCMCMcMCMCMCMCMCMcMCMCMCMCMGMCM 



£>< I C^CMCM 



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m Nan-keng. ~ * * * * * ~ * * * <xc*G*Gi<X<x Yang _ kia . 


2 S3 


co-^mw^QOcnoHCJco^irttot'QocjorHWK'^irtot-QocnoHom^ 

CMCMCMcMCMCMCMCM!?JCMCMcMCMcMCMCMCMcMCMCMCMClCNcMCM(>lcM(^CM(^C^ 


S B 





r !3 £ * 






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o?coTj*io«3i^oocr}OrHC^coTt<otot^oocrjOrHCJro'<*iLnto 
^^^-^^.-Hr-HCMcMCM^CMCM^CMCMCNco P called Pan . 



a ) (Nw^mco^oomoHOico^ocDNQOOiOHCTn^mtor-ooooHWM 

« ! t— t— i>- l— J>- iT- t— t-GO n.„ „_{f.,, i— Ir-lr-Hr— I r- IHr li— I rH .-I CM n„^«,l, 



















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OHOJfOTJiifltD^OOOlOHCTMTjliOCflNOOmOHWm^iOtONfBCnOH 

co co co x co xAxooooffiaiKoimissoiaoioooooooooo^H 

CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM '7* CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CO -? CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 
COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 

•^P5CQHCOioor'!fiifliino}HooiOO^tfl»flT|imCTHC0500t^toirtTj<rt 
nnn^KciciotcicKMOciJKMHHHHrtHHHHHOOcocoo 



^■^T^Tjt^rPTf^-^^^^Ttl-^^^^- 






T^ *^ T^ ^ *"^ TJ< Tj< 



GENERAL TABLE 



339 



1 

= • <' 3)OH««7|iina^ooaiOH(jjn^ifl!5t.oofliOHff)nT(nn»NQooio 

Ic S 1 ^(X>^C^C^<J3UDCOeDCr>tO{--i^t--l--t~-ir~t^t~-t^t^000000Q000Q0C0Q0Q000C^ 


A • i (NC5^ifl(£!t-00C5OHCTC0Tj(iflfI)^00ff)OHCT0:'^mt0t~Q0(TlOH(NC0 

%% ooooooooH-H-- l HHHHHC!CiCTC!OinoifflMC!conmn 
Ts . i coco<oco^cococouDco<ococDO^^cr>co^ioco^^tD r -ocococococococo 


6 


Puon-keng. - - * rt M rt « "■ - rt « « « « « « « « « Siao -sin. 


° a »S uocot~oomo^(^co^tocor~aoc7iOr^cjcoT*tficot^ooa50---ic<{coTj<io<o 




::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 


1 

o 


bb 

< 


*! O500 000000t-~ t- t- t-CO CO CO CO "O ift lO UO ^ "* "^ ^t CO CO CO CO <N <M <M <M "- 1 >-l r ~ l 






o 


HHHH 


•a . i 

s = c 

"Eau i>ooff)Oi-(CTm'*int£ii>a)CTiOHCTnTtnncot-xoiOHWw^irtto^QO 


S 1 tJ< o co i>. oo as o r-H cm co "* o to r- ao as o fh <?* co rf< m to t- oo en o N <tq co t* us 

HHHHHHHHHHCT(MW«o!WW(M(MCjcQcommnn 






i 

§ 


' j 
































. . [ * 














^> I co C: co co co co '.~: ro co co .". cocococo.~cocococococococococococococococo 

^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 


W | CCCC~. C~. CT. Ci C5C53tr, CiOGOOOQOOOOOXXCCaOX'Nt^t-t^Ot^t^t^N 

u i ^tp^cococococococococococococococococococococococococococococo 

w j i^rtl^^i^r^rti-Hr-lr-(r-ll-lr-(i-li-li-lrHr-(rHrHl-(p-(r--<rHr-lrHr-lr-fi-( I --lt-(r-( 





340 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Is 


HCTWTl*iO«Dl>.OOS50H(Nn'^ifl«Ot'Q005CH(Mrt'*ifl!Or*Q0050H« 


0iffl0)0)CT)CnO0505OOOOOOOOOOHHHHH-iHHHH0!(MJJ 




CO^COCOC^C^C^COCO^T^^^^^^Tf^r^^T^^Tr^^^Ttl'^^-^T-^ 


tf^ 


(?JG^<^C*<>lC}C*C^<^C^<>JOJC^C^<^<^C^{<7*C^e*<^JC>lC^^ 






T)<ifltCt'GOff)OHCT«rJ<ifttD^G0050rtCTn'^vntDt-OOffiiOHC}^rtin 




Js 


pjncon^^TjiTti^rfTjt^^iiTji^oinifliflLOoioinimntototflto^o 




(D?D(£IC(CtDtDlOtOtflCOtOtflCDCOcatOtOWtOOO!fliDy3tOCtOtD50(CtO 


z< 


C^G^C^C^t^t^O^CJOlC^CTC^^t^^^C^C^C^^C^C^O^^G^WC^C^^^i^^ 


4 


•"tow^oomOrHCTn^mto^QomoiHHOjco^ow^QOoiOrtCTTO^ 


o 


^^^^.H^^^rt^^^ g ia(>ye> r^ r- rt rH pH 


2 2"! 


t'Q0020iH(NnTJ(iOtDt-OOOiOrHNM'<!f*iftOl^00050H(Nn'^in5£>t^OO 


t-^^"ra0BQ0Xa0Q0a0Q0X05aj3:C>0i3iC!J)0)0iOOOOOOOOO 


£ H 


G*<xc*&<xciG*c*<^<x<xc*<xc*c*<nc*c*c*ttC*c*cimmmcocomcott 


Joa 


'. '. '. '. '. '. £ '*:'''*'■'''■ 

-a » 20th dynasty begins of 




2 £ w 

fiC- 


I '. '. '. '. '. S § 228 years. '.'.'.'.'.*.'.*.'.'.'.'.'. 




•3 






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ei* " oS* « cf" of - cf- 


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13 ST) 3 r a S 73 ^^ ^ a jT) 313 3 ^2 M 3T3 3 2 3 |"^ 3T3 3 


£ * -a -g 3 a 3 £ f?t -c -g ■ § ,2 ,?£ * -a -s § £ ? £ p^ -c -5 § »2 » £ * x -s 




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Q005C-HWCOrtift(ONOOa)OH«CO^iOOt-00050-H(Nn^intOt-QOSi 




t»i>xocoocoQOQoa)COXooa)oa)a)aio)a)i3)OiO)OOOOooooco 


O 


^rHi^rHrtrHrHrHrtrHr^r^r^r^rHr^r^rH^r^i^rtC^C^^OJCl^C^OJCNC^ 




mOHU?m'^in«)^ooo50iHCT«-^io<fl^ooa50iHO{Hff}p:'*io(oi>oo 


^ ■** Sosarmos, surnamed Teos, or" -1 >-i'-i<-<'-i'-"-l'-<'-i'-i<MC*0* Mithraeus, Memnon, of gi- 


<£« 


God. ant stature bom. 




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CDt-OOaiOrHC^CO^OCO^r^C?£XlTtiin^t^OOO^Or^(^COTtt»rtiX>t-OOCrjO 


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^irtfflNxaoMOJM^mcoNxmo-HWn-^moNxcvoHCJw^irt 






^'^'^'^'^Ti'inioioinioooinioinoutoodjcootflcfltot^^r-t^t^t^ 




c^^mnn^c^^^nTO^rofororoMconnconron.-onc^co.nmnn 


< 


wwwcococownoincocococorocsTOrtrQnnnronrowcocjnconco 






ooiXNtoorfniNHooixh-am^nwHooixr'tom^nfMHCffi 






t^t£HOCDCD«£>wiCOCJCDy3iniOiniOvOiraiOif5iOiO^ | -^^^^ir("*T)<TtTfC«5 


m 


cone: comnrowcjmrocomroc^nco^w^nrocjnco^TO^nc^.-ow 




S 


a^xffiOHOK^incDNxciOHOjrATjiincc^xoiOHOJnrtunwt- 




r-h-t^^xxxxxxxxxajoaiacftmcriciacncr. ocoococo 


-4 


,_,,_,_ _,_| ^- IrtHHHHHHHHHHHHHrtHHHOICTCTCTCKNIMO 


^TrTfTt^^Tf^^Tj'^^^^^^-^^-J,^^^^^^^,^^,^^^!^ 



GENERAL TABLE 



341 



*< 



iro^Lnto^xtTso^cTNjee^LOtot^XOTO^CJre^irtto^xcriOr^c^co-'tf 
G^ C^> e! C*J C3 CI CI m Pi re re re re re re re re ^ -7-1 t« -3< t# ^f -^ t* -* rj< lO id i_e O O 



<7<J C* 



(oi-xoiOH(Nn , !i | iflut»aoo50H(N?3^oo^!»cjOHjj«Tj(in(ot' 
e to «) to (o o "-o (o x a a o a a a a a o c o o ^ to i a to a o tc a 'o o 



iflCD^QOfflOHwn^oo^QOrtWco^intot'QOffiOHOinTinfltoNoo 



. «b DOH«n^K3tfl^xmoHNn^ , iflOi>XQOH««'*intfl^Qoao 
o OHHHHHHHHHHW(M(M(N(r{«CT(M(M(Mnn««n?:ci5nnn^ 
\* cococococococecoeococorococorocorocorocorocoeocoeecococoeecoroco 









;^ ? 



SWlH ^llMll ^£ff ll rf MS I 






_5 ~-^13 



ifl'a ta 



s-g 3-6 b 



CBSH^H^CWCcSH^HfecBCC^^^Hf^cC^^H^Hf^^^SH^ 



CH(^r:Tj(iflai^xc50H(Mn^ir)ot-xc)OH05fo^oai>xa50H 



ojOHwn'^iflwr'QOffjOrHCTM'^otONHCjnTjiiccoNOOOOi-ioin 

rt HHHHHrtHHHW(N«W(MOJ«« Ter.tamus, who sent 10,000^ ^ '-' -1 

Ethiopians to assist Priam against the 



H«co-*intot>ooaortCjmTj*vntot-ooff)OHCTmr-ic}nrj(in«)NQ003 
cic*o*(NOiCi(NC*c*rocoeocoeecococQcotrorj< Abime . Tola 

leeh. 



3 3 






tO t— ! 

t— r- i 

m re 
re re 



B>OH«n^»otot»oDci>Oi-iein'!jif){oi>oo3JO 
r- x x 00 x x x x x x x 05 o a r< r. oj r. m o m o 

rer-rrerororo — rororecororececocorecocoreco^* 
rocororerorececororererererererererocorocore 



o o 



lOtat- 
000 



d 
n 


OOr'Otf)TtWWHOC)!X)Ntflirt->#nO{HOO)Q01>tOi.'5'<*«C!HClT.Xf' 

ce re re re re re re re re ci Ci ci ci a ci CJ ci ci — < i-h — < i-h h — i r-t ri —c ,-< 

rerererererererererererrcererererecerecererererererererererecere 



bS xciCHOM^oat-xmo-i^^^oat-xocHOj^TfmaNXoi 

2 oc-iH-H---'-irHH-i»H!rioj(M(M(NW(MC'JW!N«r*^nr:nwM?5n 

ci e? e> ci cr ci ci ci e; ci ci a ci a a ci ci ci ci ci a ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci a a a 

< ^ rr ^ ^ ^ t^^ ^ r^ ^ r? rr t^ t^ TJ< ^ rf r}< -^ ^ tJ< -!* t# tji ^j< rf ^ ^ r^ ^ tji -^ 



342 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



moNOoncHon^L'iut-XiriOHNKTjiL'jcNajssCHwnTfunco 
m m >n o o w c a r a c ^ c ^ o t^ r- n nn m^ n n > x x x k 'X cc qo 

C\? Ci C* CJ C{ C! CI Ci C! C! C! Ci CI CJ Ci CJ Ci CJ C! CJ CM ©J C! C! C! Ci C! C! d Ci C* ©J 





ffiS10COOOOOCCCH-HHHHHHrtH(M(M(MC!(MCN(M(M(N« 


o 


oiOHCTn^inoNXffiOHOjn'^ifltflt-xajOp-iwn^ifsot-xno 


2J 5 





w 



£"2 















3-d P o C j'O ^^ 3 i = 213 p-H s'H 
3 O -3 w & -jj ' -g S O ciJ^-^-g - O 3 a> Jg •£ +3 g 



toK5rtiflOTfTji«!)i^«wm«(N«(M« 



Hocoomcifficsxxx 



CT«Tiio«5t'XC)Oi-ic.!rtTjiints^xc50H(Nn^inot-xffiOH«n 
^^Tfit^ic^^LnomininunLnmLOLnouocvDcoooaMr-M^ 



^irtwt-xciOH^n^uocNXoiOHWr-iffjn'^ifjto^xcjOHCjn 

HHMHHHWWWWW^WCwnnn^ utaeus, called Eataios. "< ^ ^ 

Greeks. (Diod. xi, 17.) 



ii-(r-li-lT-l,-li-li-lr-lCS(?i<NCN T • HHHHrtHrHHH 



^3 



XOCH(Mn'*ifttOr'XSCHCN«'^iflWr-X050H(Mn'*0«)r'QDOJ 
CC HHHH-HH-.rtHf!Q)7!r:!f!C!W(SJ!C»^^£2rtn:r2^r:r:7; 

co«coeocococricow«cocococococoeTjcQeococoeocQeoeococfjcocoeotfQC»s 

tOL';iito(MHCO>XNOif:'*n(MHCCiXt-(Oif)'*««HoeiXNCifl 
OOOOOCcr.r.s^ma^mc^xi iiiooxrooi t~ r- t- t- t- t> 
r: n r: ^ n r: :•: ci TJ 71 CI ?! T! « 7) 7) (N t) ?J ff! CN « ^ « W ^ W W M « Of C! 



OH(Mrtrfifl<flr-XC!OH(M«^ir>!Or-X'C3)CHC!r5'#>fl!flr"XOCH 

Ci C! C! <N Ci CI CN CT ?! C! C! C! Ci Ci C! ?! ?! C! C! C! Ci ?! CI <M ?! ?•> ?! C! ?> ?! ?> C! 

^* *^t* "^t* "^ ^3* "^J* ^f* ^^ "^ ^* "^ ^* ^* ^^ ^* "^ ^* ^? ^^ ^* *^ "^ ^* ^* "^ ^* ^* ^* "^ "^ "^ ^^ 



GENERAL TABLE. 



343 



<».xX'C!^mr,3!C:c5na5ccccoccooc;rtHHHHHHHH 
(MCMCMCMCMCMCM(MCMC^CM7!e}CM<MCMCMCM<M<MCM<MCMCMCM<MCM<M<MCMCM<M 



CMCMCM<M<MCMCMC"lCMCMCMG^<MCMe*CMCM(McMCM<MCM(MC^<M<MCMCMCMClCMC^ 



oooioioo^oo Zu . ken „ Zu . kiil- -H 



cm co r^ m co 



co^ooi>QOCT50'-HC^co-^irtioi^oocniOt-iiricoTj<inco l - 

t-t-Nt~r-t~l>T00XQ0XC0'X(»(»'»55(55a53505i350 , )O0505OOC 

cocococccocccococococococorococococococococoroco-" 






8 Jt 









o ? v ^-r* -^ - o p a> JJ --J -g h o 3 a> ,£ •£ -£ 5 O 3 J^ ^ \-< -£ 2 o 3 ^ ^ 






Xt-t-t-t-tDOOCDiOiflmO'*'*-* "^COCOiCOCOCMCMCMCM 



f^t-l-t-t-r-XXXXXXXXT'X^C5CnC505C50105C!nOOCOCO 
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMrococQOOCOCO 



8~2 -2 rHrtrHi^i^rHC^C^G^C^C^C^C^C^<71<^COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^TI<^Tt*^ 



~ cm cm <M Amorit es. - 1 



CMCO^iT5(^>t-00r-ICM0'iTt<lO<X>r-ICMir0^t< 

i i— ( i— ( i— i r-n rH i— ( jepjjtlia. Ibzan. 



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(NM'<tift«5NXo , iOH(N«'*inor*xojOH 
TfioirtininininiftinifiinacototDfotoffltDtotflfh- 



^ntMHOoxt-iOLi^ncMrtcaxNtom^inNHOcDX^tow^n 
t- ^ t- t^ i- c c o a ^ o o a c o m i.i m io u5 m in m m m ■* ■* i 1 ■* ^f Tt< ^ 

CT W CT Ji CT C) W O! ff< « Cl C! C-J CT C^ Ol W C) C< CT PI CN (?) CT C) W CT « W CJ CT CJ 



0}«^irt»fXff)OH(Mn^intflNXff)OrtCTrtT)iirtONX0iCH'Mr) 
t~ r~ t— t^ t~- 1— t~ r~ oc ■/.. x x x 7^ x r. X / cocnffiffionoooocoo 
cm cm g c! o cr-rj cm cm cm cm cm 71 c> cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm c? cm cm re .-: re ro 



344 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



IS 



h O (N ^ C) C) ?! ?! OJ OJ ?) r^ r: ^ ^ ~ ?5 r ^ ?; ^ i? -< ^ ^i 

io o i? in lt io lo lo us lt in i.*. io in is in ^ in ti ^ i.i ui o i* li io ih ift li o >n ia 

CM CM CM ?>! CM CM CM CM (?) CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM ?! ?! ?! CM ?! ?! ?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?! CM 





Ci^72£H2fc^^ ^^ M ^ ^^rc^®^<^«^ u ^^^roajOrHCM?o 

tfl'-OCOCOCOCOtflt^NNNt-NNNt'NXODXXXXZIlXXncnmai 
CN?^CMCMCMCM?^CM(MCMCM?}CM?!CMCM?!?!CM?!CMCM?iCNCMCM?!CMCMC^^ 


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O O O O O -H r-i r-H i-h i-H r-H r-H r-H ,-h ^h ?! ?! CM O 1 ? !?!?!?!?!?! co co co co co CO CO 


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CO CO CO CO CO CO 



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r-, h i-h ^H —< H H —i CM (M CM <M CM CM CM CM C! (M CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 

cocococococococococococococococococococococococococo 



sill 

X^^.i w«^io<oi>comoHO!nrfm«ONCocr)0 

| S ■§ from Africanus, here adds 1- ' "- -1 "— i r— I r-H ■— I i—t r-H 

"•fl^ 3 I four kings of 116 years more than Eusebius has. 



iflci^HCTn'l | m(ot'Q0050HC!n'<*mcot'QOrtC!n^ioot'QOijioiH 
Elon r " t Abdon. Philistines. r " ( '~ l 



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ciHoaixt'CiniiKCMHCox^toin^mCTHCRXhtoinTjirtOH 
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T* i-O t£> t- 00 OD O -h CM CO -* i-O ^O t— 00 CD O r-< ?! CO ~f >.0 O h- 00 CD C? -H CM CO •<* U0 
OOOOOO— i-h— i— i-h — r-ir-i-H-HCMO!?!?!CMCMCMCMCMO!COCOr?cor?CO 

c^co^c?coc?cor^c?cor?cor?r?cor?c?cocococor?cor?cor?cococoroccco 

^TfH(H.-<^H<HlH(^^^^HIHjTjH<H(^TjH<^H<H<^H(H(^^H<H(^ 



GENERAL TABLE. 



345 









Ttifltot-oomoHO)co^ifltDt-oomoHO«^io«D^aomOHO)c^^o 

asff5OT050?OTOOOOOOOOOOi— i — ^H-^'-i'-i — i-Hi-i— iCM(MC^(MOJ<M 
r- t- t- t- t- t- OD 00 X en Q0 X 00 CO 30 CO X 00 00 00 00 00 X X X X X X X 00 00 oo 



.(Mn'*iflar'00350HHiMn^H(MnH«nTiiifl(ot»(i)o>o 
rHl _, r H,_i 1 _<,-i r -ii-i(NC* Vou-ye. Tai-ting. Zi-ye. ^ 



T^ "«^ ^< TJ* ^* "^* ' T ^ ^* ^P ^* "^ ^T "^ "^ ^^ "^ ^* ^C ^T "^3* ^J* ^* "^ ^^ ^7* "^* "^^ ^* ^J* Xj* ^^ ^* 






ill 00il1 &$i§ilt $*i$lt $s 






•f» *S tS 3 © J 3 ! 



S^'CSs 






£5 









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ffjM^into^Qomo 



c?co-^tf5cot^oocno 



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•^iftiONaoojOiHOjnTjtLnac^oooiOHWWTfmcoNQOoOHOjm^'irt 

cc500MOiO'<!(in(MHoc3jXNtein^«(NHOcnoo{^«oifl^inLN'-'co5 

HCCOSOcoqccsimmciC5fflr>o!ffiOiXOOxa)QoxiX'OOK> 

OOJOC'lJiWCTlTiWl^CMr-liHHHr-r- I f- ( f- 1 n-< r-H i— I r-H i— If I f< I— I I— I I— Irtr-Hr— I 



ot»xa>OH5jniiL';aNxci2Hj)?5rjimiot«xciOHCin^in(fi^ 



346 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 





«Tj<LOtfit'XaiOH^rt'^L'5tOt-OOmOHO!«'*if5COt'QOOJOH(MC»5Tl< 

xxxxooiiXfflasismnfflaanoosoooooocHHHHH 
li lio in m ift ifi li o m o io m o m o in a o -j a a ^ a o o a o o *j ts io 






ot-X3iOHMco^oot»xo)OH(M?;iiin'o^'X050H(MnTiiiflwi> 

CD QO OO GO X GO GO 'X QO Xi 00 X aj 'X * O) CO X' 00 'X X X X « GO 00 X GC X OO i 00 




o 


^ifltONXffiOHO»n'*ioaiNXC)OHwn^ l owfrHCTc»5-*ioot'X 
rtrtH Mrtr-icMawwcNOJCN«cNC<nco«mcomc»5Cf5 Cheu 




° 6 


c^o^w?o^>o«t-ooOTOrHc^«^vn^^oocT30rHc^coTt<io?r>t-cccrso 

«>l^t>t^l>^t't^Nt-l>tXXXXXXXXXO;5)WC5!nSiC!C5QC5C 




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h-t~t^t^^t'l' , ^"t't*QCXXXXXXXXXasC50 , )05Clff)05!J)OC20C 
C^COC0C0COCOCOC0COCOC0C0fOC0COC0«COCCiC^CCCOCOC0COCOC0COC0r0Tj<T; 




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cocownwwcjwcomwnnrimnnKMPSfnnnTOe'ocnnco.'jnpjp; 




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i^ t ^ f ,^t^t-t^i>i--o(aai«cccaa<r!a)OLnmmLnirtiftiftirtmin'<f^T) 




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coc^o^(N^^^^^^ < ^ ( = : '--iG^ccT^iotot^oocT>cz>--tC^r^^intcr~- X 35 
o a t- i- i- t- ^ r- t- t- m- x x x x x x x x x XC35 en ci c-o ^ r. r; ~ 



GENERAL TABLE. 



347 



|<i 


ltj n x r. c; -h ;} r^ -? o tc n x rj o h j! r5 t? li uj t^ x o o h c! « t? o o 

cc co CO to to CO cp ys CO CO — CO CO CO CO CO "^ to CO CO CO co to cc co CO (O CO co to CO CO 
CM CI CI CI CI CI CM CI CM CI CM CM CI CI C! CJ CI <M CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI <M CI CI CI CM 


$< 


xs)OH^r:T?incDNXCic-(CTr:Tj'L')coNXC}OrHC)r;--'0'ot-Xff) 

kfl LO w w r x -^ r X C C C 1- t- N t- t- N N t- t^ N X X X X X X X X X X 
xxxxxx x ■■ X X 00 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? 
CI CI CI CM Ct CI CI CI CI CI CM CI d CI CI CI CI CI CI Ci CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI 


5 


rsOMCQ^TjfooNxno-iCTw^ocoNXfflCHCM^Hcm^i.'.oN 

rtMrtrHr-irtrtHrtrtCICM^CIOTOJCNCIOIfflnWKrt Wu . beg . fln tUe 

Chau dyn. of ST 3 years. 


Z a S H CT « -I 1 O VO N X Ci C H (?} « ^ L"5 'O t^ X C: O H ?! r; ■* O'J N X Ci C w J? 

r^; ~ o o c; o ^ o o o — i r— r-n r-n r— h h -i -< h CI ci ci ci C! ci c 1 ci C! ci ci cc ci 

S ~ * Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li O Li tTi O Li lO Li Li Li Li Li Li Ifl Li Li Li S3 Li O Li Li O Li o 


— I 3. 


I I '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. "= ™" 21st dynasty begins 
'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1 '.'. '.£= of 139 years. 
















1 


2 >* 

4; : : = : • : _ ! : : : : : : : : 5 " : s; : ! : ! : : ; : : 

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cicicicicicicic'cmcicm 


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wwfooi^x^Sr-iCT^^oct'Xno^ow-focoNxnoMCir: 

OOOpOOOOHHnHHHHHHHWWCjMWCTCJWWCJW-Wrte) 




xcjCr-icMrt^Lich.xoo-HnnTjiocoHwn^mco^oociCHwr: 
<r. cs o o o s o o o c o c.j^ ^ - - ^ ;-j ^ Thinnaeus. M rt - ^ 


is 


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oi>xc50i-i«n'*ocot'Xe!OH^n^inc^xooH(Mn^oot- 

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p^ K g o ^ ^ -° 
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r r .i c Ji 3 o - ~ 
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xj50H(N«'*^-JNxr)0-i;jr;^L':coNXcicw(N^Tj<L'5coNX35 
to — t^ t^ i- t- t~ r- r~ t- t-- r- x x x x x x x x x x c-. oa oa o: cr. cr. cr: os o: os 

Li kfl Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li L.1 li Li Li Li l1 Li Li Li Li L.1 Li Li Li l1 Li l1 Li Li Li Li Li 


ri 


10 li ~» n ci — i o 05 x t~- '-o li r# r- 

•? ^ Tf tj tj -? ■? - r: r; r: r: ^ f 




i— coo"^cicii-HOOicx)t-coir5 

CI CI C! CI CI CI CI CI r-, ^ — i — ( ^ 


ci ci n cj c 


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c^c;oo = ocrc:c3 = - 

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— < c 


CI Tj< Li CO l^ X OS O ^-( ci n -f Li CO J— CO <D O -H 
— _, ^ h rH —1 r^ C7! CI CI TI CI CI CI C? CI CI CI CI 







































348 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 






NOOffJOHWrO^iOtDNOOOlOHCTfOTfirtOOQOOSHKnitifltDNX 



OHCT^^io^t-oocjOi-iwn^iooi^aomO'-KMrtTjuncDNaoOTOrH 

0)C105aOiaOO)00)OOOOOOOOCOH- r-H — i ,— < — < -h _i ,_ 1.— < C* C} 

cooO'XiaO'XiooxiGOQO'XiOsoio^ascscsosasaiOTaicrscnaj^a^cjcscscncsc^ 



i-«c<ieciT}<iotoi>ooa>o 
Ching-wang. 



Rjfg 






"5 a. 



p. 



££i!f 






J5 >r>fr 



03a 















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: 60 

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8 

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OHfMrt^mtflNQOcnoHan-^iotfl^aomoHtMn^iotflNOOcnOH 

OOOOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHHHO!M«(N««<M«OIOf:n 



M<nc)Hcnaot-toorti«p!HomooNtoio-*nCTHcaTON(OLO^n 
HHHHHOOCOOooocoQCin^osnc;c;mxxxa).x r 1 

r -lrHrH^( l -c^Hr-(i-(r-i^Hr-(rHrHrH^-lOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC; 



(MMrinntot'XcsoHiNnTjixnwNOomoHCTnTfiiotoNacejo^c!^ 



GENERAL TABLE 



349 



s* i 
&< i 



t^c»aoooooooooaoQOoocx)0505050soj«foJ05a»a>ooooooooooiH 

to w is o s w (fl o a c a to a « a c o c c w to t» ^ n t' M> r* t* t- t» n 



3< 



CTMTfoat^oomori(^w<*inafoomoH(j}x^ina>r»ooo50HCTn 

Cr:C^C^O^O^^Cr.'C^C^a5a5C5a5CT)a^CTiCT>a5a^C^CT5t3^3^CT5a5CT5C^!T3CT5C5CiC5 



Kang-wang. 



1 



toaanotDot^t-t-N^t^t-t-NxxxooxQoxxTjxffiCiaxrso^o 



^ - 






T3 3 



n ~ -j^j^ J- °3 -: t3 >? an _H ^ » ~ ^ " S _S s- rt -: — i 



O 3 



Hfx<t/2CC^r 



T3 3-T3 



'O Z. <K -C5 



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t-t^Nt'tonoanoinmiflin'^^^^^nrt 



50b.ooaoH(TjnTj(iflOMBOiOf-((SMTiiotONooo50HO!nTi<L'5toi> 

COCOCOtDt-t-'t— r» t» t- l"- t»b-t^0CC»Q0C30000000000BC30OSC5OSOSO5O5O3O5 



WfOOCiOH««T(iin«er-QOffiOH««^in(ot>iQoooH(Mn^o»t» 

HHHH««««««««««nP5P5C0nnnnC0C0'* Eupaemes, or Eupa- 

l03. 

000)OHffin , *0!Br*QOOJOH(MnT|ii/5<Or»OOOiOi-i«C<!'^L'5»r'am 
CiCMCJCOCOCOCCCOCiCOCOCJ''^ David rtHHHHHHHHrt 



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(MM^mct-oDffic- nMnTjtvfjtot^oociOF- Krin^intor'OoooHCTn 
r: r: r: cc c^ ^ r: r: -? -? •? Tj< t< - 1 1 1 ^ t« ■* o « li o ^ lc o o l", o a a a a 
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a to to to to to to 

CTp-tOOiXr'Oin^ftfMF-iODXr-tOL'J'^nffjHOaiOOr-tOifl^nWH 

ao ao ao r— t^ r~ t— t— r- t- t~ r~ r~ to to to to to to to to to to m io ifl m o o o i_o o 

©ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 



s ! 



(M re ^ o 



tji o a r> x tr. c h ?} r: tt m » r- x m o h w ?: Tj< o a t- x m o 

*w a a a a a 1» r- h- r» r- N i'- r' N N X X X X 7j X X X X X C) O! C5 C35 85 : 



350 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



tf<! 



CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CI CM CM CM CM CM CM CM cV* CM CM CM CM CM CM CMC* Si CM CM CM 



S3 
3< 



CMCMtT*CMCM<MCMCN<NCMCl(MC*C*CMCMC*t?QCMC4CMCMC*C*C^ 



«• I 



Wang. i— t ri i— i i— 



CM CM <M CM CM CM CM C* CM CM CO CO CO 



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^SSS^SS^i2X^222? 0rHC<!cc ^ l0:ol ^ ooa5 Or-icMcoTf<ocoir^c» 



tsv. 



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212 b^ & 






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£ 3,5^ 



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:2£ = o 2 






CO CM CM CM CM 



HOOooffioioiaiooooaiQOt't'^t'WocBtOLOiflifl 



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CCOTO^CMCO^uO^^OOCTlOr-lCMCO^uO^Dt-OOOTOr-HCMCO^iJOCOt^OOCTi 

0)0)OOOOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHHHO(NJ!WWa(NWWN 



OHDf«'r)iincoNoomoH(Mn , *o<ot'C0050HWW^o«ot'ComoH 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^ g l omoil . '~ l ^ 



a 
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•^iooNCOcnorHCjnri<incDN;70cnor- icMco^tocor^ooaso.-iOico'^io 

^jtOtOCD«0«Ol>'t^l-~t^t~t^t^t--t--t^OO'Xl'XiOO'XiQOiX i aOCC:X)050 , 5OTC^cr5a5 
COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC5COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 



io , *ncM>H005Cot^cDirt^coffjr-iQcncoNtom'<#roc}Hoa) 

^^^^^^r^rT'COCOCOCOCOCOCOrOCMCMCMCMCMCMfMCNCMCM-H 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



o en ao t- co .. . 

tO "^ ^ **^ "*3* ^ *"^ 

o o o o o o 



tO^COff)Oi-i(Mn-*if5(I5C-OOQO-lCTCO^lOCDI-OOCr)Or-lCi^-1*»f!(3N 

0)0)OmOOOOOOOOOCHHHrtHHHHHHff(C|C<W(NOM« 

— - ) i- )(r 4 (l nioi~i'- J its n ito ko o i.o >o m io o in m o io lo o ifl m to i.o to o o io 
■^* -^^" -^^ -^» ^t« ^=^ ^^** ■'^f •^* l '=*' ^^ ^f ^*< -^j* ^^« -^t* ^*< -^t< -^t« ^** ^*« ~^" -^^ ^r 1 ^*" ^^^ ^ e * 1 ^^r 1 ^*< ~=** '^T' -^< 



GENERAL TABLE. 



351 









84 \ 



00G0T!)*ffi05Cn35a)Cnm050)CnoCOOOOOOOOH-<rtHHrtHH 



"Wang. 









•o» THc^fo^intot-oocrs 

« g Shishack begins the 22d dy- 
« nasty of 134 years. 



<1 



v&iiliei** 



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43 ► 



fc» . 



^ Wrrt £43 £^3 12 M -3 



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tf5 Tr"*"<tf ^CCifOC0CO(M<M(M<M 



OHCT«Ti*irtcflh.ooo50H(^M^irt(£it-comOf-iwm^ | inwNOomoH 
w««cocccocofo«n^T)"^TjiT}(n<^^Tic<#ioirtinininioiOininm(fltD 



Reigns of the kings of the house of Israel according i-( <m co 
to a proposed correction. Jeroboam. 

The years of the kings of Israel, from their frequent disagreement with those of the kings of r-H C3 CO 
Judah, it is very likely b^gan their count from the seventh, or rather the eighth month, when Jeroboam k. 
their feast of tabernacles was held. (1 Kings xii, 32.) Those of Judah began the first (j Kings xiv' 
month. 20.) 



.2f§ § 

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>nwNoo<?iOrHwn^r>rtcD^oG050rH(r<co-^mtoi>cco30i-i(Mm 

rH^rHrHrHC^^C^G^CJOJC^CJCJG^COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^ Reho . 



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crit^ooo^o^cicoTFtocDr^ToaiOr^G^co^tntoir^GocsorHCJco-rrtin^ot^ 

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O-JCOt-Nr-fr't'f-r-t-t-r'r-r-r'r-NNNr'r'r-f-r-t'f't'r't' 

P5nnP5rtc»5ci?;nP5c , :«n?3«\nnci5nnnc»5n'.ionnnnconroP5 

oor-iouo^mwHomooNtoirt^wor-iomQONcoinTjinoiHOOTOON 

H HHHHHH-iHCOoooooocociQCic;cia)35Qmcioooox 
cococoooooooooccooooiciairaoiGOiisofflaiQffi 

ct ;j ^ r^ .^ r: rj n ^ c^ :^ co f -^ -f -f tj ^ -t ^ ^ Tf io io m io m o io io o ir) 
moin >o to to to to to to 10 to to >o its to to to to to to to to to to to to in to to to to 



2il 



352 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



I 3 



N^Ni^t'QOODooQoaoQOQOooQoxmaiaiffimCTiffimoioooooooo 

c>*C$01(^C^C<l^c>lf^<?JC$^^f^<^^^^^<^^ 



ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocoo 

COCOCOC^C^COC^COCOCOCOCOCOCCiJOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOMC^COCOCCCOCOCOCO 



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Kong-wang. 









lrHr H,_ ( r-(r-1rHrtr-l<MCM Osoroth> QsOrthOU. H H H H H H 



<4 






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C5co^^coi^QO<^Oi^c^co^ir5CDi^cx)aiO'--iC^coTtiotor--Qoa50p-ic<fO 






■^^^t'OOcnoHiMn-^intot-QoaiOHWH^WTitinia^ooao 



TfiflWt'0005OH«nTj(miat-00ff)OH(MHWH(MW*u5aN00aiCrH 

i-ir-ti-)i-<i-ii-ii-ii-ii-ii-t<M<?<CM^S!« Baasha. (1 Kings xv, 33.) Tins' -1 '- , 

"g^ - and the two next reigns onrrert, loss 

£ _, m one each, to conform the years of this 



■s§§ 

kg**, 



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-tt" m to t- oo en o 



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m 





ooo^OrH(>icriT}<incot^Qoa>o^c^co^ocot^c»a50i-iC}fOTf<ir5CC)r-ooa5 

CDinr*C<5c>lHOOOOr'«£imT)<n(^H00500r-Olft^nOJHO<? , .a)r>!i5lf) 
00 00 00 X CO liCONr't^NNr-NNt^r'tDCDCOtncCXD'OCDCOCDifJiOirtiOiO 



ift in in in ifl in ifl >o in in A in in ifl if! in in in in o fl in m m ifl io m io ifl ifl >n ifl 



GENERAL TABLE 



353 



gS c o c; ^ ^ --i ;h h r- -h -h m M a oj J) C! w C! o) ct a ?! •-: ro ci ^ c^ ?: ?: cri n 

a ■ \ OC X X 00 0C X 00 T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Xj X X oo 


1" 


OHCTrt^otONOonoHiji^^moNXciOHMnTiimtONQomoH 

i^iOOOOOLQirt»-'^LOOCO'OiCtC)iO^>^>OiOt~--f-'t--J>'l-~'t^t--t^t^J>.XX 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 

fococoMmconmmnnwcowcocTjmwnconccnnnwcomnconro 


1 | ^Ye-wang. -" - - ^ ^ - ■*■ - ^ - <* « ™ « « « ffiao-wang. 


® ° n^ifltoMionoHc^^ooNocffiOHNn^iflONaDOiOHCTn^ 

Sj=o C035CROO)a;COOOCCOOOCHHHrtrtHHHHH(M!Mf!CJn 
»~,g COtOtOCOCOCOtOt~ir-t^t^t^C~!^r^r^t^r^t^t^t^i>t^t^t-t~r^J>t^t~t-Ir- 






1 

o 
'S 

ft 


i^0 v &% ^S^$i4 ^^£i§ ^i^H% ^i^$$ 



o.a 


ffiMCOoooD^NNNaffloainiftoo^Tf^^^n: 


^nc?«w«r 


^ i— 1 1— i 


OS 




o 


'<*oaNQ0050H«W'*L'5tfl^QoaoHOi«Ti<m(flr»QOC50HC«n^io 


£ 


OCiOC5CT5CTlOOOOOOOOOO— lrtrHHHr-IHHHHCT(^(^(^JJ(M 


o>aoioinw«oto«tc!aoo(fl!oo«'>5tato«oetoa»(0!0ooto 




■^iftON(»cnoH(M«Hf-iwn-Tinrio^Q0050HrtCTnTjiio©i>90C30 




rH ,_, ,_, ,_h rH H C^ <M <M C"M - n . rH rH , , , rH 

s Omn. Ahab. 


<3 


c?c^"^ocoi^xcr. OH(NnHH«n^moi>ooa)OHH«M'<fo«ei>oo 


& £ 


rHrHrH.rHrHrHrHrH<^C*Ci<M Zimr . anJ Qmr . (1 rH rH 


c 5 


house to those of Judah, unto the g Kin<*3 xvi, 15, 23.) Begm Ahab. (1 
deatlis of their kings the same day. 3 Kings xvi, 29.) 


- 1 




He?nr)iirt{£i^Qoc)OH(Mn'<!)iif)tDNOOo50r-icqn'*irt©t-oomoHrt 


«««««««««« Ophrataens, or Ophratenes. rHrHrHrHrHrHrH-HrHrHC^O^ 


g"§ 


ofoomoHwn^iooNQOciOHCTco^otot-oomoHHwn-^wto 


.2 = 


FHHriHCTWCTCTOJCJ«WCTCTnn«coccc<5confon^^ Jehoshaphat. 






























■ 




















5 be 
































































e 
















































■^^ci 








a 
















































^ 








« 
















































2 "8:3 










o-HCTc^^LOOt~xmorH(>jc v ;"*irit£3i--xa30rHC?ro^ir5cot-.xcnorH 




OO!0UOO»OO»c-r-^r-M^t'M>hXXXXXXD0 00a)»O01 




j^t-t^t^t^t-t^t^t^t^t^t^t^t^r-t^i— r^t-i-t-t^t^c^t^i— t^r-t— t^t^t^ 


<! 


«««rtconn«wnnnnm««c*:c»3(ronnMnwcomcoMcortron 




^•««HOCiOONtOift'!l<«(SiHOC5X^tDifl'*M(MH005QONtOin'*P5 




WL'jOL'?rt'*^'*T)ir!('a<Tji^i^^c»3r:~;P5c , :r:«^r:r. jictw^cjwn 


» 


C5C^o^cic^o^C5C5C5C5C^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^cr;oc^c^C5cr-cri~-C5cr5a>a5ai 




Mw*in5Db»coojoi-ifl«coTiiifl«oi>ao(»OMC«n^>aoi>oooiOHCsi« 


s 


BJOlffiOiafflfflfflOOOOOOOOOOHHHHrlrtH'HHrtflKCTW 




u«5 O in it} O O m O tO tO tO CO tO to '-2 to CO to to to to to -o to to to -o to CO CO to to 


" 


^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ T *^ T; i < '*~^^" :: r T t*'^ T tf^ T tf^r' , '3 , "<tf 



354 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



CO ^i ^ ■* ^ ^ T -^ rji tj ij 1/3 o O iO ifl K5 O Li O O ^ ^ ^ ^3 "J a C « ^ 'J N 

oo oo ac aq ac oc ao x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x t oo 
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 





OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.-H-'^^-H.-Hr-.r^r-l^r^r-H.-lr-t 


.1 

o 


5£>t^CX)C:Or^C^CV5^irs^(MCOT^OCOl^OOO^O^<MC^^OtD-H(yj«'^^5«) 

HHHHHH Y-wang. rtHHHHriH Li-wang. 


ill 





&H2 - 



sv 



"^rt^rrt~co^«™h:'T3^ :3 cc-^ ! - ,c3: -''T3 73 co^:^ ri ir:-zi^ :3 

m '••^ts 3 ° 3 « r d ^ ° 3 a) - 5 '2 a " 2 3 » ^?ti " o 



2 QJ 



" T3 3 






HOOooa50io5mooooQOc»i>Ni>Ncocfitou:irtif5inio^Ti<^^nncr5 



coi>oomOH(Mro-^iflcoi>aoo30H(?5nTjnncot-oocnOrHCTn'^ifltoN 
(Otocfltflcflacoco<fltotot053toocnoc3cacotaotflvocaocooto»(oto 






H(M«^iftC0NQ0CiOHHCTn^O?0NQ00>O'-<C)n-*i0C0N 
^^^^H^^rH^rHCM i j Jehoram. HHHHHrlHH 

<lj 





Ahaziah. (1 Kinjrsxxit, 51.) 

OJOH«n^lfltO^CBO>OH(MH«H(N C5~"^ lrtC0t-0005OH(^rH(MnT)< 


rt? -,^^P-,T-ii-irtPHr-iCM(?lO« Jehoram. (-2 Kings iii, I.) rt 1 " 1 ^ Jehnking. (2 

Kings x, 36.) 


-3 . 

<£tt 


Mninflar'COooHiMco^incoNooffiOH^n^oto^oomoHOin 

HHHHHHHHHHWWC<(NCTWWCJWCN«nCOn 

chares. 


E" 5 


t- 00 OS O 


Jehoram and Ahaziah killed same day. (2 Kings ix, 24, 27.) 


i-i r-, .-, i-. r-. .-, r-> ■-. r-, ,-, v, * ^x v. x v, x ~x ~x jehoram. S -5 Athaliah. 

<'5 



BY: 



5b^ 



n 


bn 




u 


M 




*-* 


on 




J 






.ri 


rO 






a 














- rt 






£ti 


M 


S) 


5 





CJcc^o^t^x:7iOrHcMrc^inot-xoo^cMco^oco^aoc75©i-icMrr> 

5)ao5air.mc!CjjocooccooooHH^M-HH-i-,HHO)(Mff»^ 

t^t^f^t-t-t-t-t-JUXXXOOXXXXXXXXOOaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOXOO 



I (MHOc7>ait'tom'*m(NrtcC500r'toiO'*«WHoa)OON!OOTi<nc,H 
i o!5)(NHHHHHHHH-HHOOOOOooococic;ciC)aia)3)aioi 

I (^0^050^0^C50^0^C3^CT5a5OTCT5(3^<r5Cr}O^O^C^OTC^C3^a5XCBXOOXOOOOOOaO 

I tii m co r- ao m o h a :: -f i.- c i- x o o rn ?) ^ rf irj «j n a) m c h w n rj( o 
CM CM CM CM CM CM ~ re r-. rr;r:nr;:-^-'- , -ii-fT)iTtT*Ti<^T) l OiOminif:iO 

6cCO-JCC3COC2XO'JCOCOru-OC-OC2CCOC5C3tO(OCDOCOlOO»CO 



GENERAL TABLE 



355 



t»l^^r-t^N^l^t"X00£XXXXXXQ0m050J05C50505C3C505OOO 

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 7J X X X x » xxxxxxoioim 



&< I 



wc^c^c^cocccococo^^iro^i^cooorococococococ^^cococcfocccocoiro 



t-xoor-iCTn^imcot-xoor-iffiw^incNXOiOrHWrt^mMNX 
irtointo coco cococococococoi>-t^t-t^r^t-t--{-t^t-- cxxxxxxxx 



» Petubas- 
tes begins 



t : 



►a 



fe 






0m £s*im 0mn ^iiifi m 



il 



CO<?*C*C*<M 



HHHHOOOOOlClOimOOCOXXNNNNtDtOtO 



oomor- iojw*^ncoi>xmor- ic$o'5^mcot~-aoCT}0'-*c$coTj<Locoj>.ooa} 

L0mCWOC0tCC3OOt£l-ONNt-l>N^t-t^t-i>XXXXXXXXTQ0 



io^i>ooOTo^(^co^io«o^oo(^o^<^»«'^iocDt--ooi-HC^co'^iocrit-'ao 



C^GSIC^CJC^C^CMC^C^ 



Jebr>ahaz. ('2 Kings 
xiii.l.) 



t* m to- 1- xa)OpH«co^mor-xmortWH(Nm^mwfxa)OH«c*5 

COe^COCOCOCO^-^^^^rP^^^^iOiOiO Qcrazereir, or Acrazapes, or^ ^ - 1 r_l 

Acrac 



m(Ot-iwn^irtoi>OD050HCin'?)<irtcoi>xcnoHCTrt'^mo^xff)0 



Jehoash. 



C^CMG^<M(7iC^(M<MCM<M 



. O M 

" n CO 

■is 



T#iftCOt^OOC750i-(OJCOTj'uOiOt-OOCT>0— ' CTJrO'tfmcOt^aOCTsOrHOJCCTj'irS 

X X X X JO X X X X X X X X X X X X Xi X X X X QO X X X 00 X X X X X 

ocnxr'«iflr("wwr-oc5XNOin'!j*ncNH005X^covfl^nCTHO(r. 
oiooooooccoooo i xxxt-t^t^r't^t^i^t^Nh-(DWW>otaw(atotoain 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 



toc^x-c^co^o?r^-^intot^Gccr50r-ic^rcTj<io"~r>i^>xcT50r^oJco-Tt*io«r)r^ 
m o ifl m co to to to to to co to ce co <- t- r- t— i-~ r- t- t— t- r— Vj t> x> go x x x x 
to co co to to --2 to to to to to to to to to to to to to co to co tocotststoiDtotototo 



356 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



IS 



OOOOOOOHHHHHHHHHHCTWflO«!M7!M!N(NM?!nnnci 



1 3 



Ot^Q0050iHWn' , *kfttONQOJ)OH(M«^tifltDNOOOVOr-t(Mm'*mtnt-. 



Suen-wang. "~* 



C3co^mcoj>.oooi 



OiOHCTfOTjurtcoNQoajOrHOJri-^intot-QoooHWrtTiikntDNxcjiO 
ooo>ao)0)0)a)«fflO)fflcooooooooo-(HHHHHHHHH« 
r-t~t^i>'r--t^r-~t^r--t^t^aoooooGOGoaoaoaoooaoaoaoooooaoaoaoaoaoaooo 



■^ 10 to i> oo 01 o 



23d dyn. of 89 years. 



CS 



I £f £fHl refill *f £$§1* rfilf II *££ 



rjTS 3 



S a>^ 3^3 3 

3 k? rJ5 






OHwm^iotc^ooaiOHtMnTtootoh.oooiOHWn^irtWh'Oomort 

OlfflffifflOOlffiOiamOOOOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHHHOK 



ojji I •"• ""* •""' ■""' r ~ i *** rt •""• Jehoash. (2 Kings xiii, 10.) '" H *~* '~* r ~ i *~* *"* r " t Jeroboam II. (2 Kings 

K I r x iv, 23.) 






HWnn'intflc-QomoHwn^irtw^QoaiO'HfNirorfincDt-QomoHOj 
cococccocococscoco^ Amaziah. HrtHriHrtHrtHH(N«« 






(Ch-oooiOHwnTi'ioaf'TjaiOMOM^incor-aoaoHOin^irjtCf' 
inLnir5ir5t^cou3^-^c^co^c«X5<iOt-r^i^t^i^i--t--t--i^r~-c»ooQOooa)QOooao 
00 00 go qo x ao '/j oo 00 00 ao ao » ao oo » <x> xj 00 » go 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 



oo«^tom'?i | rt(NHOO)Xr'(fli'5Tj<«cjHOOixt»!om , *nWr-ioo500N 

COCOCOGOOOGOOOJOCOOOCOGCOOC&OOGOGOGOOOGOOOOOGOOOCOCOCOCOCOOOGOaO 

ooo50rtO)w* i o^^xcf)Or-ico«Tj<i0 5flt--xmo^wn' , *iflcot'Xm 

irj'XJiCiCnClQOJlOClClOCOOOOOOOOHH-HHHHHHHH 



GENERAL TABLE. 



357 









t- t— 00 00 00 QOQO CD OD QCJ 00 00 O OS .OS OS OS 05 « di oi S> O O O O O O o o o o 



CMCMCMCMCMCMCMC3C*COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO'3<'<*'tf^''*''tf^ 



Yeou-waai: 



gS 



Hwn^iftdiNXimoHOjn^moNQociOHwnrtiintot-QoaoHW 
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMC^CMcocococococococococorf^^Tf^^^^Tt'^ioirsLO 

COCCCOCO00COGOCO00COCOa0COCOCO(»00CDCOQ0aCCOQ0COCDCOCOCOCO00a000 



■iffl 



sor-coc«OrHCMco^oco^aoi^CMco^uo<ot~coos©rHCMeo^tf5COi^ooo5 
co co co co Tf 0sorch0i Psammus. I-1 Zet. 




"2 eor-t- i>r- 



totDtfltDmoioo^^Tii^nnnnfMWo^HHrtHOoo 



cin^>rt«3t-QOcsOHwn^irt(£i^cD050HU}n^iocot^Qoo50r-ic}n 

CMCMCMCMCMC<l<0*G^cOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOTfH^^^T^TfT^Tj<Tf<Tt<OiniOiO 



Tonas Concolorus. *** < "* 4 ^ P " t *" 1 *~* I " H Abaris. 



CM CO ^ O to 



CM CM CM CM CM CM Minority of Uzziah. ^ 



ir-HCMCO^OCOt^OOOSO^-iCMCO^ 

' Uzziah. HHHrtrl 



>*l 


r 


.' 










CM 


3 


<! 


&T 








2 


s 


M 

CO 






fin 








— 


ca 


.s 




N 


M 


W 







. bf) 




• 3 


»-> 


■M 


OJ 


. CJ 




• s "' 


X 


•^T» 


• 03 


3 


. N 


eS 


. N 




:ta 


OJ 


. Bl 




. c 


> 


:'5o 

a) 


M 


. PQ 





aaxaicjoinncic-.jsmoooooooooooHH-iHHrtHHHH 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO.O 

oinnintNHomxi^tOio^noHcox^coirt^mtMHomxi^toir) 

M«M(N«7)f!-HHHHHHHHHOOOOOOOOOO010)ff)SO 

cccoccccaoooaoQOxaoooooaooooooocooo(X)ooooooooaoooooooi>t^i>t^i>- 



Or-i^nTfmcONXCDOHOjrt^inwNXcDOHwm^mysNxoiCi-i 

CM CM CM CM CM O} CM OJ CM OJ CO to .o CO co co co co co CO -* ^ -tf -* -tf -* -tf -* -^ Tf iO uo 
t— r— t— t- i— i- t- i— I— t- t— t— t— t- i— t— C- r— t— t- i— t— t— t— t~- t>- t— t- r~ t- i^ t^ 

^ "^ ^ ^ ^ *^f "^ ^f ^ "^ "^ "^ ^ ^ "^ "^ ^ ^ ^ ^ "^ "^ "^ "^ "^ "3* ^ ^ Tt* "rf ^ -^ 



358 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



H I 



NQOOiOr-iWTj^ioot-TociOrHCjm^intot-aooorHCJM^iotoNCO 

tO (D CO t- t- N t- N t- t- r- I- (- X X X X GO COX'00jO0CCiCT5Sl(T)C5!55OlO>OS 
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM (7} CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 






Oi-i(Mn'*mtot-aoc50r-iC}mT)<intot"XroorH(N?5^iC5tDt-QOcftOH 

r-< - r-t i-< ** ~* -* *H rH p-i CM CM CM CM CM <N CM CM 65 arm CO CO <n » CO CO CO co co "<# "^ 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCl'MCMCMCMCM 



toNOoaiOHrtCTn^intONQOmoi-icjrt^intONCocnoHwnTCioto 
1-1 r "' Ping-wang. rtH HHHHrt rt HHWcic{CTwc}(N 

mTjimtoNaocnoHtNmrfirttot-xjaoHOjn'^vnto^oocnoiHCMnTj* 

lOiCiOirtifliOintOtOtOtOtOtOtOtO^tONt-N^NNl^Nr-N / ooxxx 
OOOOC»(»GOCOCCCOGO(XiGOG&OOCOCCOOOOCXJGOaCOOaiC»COCOOOOOQO» 



O^CMCO^OtO^OOffiOrHCMCO^irttOt-GOcriO^i-iCMCOrJtiOCOIr-aiOiO 
,-H r ^^ rtr H r H,-H r H^CMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMOQCO Bochori3 begin3 the Mth dy .r-< 

nasty of 44 years. 




•^ifttot-comoHwn^mtot^oomor-iww^irttfi^oooiCr-iCTrjTfio 

ininoifttnmtfitotototototo(ototot»N^r»t»c«i»Nr»NXQOX!rjxx 



These years end next to their 
respective numbers. 



WfO^otONComoH^n^ 



July rM 



*Zechariali 6 m. •(- Shall urn 1 m. (2 Kmgs xv, 8-14.) 

OHH«m^otot'00cftOHwn^intot-cca)OHO}cortCTnTfmto> 

"* "** Bepau an interregnum. (2 rHr-ir-irHr-irtr- ( r-<rHrHCMCMCM GN.JAIena.hem. (-2 Kings 
Kings xv, 8.) xv, 17.) 

^,-,CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCQCOCO puI> (2 King , xv> 19> M0 ~^~~*~ 



OHUin^irttor-xcflOHan^iflto^oomo^fMrt 
CT CN CT C! CT C! C! Cl Tt CI ?: ^ ~- n r: r; ^ r re cc -* •* ^ -<t ' 

O^C^CTJCnC^3^Cr3<T3C^C^C^Cr3C72C^Cr;C5C73C5C5C^C;J5^5^0^C75C^CT5C^C5C^C5 

cococococococorococ^iococororococoior^coroi'irococotococoroco! 



^cocMi^ocjicot^cDLO^roCTi^OOTOor-coirs^cocMi-iOOTOOt-toiri^ro 
ffjn^mwt-oomoHCMnTCifltor-iXCflCHwn^mwNCcacHMn 

»rti/ , ;irtirtOOini/5tOOtOtOwCfltDtOtat£)t^r»r-r-^t-t^^t^t>-OOQOCOX 

r^ r^ t~ t^ t^ t^ <- <~ i- i- t~ t- t~ <- t^ i- t- t— t- r— r~t— t— r^t^t^t— t— i^-i~t*t- 

■^ ^* ^* ^p "^ "3* "^ ^ "3* ""3 1 "3* *^ ^ "^f ~^ "^ "^ -3* "^ "^* t ^ "^* "^* *^ *^* **3* *^ "^ "^ "*T "^ 



GENERAL TABLE. 



359 



3 . 


OJOOOOOOOOOOiiHH^-tH-<H-HH(N^«NDI«0<(MOlMn 

cscjoooooooooo — ooocrooooooooooocstr oo 




CT^^ifltfit'QOOiOHCiwt^to^nomoHW^^ifltor-ooosoHOico 

Tji •* ■* ■* tJ ii -* Tf ^ lO O O ul i^ O O rt lTO - J1 a - >3 CD O a XI w a N N t^ N 
<7* C\J <M f7J Oi Oi CN Oi IN 71 (M 7! T> 7! 7> 7> 7! 7) 7! 7J 7M 7) 7> 7} 7) 7 1 ? <7J CJ 7J C7J CI CM 

eo co co co coto co eo co to co co co co go co co co co co go co co co eo co c» co co co co co 


i 

6 


^ooo50^<^coT}<ir5cr)t-oocDo^c?roT^i^ccr^(X)cTiOt-4>-i(7}coTj<iLni;ot^ 
C^(7^c7^cocococococ^cococoro'rt | ' , t'Tt l '^ ,, TT}'-^j<-^ , ^"^oo Huon-wang. 



s= c 



ooxooooxoafflfflaiocisosicocococoooHHHHHHH 
oo^oooocooocoooaoooooaocKooQOciOTOTO^cs^OTOTO^ajcrsascnCTsasc^cn 



b'S 5 






fc».«££S ? 



a: -3 «- JS 3 -3 ^5 x -3 H ri 3 -"3 1? m J Si 5 h "O i: m ^ >-< J5 3 ^ ^ & JZ, ^_2 



5 S'S.SliS g_g §3* 






rt 3 « JT 






2 jj"? 3T3 



£ : s 



OLGOTOGOCT3CT5Cr5CT>C-5Cr2Cn!Cr5Cr5CT50 r-li-ii-if-li-li-lr-li-l 

t- !>■ t- t~ t~ r- t~ t- r- t~ ir- t— r- t- 00 Era of Nabomissar from the c 

Ptolemv, beginning Thoih 1; 



1 that is, February 2£ 



That is ; years from the building 
the city of-Rome, (April 21,),. 
and end the next Julian year 
after the respective numbers. 



i-h p e ]j a . Pekah. (2 Kings xv, 270 '"" ' 
hiah. (2 Kings xv, 23.) 



(Nn^otot^aoa) 



Or-HC7^COTt*iO«5t^ 

*** Interregnum 2d. (2 

Kings xvii, 1.) 



i-Hc7Qco^>ocr>t^oociO^Hc7?co'^mcot^ 

Tiglathpileser reigns at Nine- 1- " 1 I— ' ""^ r ~ ' I— "" ' I— r— 



tot-ooffiO-iCjn^oor-QoaiOHCTn^oor-oooio 

^rHr-,.HC*C*C*C*<NC*C*«<N«W N:;bjna3sftr reigM at B:lbvlon .-H 



r-t cTJ P-" 
Nadi- .5 



*.£» 


us. rj 


o . 


r^ooOTO^c7^i^(7^co^o^^ooa5Qi^c7^co^^OrH<7^co^iocot^aoa50 



• s 

• o 



»M 



rt 3 ■ 
oo 



c3 5 e3 



>— < o <D X> ■ 



(7? 



ct k r? irt o n x m o -- ?i r: -t lc a t~ x o o h (M « ■* ^ to ^ x ci o h <m n 

if) if) O O »fS rt i.*, if) C5 r t5 'J "O 'J r tO "O O f» r> r- t» t- t^ r- r- h- r- 00 00 30 00 

q o^. c". o^ r. r. 55 ~ ~ f^ ~ 52 c~. c; r; ci 5> a as ~ C) O) Ji 5) ctj C5 ji q cr, c~. o) ci 

rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt^rtrtCOrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtroCO 
CTiHCCiXl>tCvf)T|t«(NHCC)X'r--C0Or)<rtCTFHC0)Q0r'50if) , ^«WH 

o to a if) o if) rt li o o if) fi if) Tf ^ ^ Tf ^ Tf ^ Tf tj* ^ k ?; n n ^ r: m n n 
T*LTJt^xc!OiH««'^vf)wi^xc50HH?)TjiL')tor'Xfto^oir:^>n 

X X X X X X 5. 5. 5. 5; 5. 5) 5. 5; 5, 5, O O O O O O C O O C h ^ rt h h h 

t- r- i- f~ t» t- t- t- r- r- t- t- t- t- t- t- x x x x x j^ x • x x x x jj x x oo x 

"^* "^* ""^J* "^* "^ ^* "^* "nJ* ""'J* "^ ""^ "^ "^ '^ "^ "*^ "^j* ^* ^* ""^ Tj* "^sf ^* "^s 1 "'st* ^tf* "^ ^j* "^ "^? ^J* *^ 



360 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



oooooooooocooooooooocoooocrococroo 





Tfifl»i>Q003OH«P5'tift(BN»moHwn'^L'5{0N0DmoHwn'*ifl 

^^t*-l»tM^(»ODX'QOTDa)Xa)X|)0)050)OiOSC5ft0505fl5000©Op 
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM EM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM C! CM CM CO ro ro CO CO ro 

cocococococococococococococococococococococococococococococo:oco 


5 


Q0050Hwn , *iotDt'CCo>OH(MnHNn^K550t*QOOiOH(MnTiiir:H 

,_,,_, P _<,H^Ht-l.-l.-l.-lr-lCMCMCMCM,, 1 ,_, _| ,_( r-H r-l rH ..i 

Chuang-wang. ,3 



t^ooc750^-icMcoT}<ir5?£>t^QocT3 0i-icMcoTjiincot-oocr50rHCMcO"*in«5i^a3 
r^^^CMiMCM(M<M(MCMC<JC^CMCocorOCOCococococorOTf<^rj<T}ir3<T^-^Tri^ 

OjCT505^0^0^OTO50^OTC^0^OTO^CJJS^(7iCT5OTCT5C75CiC73S^CJ5CJ5(T5C^CJ30jCr5Oi 



COrJ<^(MCOTt<vC«Dt-OOCr:C 

•^ ^ So, Sabacon, Sabai3 begins iothr 

dynasty of 44 years. 



T " H Sevechus, Sethou. ^ 



CM i-h CM CO "* lO «£> 
i— ( Turakas. or iaili.i- 
ka. 






J2 >> 



"~& Co J2 TJ r- CO £Vy ro rrt ~ 






t3 S1WJ3-8 



- o § « Ja- 



SaSHs-rjaS 






o 3 » ^ ■? t* 5 ° 3 J" -s ' 



a? U 3 -3 3 



s^s^a-c-s 



° 3 



02 03 J§ cH £ S £ (ciai^^tatflSH^H^tBtBa^^H^tBmgh 



P5(^ H HiHrHOOOOCsajc75CT)OOQOoooOf-f^i>f^y5^otfltoirtinif)inTi*r)< 

OKMCTIMWCTCSCiOCNHHHHHHrtHHHHrlHHrtHHrtHrtr-tr-l 



oDC50H««Ttiu:y:NC0050HCjrt^otON(r)C50rtff5«^incoNCom 

r-i— (MCMCMCMfMCMCMlMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^^^^^T^-^T}*-^^ 

Tt(irtcfir-oocnoMO)co'^ , ofi)r'CocT)OHi?}c , 0'^incoi>GOo:OiH(^m^<in 
OiCMCMCMCMCMcocococococococococo^^^^^^T^^^^ioouoiOino 



NoooiOHiNM^ifliooxooHwn^iflOr-xcJiOHCinTjiotONQO 



Dejoces, the founder of this kingdom, revolted HCNP5'^^CDi>QO<J)OHO!CO'*u , 5CD 
from the Assyrians. Dejoces. r— i r— I i— I i-h r— I i— i r— < 



oocnOrHCMCOTfOuar-oocri Samaria taken. End of the kingdom of 
1-1 Hoshea. (2 Kings xvii, 6.) of Israel after it had stood 271 years. 



i"H cu.Unnaia* """" ^ p ™ Sennncherih. 



Sbalmanezer. 



*Merodach Baladan 6 mos., and Belitms, or Elibus, 3 years. 
CMCOrriuOr^CMCOTituOrHCMCO^tncri^OOc^O^ffl^CMCO^iCr-iCM rH CM CO^rH 
/.ires and Po- Jugaeus. Mardoc Empadus. r-l i-« i-h Arkiimu8i 1st in- "~T" 6 



CO r| '-* 

.s3 : g 

ffl 



T*ifl»t»XCftOHW«'*in«ir'0035OHCM«Tl<iflCDr'g005OHWnTl i m 

coQOQOX'Coannncjocir.aoifflO^occcooooHHHj^H 



lOasoor-ovo-^cocM 



SSSaOKNCipippi^-H^HH-HHHr-HCOCOOCOCCOg 

t^. i^ t^. r^» i— t-- t— t— t^" t-» t- i— t— c— i> t— t— 



oa>XNCcmi#nc}HCCj 
^n^r-ir-icooooooocroqs 
t-t^t^.jr-t>t-i>>t^t— c- t- t~ t*- i~- ^ 



^ £ i; S CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM ~ 

/ / ■ ,• / / / I'tj i l. ' 



CMCO-^iiOtOt^OOOlO^CMCO^incO^- 
. / i x. x to x x x t: / x x x x oo ao 00 oo 



GENERAL TABLE 



361 






•a 

5< 


c n x si c - ?! ^ r c -^ n r r: r - ?! r •? o c t- x ~ c - ?? ~ - o ^ t> 
c O O o — ' — ■ — ■ — • — — ' — < — i — t — i ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?? ?! ?! ~ en re cs rt cc « crj 
MCO«eoenMeoeooomcoco««MC - Jcoco<ocoeoc»5€OCOCOMeTOf9C'3eoc*3e»a 
EOcqeoencocosoeocqeoeoeoffQeocoeosoeocoeoeoeoo^mcrjcoraeoconcocq 


6 


wang. Hoei-w ig. " Siang- 


NJ 


t? u? its o m l? >_? o l^ o l~ ^ vc ^ -^ v; -^ c c 'J o n t^ f* ^ n ^ r- r- t^ n n 



£: 5 g c^ x n O ^ (71 : 



<4* o «o »• a> c> o »-i ci eo -<# ia <o »-• *-i c* m t* » co 1-4 c« co*9 >a 

Hrt HHrtHj) Stepir.netes begins -26th Xerepsus, or He- Xechas I. 
dynasty of 159 years, eepsos. 











^rixfi^rM'/i^r^il^^rli'/i^rM 


~2 


^-ir:~r:r:;!:M!J!H-'-i-ccccsr.r;r!XXXxt>NNha» 


gs 1 


ow«r;T?m!5fXro-J!^T'L';!:^xsoH?!r;T?L»'-;NX?.OH 
l? kfi u? u^ u^ li o ui ia o cc :o es co co to to to to eo c- r- r- t- t- t~ t- t- t- r- ac x 


P 


•it-Xr:C-J!r:^L'!CNXr:C--f!rt^^Or'XfflC--Cir:T<OCr. 

o u? in m co tc co to ts co co co co so r- t- r- t- t^ r- i- t- t» t— x x x x x x x x 




CiCHWrt^rtcct-xr.o-j^^ocs^xr.o-^rj^^csNxriO 
t- x x x x x x x x x x cr. cr. cr. cr. cr. oa cr. oa cr. cr. o o co c co o to co o o — i 


3 -. 


HHlHlHlHrtlHHHrtH 


5- 5 ?' 
iP 5 


x r; c - ?! r ■? Li tc r- x r. c h ;i r: t< li t: t» x s c - f ! r t? is o ^ x r. 
>-^^-ic?iC'!?!?l^!?!?!?!?!?i~^r:r:r:r:r:r?r?r?^"^«^?'T?Tr-^'^T!j<T?-^ 


^.2 


(C t- x 83 e — 1 ?! M "«• l? CO t- X 3S CO — < <?! n t? O CO I- X ^* ?i M ** IQ CO t- X rH 
r^ — ( r^ fH ?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?* ?} OT r? P3 r? CC CD r? CC ~ v_ s , r ;-;.;;_ -. . King, a 

'■■■■ ' 1 



*Rig:et:e'cs. 

nadixis. Ml m ilim- 2d interregnum, 

mordicns. 



SO t' 00 — (Mrt^irttOfXCDC- ?! CT 
Esar Had ion. 





i- x cr. 

?! ?! ?! 


Manas 


:^otit-x 
=eh. 


- 


- 


-ff!^^mcci>OCr.O-?!?:-<?L'5'ONXCT5 


i- 





















































1 






^^o 








































1 






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^ 


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r- 


xr.c- 




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CCTO 


SE 


c^ 


X 


»o- 


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— 







^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^-^'C-^^'-^'^'Ci'Tt'TpTj* 



X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

^T-g<-T , "^"-T^r-T'-r"r — — -r — — — 



» — — VC CC X — h> {- N r* f^ t^ t^ N h- N 
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X f X 



362 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



oto^Qoc>OH«nTjiifl(Ot»QomoH«n'*infflNQ0050H(Mn^irno 
mnacinooooooocoortHHHH^HHHHOj^KMficio 

C:0000^-lr-r-(^r-(r-H^^r-l — r-Hr-(r-lrHrHr-(l-lr-l^-lr-(r-'— I^Hr-Hr-I^Hr-l 

corocococococooococococococorococococococvjcococococcc^cocococoirc 



fOC^COCOCOCOS^COOOCOCiOCVJCYOCOCOCYJCOCOiTOCOCCC^COCOCOCOCOC^OtiCOCOr^ 



H^coTfictONOOoiOHCTOT^ioot^ooffiOr-icjn^iotnNocffjOr-iCT 

OOOOCOOOOOODOOOOQOClQOiOjmcnnmCDOOOOOOOOOO-ir-iH 
0501050>0)0)00)0505fflO>ffifflO)ffl(j)OiaiOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



jag 



«oi>QOH«co^m«t*Q0050H(Mn'^oto^ooo50H(MnTfirtONOom 

p(hhhhhhhhhWO!WWC{(^0)0!(NCT 
Psammetichus, (from Prideaux.) 



■>4-£ - « 5 



- _5 C) ^3 






^W ca ^ 



S 3 " 2 «T! a'fl 3 r : 3^ 



©15 3^ 3^ a £>V. ST3 F5 



T3 "3 i=l £ 



HWco^mot-oom 



Cr-KMrtHCTco^iflcoixxjffiOHCTn-^otflNooai 
m m o o Phraortes . ^^^^^,-h^^^^ 



Cyaxeres I. 



Ujn-^otflt'OOOiOrHCTn^irtto^ooffio 

mughes. 



«n^in«)r*ooo30-i(M 



(TJcc^u^cor^oooiO^HC<!iroM , to«5t--oo(riOr-(G v J(rO'^ioccit^ooa50>--'CNco 



Chyniladanus. 






o^c?eci^xocoi>-aoOTOrHC?co^tou5t^oocno^cj«"^vOr-iG^>-(C^coTj< 

nCOrOC3Wf'3C3COCi5f'5Tl , ^''3''^ , '^XI , Ti*'^ , x) H ^iOifliftirtiflin . u Josiah 









« o X 



Lii 



oomoHfMm^mtot-GomoHC-tWTitinot-xcnoHWMTfifttoNQOoi 

©COOOOOOOOCT'OOOOOOOOOOOOCOOCOGOOO 
Tj* "^ Tf ^ "^ *3* "^ "^ ^ "^ "^ *^J* Tf* *^ "^ "^ "^ "^ T^ T^ "^ T^ "^ "^ Tj* ""^ "^ "^ "^ "^ ^ "^ 

«3irt"<*m(^HOff;»t-toinTC^(NH00500N«5io^m(MHOCDXt^toift 

C^C£3i^^<X>COCCCO©C^C^;OOC^C£CO^COCOC£5^COC£>CJ3CO^COiOC£> l iOCOiO 

OHO!nT)iotot-oomOi-i(Mco^'mtflr-ooo50H?)n'*K:tflt-ooc50-i 

(Xi Oj :X GO QU Oj i/J X O0 'JO O O) Ol 05 C3 ff) CD O) C5 O) O O O O O O C O O O -< H 

,-/..( i it i yfj f> i lit i . /_ / / j a i. i cr. cr. c~: ~ ~ c. ~ cr. ~ c^ c~. n 



GENERAL TABLE 



363 



CO CO CO CO ' 



CO CO CO CO CO 



CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 



OH^n^mtDt^oomoHtNC'j'tintflt-ooraOH^^^iotDNQomoH 

COCOCOCOCOCOC^COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOroCOCOCOCOTjlTf 
COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO'COCOCOCO)COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC:CO 

from about the first of A. J. P. 4109, and in the last of the year of 
the exode of Israel 1012, and with the era of Nabonassar 143. i-i c* co 






wangr. Quanff-wane. Tinar-wang - . 



CO'i , irttDNCOmOHCTfO'*LCCONOOmOHiy!nTl<iO(flt-QOOOMCTnT)< 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 



coajnconnnnnn-^^^^'^^^^^^mmiflLQirj Necho 



^ & sT £ &$ «* 












TJ " « 



93 JT> JJ CO ^ r-J 



-3 ^3 55 - ^ co 



co 



"-*-• i-< CO 3 u™i S^ "~* 5-i CO P f— i ^ ^ ~"~' --< CO —■ *— I ^*- !-h CO — ' ip_j -^ ^ r "~ - ' i- 



•6iia!>i ;o }s.n; oqj m >jj sn:->£ o.li'l 'widma treaAssy 9t[) pa;nia q.)u[Av 'eapaj\[ pnu subiuqia 1 

co^o^t-ooc^or^ 1 ^cico^iiOcot^ooa50'--icico^incDt^Q0050 -q«a a V 

^Hi— (r-HT— (i— li— It— iC}(M Saracus, often called Sardana- i— I r- iHr- li— If— (i— ii— lr— Ir ((Ma''} nsjrr?} 

p ilus, who perished in the flames. qaAaaijj; 

T^O^lr^OOOTOi-lC^rHC^CO^tOCOi^CXiaiO^CTCO^irt^^CKOTO-^r-lG^ 

HHrtHHHWH<K Nabopollassarus. His last year I"" 1 HHHHHHrtrtHfi«« Nebu . 

his son Nebuchadnezzar was with him. 

C?CO 



•smSaq sivaA 01 jo Al-MV^D* 



0«0 1>Q0 030 



NWTj'lfl5O^QO05OH(MnTJfvO?O>>ODOVOH'H(MWr|<lfl 
,-|,-(r^.^i-lr^rtr^<MCM(MG^CMC<((MCM<MC\lCOeO Jehoahaz and 

Jehoiakim. 



co ies^ 



03 



j a J 

co <u 



CO 



:::::::::::::::::::::::::: mj^mSh 
:::::::: : :::::::::::::::: :pg 

OH«C<5^iO!Or'X050H(N«'!jiirt(Dr-005)OrtW«T(iifl{Of-(X)aOH 

XXXiXXXXX'00XC5fflS:CiC50)r!0)01OlOOOOOOOOOOHH 

OOOOOOOOOOOCDOOOOOOOOr-tr-lr-lr-Hr-ll-lr-l— IrHi-Cl-Hr-l 

TjiwffjHOCix^oinTjinCTHOooot^tain'^nCTHOoooNtoin-^n 

Ccr.K:ir:eiC!fK!C!C10!MClClHHHHHHHHHHOOOOOOO 



ci « ^ o o kx moH^rtinotOr-oocjjOHWn^iifjat-QOosoHwn 
^^ rHP HHH-HMC!CTC!ciCTCTC)C!«(M!ron«foncoco«nM^Ti'Tfr)i 
c^c^cr5cr>cr5cr:c^cr:c75Cscr5c75criC^OTcT5a5c^oicric75Cj5c75OTc^c^c^ 

"^ ^* ^^ ^^ ^0^ "^1* "^ "^ ^* "^ ^3* "^* "^ "^ "^ '^f ^J* *^ "^ "^ ^J* "^ ^* ^^ ^* ^* ^* ^f* ^1* ^t* ^0^ "^cH 



364 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



#< 



cococococococococococococococococococococococococ: 



^ CO CO CO CO CO CO 



wco^ifltot-oooiorHCJcc^vntot-QooiCMOJm^ioct-oociOi-iCTn 

OOOOOOOOH-rt-iHHHHHrtClflO)WC!CTClf!(?l?)nK?;n 

^* Tj* "^ ^^ ^^ Tf ^* ^^ ^"^ ^^ "^* ^^ ^* *^* ^* "^ ^* "^f "^ "^ ^* ^* ^^ *^J* <T ^' "^ "^ *^ "^ ^^ *^ "^3* 

COCOCOCOCOCOCQCOCOrOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 



Captivity from burning to building the 
Tempie again. 



c*co-<tf»otot^aoo>©'-HC*co'<*<r:cr>f- 



First year of the'-' CMCO-^OCOl>COa}© 
captivity of Jehoiakin, or Jechoniah, bfgins r ~ ' 
the 10th of Thammuz; An. Ex. Isr. 1050, June 16, A. J. P. 4117. (9 Chr. ixxvi, 9.) 



.s w co rt< m c£> t- qo m o 

O wang. 



(MCO^r-iG^CO^iOtOt^OOCrjO 
Ling-wang. 



aco-rjnn(£)t^aoc^ 



<o" irtot-oooiOHC}n^intoNcoc50HC)^^LOON'XmoHCQnT*ina 

nffiTj T*r)*T}i^'*iominirtinvniniOiniC!£notacotO!£>ta(j:ot£>i>t~t^t^h-Ni'- 

:§ oooooooooooooooooooooococooooooo 

W 1 _ ( ,^ r ^^^ r -<^rH^rH^ I -- ( rH f -Hr-l,_Hr^^rHr-H^^HrHrH^.H,_l,_<rHr- l .-H,_< 



"is 



Cjco"^ , irt | ^ot'Ooa5©'-iCN{coTj<iOr-i(McoTt<xotoi>-cocno 

muthis. (Jer. xlvi, 2.) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Apnes Haphra. (Jeremiah rt, 



: (M CO Tj* iO CO r- 00 









*£££1-3" 



^ « = £ ea h. 



0» -V . 









-d J op 
- h oi 
_ 5 3 i® J5 'J 



^•fjflll 



.5 -5 n 5 2 a 2 






HZ 5 

d 



OCO^OOCTSO^CJCO^tOCOt^COCTiOrHC^CO^iOCOt^CClTiO^ltNCOTfLOCO 

t-t»r"t^t'QOXOO!I)a)OOQOQOOOQOffiC50iC55505CJaC5C}CCOCCCO 
HHHHHHHHHrtHHHrtHHHHrtrtrtrt^Hi-lCTC<««m(M(M 



Astvages, 



Tj<in«5t-Q0050iHpj«^Lnor-Qoa5 

son of Cyaxeres I. 



9 <** 



CO Tj< Lfl to t~ 

cbadnezzar. 



•^ifl«Ji>0Oi 



Wt^OOOlOrHHCQCorroccif-QOmOrt Even yea 
i-i '- | Jt-hoiakin and /.e.l.kiah. >-• »H 

The 11th of Zedekiah began March 11,A. J. P. 4127 
the Temple was burnt Ab. 10, or July 18th, same 



and alli-1 year. A. M. and 
ear. namely. Al ib. 



l-JH 



CM CO Tj* O CO 





•"9^ CO 


SSS.5: 


"§>S -3 S 


pq 



co 5? . 
H^cuio 



H-jHQ 



•"^^■^■^Tr^^^'^Tj"^^'* 1 -^' 






oihcdX 1 

o o o C5 CTi 
CO to CO iO o 



r-toiftTcn(NHCff5X't-cooTj(nWHOoflOr-co»n'^«(j5H 
os — oacioioicjoDOOoooooox 7 occoaot-t-t^t^t-i— t^t~t- 



rJiinCOr-OOOOpHCl^TfiifttOr-'T.OlO-HlMrt^inO^XCCrtOlK^O 
tji Tjt th t}< ^ -^ m iO iO i.O iO iO iO iO i-O O CO to CO CO CO CO to to to to J- t^ J- t- t- t- 

O^CT5«rio^C5C^cr. C5Ct:c^C5Ct5C , 5c^ociociC3tT}C:o^c^C5<r;c: c; n c: r; cr; c; c; ~ 

^^^T^Tt^^^^^^^^^^T7 : T^T3<-^-^-^'<tf'^->^T}<^"^'n<-^-«^-^' , Cr< 



GENERAL TABLE 



335 



l^XSOHM 



■-••-''-"-•'-'CTOlOKNtN C* G* tN £} ?! 55 C4 £} CT CT £J CT CT CJ <M C! £} &J 








{OXfflOHfsn^ooNxooHiNKriiocfXso-iHn^isoN 


a 


OH(M^^inaNH(NP5'*iflCt'X05C 


HWcjTCiflo^xooH^r:'* 


~ 







bf-t-xxixixixBxc:^ar.^^sr.r:scccccccco 

©OOOOOOCOOOOOO^OOOOOOOO-h — i,H»><f •- , _ ^ _ jS 

05H«n^LOOt^xo50H«m - *>nto^xmOrtCjnTi'L'5ot>xmcH 



«;l 


cniMNOKMHHHHOOoomcscsmxaoxaoft'M'OtooooL'j 


25 s 


xsiOH^n^otot-xciOH^^Ti'oai-xooHCT^^Licioxm 
t~t^ooaocBooaoGOooooaDODO>ojoaoscTioioiosoiO»oooooooooo 





^ooi*XftOi-i«r:^iS!3t»xaOHKr:nnft«NXSCrt«r:^L'5 

QOQDQOGOaOaOOSQOOiQAOianaOOOQQOOOOOHHHHHH 

,_, ,_, ^ ,-1 r-l 1-1 1-H rt rt rH — t i-H rM r-( rH rH C?* C* <7l Oi C^ C^ CJ <N Ol CM CJ <M CM CM CM CM 




t-oooiOr-ic«co.Ti<ioeot~abosoi-ic>i«Tiiineot-ao<3iOi-icico^»A«ot^QC 

DOOHHHrtr-rtrti-H.HiHW«(NKW?!?!(?!?! JJ^wneoeomojmn 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 


1 


HrtHHHHHHrtHMC! 

Cynis. * Medopersian empire begins. ^ 




H(Mn^OH^«'i | ooc*xo50Hf!r:^o»Na!C)Cr-i(?!^'*LTot- 
nconnn H F-HH«HrtrtHp-oi«c!aCTC^MtM 

Darius, or Cvaxer s II. * The seoond kingdom of Daniel begins. * 



mar-xoo"^!^rta' 

Babylon ns ISthof N'ebuchad'r. Maro- " ea S UBaa '- 



(Mn^o»i>x 

Nabonadius, or Belshazzar. 



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366 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



•§•* 

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M^mtflNOOfflOH^MtLUDt'aOQ 
CM CM CM CM C!CTO)(M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 

n r^ ^ co co co »-: n co co ro ^ « co r: « ro 



o r-iwcoTjdoto^.xmoHCTco 

CM C-! CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 

CO CO CO ^ r. CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 



cDt-aocr.Or-iCMco^LOcotr-aoaso^CM 

<O;OCOCOlr^t-t~C-~t^t^t^C--t^t^aCQ000 

^* ^* "^ ^r* ^* *^ ^* ^* "^ ^cf* ^cf ^d* *^^ ^^ ^* "^J* *^ 

cocococococococorococococococococo 



CO ^iO'OI^XCDOr-l(MCOTj<iflta 

ao aoaoaoaoTO <x oci as asoiCiai 

CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCCCO 



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jS H 


SHSHSHSSHSSHHHSS-H 






to 2 a 


rHCMCO-tfiOCOt-aOCTSOi-lCMCO^iri 

Josadack died from the decree 

of Cyrus, and Jeshua, his son, was high-prfest. 


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dyn. Jl^™ 8 H y sta3p€S - This dynasty continued 121 ye 



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Or^CMCO^incOt-OCC750^CMCO^uOCO^OOC750rHCMOO^uOCOl^OOC750^ 

HrtHHHHHHH-(M(j}(M«(N(M(M(rJWCTcocococO'Coconncocot^ 

CMCM(MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



tor«coo50H(MnrjnntoNCC3iOH(N co ■q , mcot^oO(?)OHC!coT}iin«fl 

i-H .-I r-( -h CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO COCOCOCOCOCO^^^^Tti-tf-^ 
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM CM CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



osOr-icMcoTj<ir5tr>t^ooCT50r-i(Mco^io to t^oocrsc— io?co-^<mcot-~ooc7s 

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CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 



2^2 
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HC^coT)<vr5cci>H«co^intOrHrHWco^ir5tONCOci0^ff!co^uo 

Cambyses 6 yr'S 5 m. Danua Hystaspes. rt rH h M ,-t pH 

.7. s - ] .1ms says (Antiq., b. x : , ch. 2. sec. 2) Cambyses reigned 6 y 



Dari- Cyrua alone. 






N CD v ~' 



b ^ 






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XiffiOH«CO^if)lOl^00050HN CO T#tOCOr^CX3C7SOi-HCMCO"^UO«0 

t- t- c/j lit i i i /_ <y_> y cr. as cs as cncnr.oinmcooccco 

,— Ir-lr-r^Hr- ll— ll-H— Ir— ,-H^Hr- <— I— I— I ,— I rHrHHr-IHrHCT(MCTff!C)(^tM 

"^^ "^ "^J* ^* ^< "^ ^^ ^* "^J* ^Ct* ^Ct* ^3* ^3* ^^ "^ ^sf* ^* ^}* "^ "^ "^ ^Ct* "^J 1 "^ ^J* ^* ^* "^ ^^ 



cor'COio^cowHCocot-tijin^coc} 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO T! CM CM CM CM OQ CM CM 



-i ocTsoot— coin^cocMi— iocooo 

COCOCOCOCOC^COCTC^'MOCMC'CMOJCMCM CM CT-HrHrH^rHrHr-IHr- 'HCO 



OO CTS O r-< CM CO ^ vO O t- 00 CS O r-i CO CO "Tf UO CO l^ 00 CTS o 
CMCMCOJCJCM CM CMCMCMCMCO 



oooococcocooo 



GENERAL TABLE 



367 



lo o l.o lo L.'i lo co *~? ta - o cc to -^ -c -o to r- r- «— t— t- t— t— i— t— t— x x x x x ■ x 

?! ?! ?! ?! G* ?! ?! ?! ?! tN 75 ?! 7! ?! 7! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! 

cocococococococo:ocoroco:?rorororocorocororocor?ror?coror?r?roro 



•^ - ^ ^ "* m li is l* li o lo o m io urj 

&<J cococococococococoncororoco 



-T!CT^O»t-XCDO^?!^1iu':-J^GO 
^ _,_,_<_ ^ ^, _ ^ ? i CT ji -; ? ; 7) ? i ? l 7 , 

u? o o na o o l? u? o o m o ifl o i? o m lo 



£ J 5 I ^ ~* "* "* "^ ** "^ "^ "^ "^ ^ ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ^ ^ ^ '- 50«0«S«£>^>^>t^t- 



0--CTrt , *0»t'XOOHO!C»:rtioai>XOCHff!« 

cocococococococococo^^^^^^^tft^^lololouo 



Ti< LO o t- oo 



l M 



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(^(^?!?!?!?!?}C^?!?!?!C^?!?!?3?3?4?!?!?!?!?3?!?!?!C^?!?«?!?!?!?! 



t~ 00 ff> o 



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?J?!?^?3 ?!?!?!?}?!?!?!?*?!?!?!?! ?!?!?!?}?}?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?! 






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t- t- t- t- i> t- t- t- i> t- x x x oo x x x x x x rj cr: en cr. en cr. en cr cr. cr. o o 

ff! ?! « W (N ?! « C! ff! ?! C! ?! T! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! CO CO 



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p** 


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24 



368 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



32 



aoooQOxomnoommnffjmcoooooocooHHHH 



3«i 






(Daniel ix, 24-27.) Command- 
ment about Era of Nabo. 289. 



HfMrtl^iOOt'OOCftOHW 






030i^C«C^Tt<ir5iXit^OOC?50rHCi}CO^iO«3l--OOCT50rHOJfO'<*lf5tO 
rHr-H>-(rHr-lrH^-lr-(r-(r-((M(M<M(^(MCN<MCIG^G^CC EUa^^ 






Hi-iriHrtriHiMW Artaxerxes Longimanus 1 "" 1 HHrtHrlriHrlH 



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Artaxerxes Longimanus' -4 r -' '-' "- 1 r^ , -" 1 ■— IHHH 



H 






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« CT CJ !M C! TJ £N gj c? <N C4 O! CI (N CI C? CQ OM (^ C! CJ O! C> (M C\< OJ CI CJ 



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t~J>t— t-t-b-l"-t-t— OO X> OO X> X> 00 00 GO OO 00 OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS Oi 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



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° .5 S s 

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5 * fl 3 

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GENERAL TABLE 



369 



I s ' 


^inof>xcnorHwm^ioc3NoocftOHCNn-T*intflNQOC30r-ic5nrjiif> 
^,-^^^,-Hi^cMCMCMCM<MCMCMCJCMCMroc^coc^rc:>oc^corc'^^^^Tji^^ 

coc^cococ^roc^^c^coc^coc^otioticocococ^corocrorocorocorocococococo 
cococowrocorococorocococncocr:irococoroco^c^coc^cococ^coc^co«(W 




r-CC050H(N«'!i<»n!Ot^OOCftOHCNn'*if)«l>C0050HlNCO'!JliO«Ot»00 

irt^^^^^^^^^^^^t~^t~t~r^t^t^^^^aDoococ»aoaoaoooao 

ifliniflioinifjininxjinioiflifl^ifliflifliftmomifliflinmifliflifiinininm 


o e OH(M«^irtt£it^QOff)OHCim^iOCOt-QOOOr-((?}r0^iOONQOaJOH 
£ 2 •? 1 OOOOOOOOOO— 1— lr- 1,-H,— (rH,— 1 H rH H CT TJ CT CI CT a 7! O) CT CT n fO 
§£ 8 | CM CM CM CM CM (7? CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 


H 


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r ^ r ^ r ^^pHrHr-HCMCMCMCM<MCMCMCMCMCMCOCOWCOCOC^COCOMCO'^'rt<'^'q<-^ 


■&?■§ 

is £"§ 


l^(X>C50-^CMCO^trt«Ot-C»O^Oi^CMCO^i0^t^OOO^OrH(TJC^TritO«r>t^CD 

HHHHHHHHHHKc<«cNWW(^CNCNOin«comn««a5n 


•S S H OH(MCO'*»rttOt^COCTlOHC?«^int£>N00050iH(NH(MCOTl<lOC£lNCC05 

S S Soj CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMC^<rOCOCOCOCOCr5COCOCOrf<-<^^ Darius Xothus— the hist reign 

flSJl of this dynazty. Egypt re- 


1 

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IP 


«nTH^ai>coaiOH«m^ifl(£)t-cocj)OHC^m^iocj5i>coa50rt«n 

OOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHH-^CNKCNCTff)(M(MCTCTa5COnn 
C^COMC^CCiCrOfCCOCOO^C^COfOCOCOC^COCOCrifOCOCOfCCOOOCOCOCOCrQMCOOO 




t^comOHwn^incot'CooiOHCNn^irtcoi>cx)cnoHwn^iftcoi>a) 

OOOHHHHHHHHHHff)C!(N(MCTCN«OCMO^C?COrt?;CO«r;n 


"Sg ! OHCJn^mcflNOomoHCTrt^mtot-oomoHCNcoTiiinar.ocmoH 
Es ! nnMconco«nnn^-<i''<t^^^'*Ti<'*r)<iotnirtioioiominLOintD«3 




OHCT«i<OCONCCC350HC!CO'*^«Or'OOa)OHC)HCNn^in«it*C005 

cMCMC^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMcopoc^ooc^cocorococo^Tj*'^ Darius jfothus 


s 


• • • • • • • • a '.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

:::*:::::::::::: fl 5 •: : ::::::::: : : 

! I I ; I ! ! * I . . 1 . . . . .2 -9 fco * " • •■ * • " I . • • • ' ' 

'35 &JD 2 

2 £ S 

fl-Q Q, 

::::::::::::::::§ « :::::::::::: : 

::•::::::::::::: &<£ 2 : ; i : : : \ : : : : : : 
:::::::::: s & g ::::::: : 

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ph . . : : 


h 1 ^QOttOHNcc^mco^comoHfMM-iiino^cocflOHCjn^ino^oo 

• 1 OfOOr»r-l--t'Nl > 't-'Nt't^'X'X!X/COXit»COCCQOCOC505nffiC7)05K35C5 
*» I CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM C? O} CJ CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 
<J *^ "^ "^ "^ ^ "^* "^t 1 ^ "^ "^ "^tf* "^f ^ ^ "^ "^ "^ "^ "^f *^ "^ "^ "^ "^ "^ "^f ^t 4 "^f "^ ^ "^ "^f 


o 1 N«oo^n«HOCico^coiO'<*«WHOO)cot^toiC'<*eoc?HooiCot^w 
t? Tf tJ< -* Tj* -t< Tj ^ ro n :o ro k ro r« c^ ^ « ci If C) C! Ci C! C) C! T> ?! ^ rn -h r-i 


j C5OHWnT)H«C0r'C0C5OHCTn'*mCDNC005OH«rtTiHifl(flr«000iO 

S i ciooooooooooHHHHHHHHHrtjif'fljiwwiMwoi'iMn 

1 



3T0 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 









5< 



oomoimncicnomjiaiocooooooooH-HH-^^UiSM 



•or^ncocococooococorocororororocociococorocoroc^ 






mcoNflociOHtMrs'^intflt^xajo-HOin'^ictONOOoiOFiMn'^^co 

* *" Seven weeks " ended, and end then 0. T. vision and prophecy. 






w ^ Joiadah. ^ 



CinTftiOtONOOCnOHCTCO^OtDNOECiO 



1lB| 



rtHHrtHHHHHH Amyortheus. Nepherites begins Achoris. -« 

volts, and Amyortheus begins 28th dyn. of 6 years. 29th dyn. of 21 years. 



ft 



8* 



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mu *$**m sisii'ii *?*m3* ^n 



?! <£^ 3TJ Rag a)^ 3^3 3 



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a3 3 t—i „ p ts. r^ J-, rt S^ ■- s >--;-. • — ' fn a3 3 H =k. 






in »n -^ •«* -7(4 -^cococococ^c^c^c^ 



■<#iotot'OomoH(MmTjiin50c«QOOiOH(MnTj*L'5coi^oomoH(Mnri'ifl 



moHwm^irttot-ooaiOr-iwn^mtaNOOOiOHwn^iocDNQOOiO 



S 8 
5^ 



otD^crJcococc^i^^t^i^t-i^t^i^t^t^QOooQOQOOOQOOOooooGoasc^ascrs 

Mnna3cococomm««ronc»5m«coco«p:focociomcocoo:M«««7; 



i-irHi-ii-Hr-ii-irHrH Artaxerxes Mnenion. r_l 



£.8 






i lnT)<nc'!HOClOONtoo-*w(^^H00500N^:lnT)*n(MHCffl.x^-tcoTl^ 

; ^HrHr-i^-ir-ir-ioooooooooocnOTCTJcrscncDOcnc^^aooo r. qcqcoo 

I Tj«^Tr 1 ^^^^^^^^^TP^Tt<^r^cococococ v 5roooroeororoc'5roc^c v 5 

' 

H(N«^m<flt-xoiOHOtcoTjiocDt-oomoHCT«T)<mct-rooHCj 

I rj :^ n « w n « co ro ^ ■* ■* rf rf t)i tj< rti i* ^ m m o in m m n i.-: l- i- r c ^ 

I ininiflooiniflininoifliniflifluioirtmirtinininwinirtiniflifloinmin 



GENERAL TABLE 



371 



t»f00300000XIOOOOQOOOXOiO)CiOC5a>a)nC5ff)OOOOOOOC;00 



tf^ 



3< 






•^mcot-ooooH^m-^ocoooomOrHCTM^mcot-coojOHiMnTtiift 
<x>otoc©;r>c£5t^{---t~t— t^t^r-~i>-t-j>.aooojoaooo aoaoaoaoaooiCTiCTscioia} 



^fi>00C003000000Q01»Q0Q00)0)a)05a)maJ05C50:OOOOOOOOO 



!< 



mmnnncowmn^ Johanan. rt 



£0 *Psammuthis. + Aanapherites and Muthis. 

< £-.;¥ *"■ ' r " ! ' "~* * "*~Nectanebo I begins the SOth* -1 hhhhhHHH Theos Nectanebo II ends the 
ft C. dynasty of 38 years. Tacos. 30th and last dynasty, 




21 



tor^oocno^-(C?coTj<in«oi:^ooCT50r-(C?fO'^ < intDir-oocr>OrHG^«^ir5 
coco«cot^r^t~^^^^t~r-t^X)CX)ao<x>a)ooQoaoaoaoa50iaiOJ05C5aia5 

P5f3COCOCOCOC3rtCOCOCOMC3C r 5COC001COWC*5MfOP3COCOf5C3C5r'5COC5C5 
J>t*Nl>t»l-'t^l>SXOOQOOOOOQOQOCCC)D00050505ffl050505050JCnOOO 



^ocot^ooo50^c^cci^tocr>t^ooCT)Or-i<7jco^iLncoi^ooc7)0'-HC v ?corj<irt 






Ochus. 



HWM^ifl»^ooo50-i!H«'*m(aNooo)OH(Nn'*in(o^oomoH« 

«WH05500fOifl'*nwH005QOt-uiftT|inNHoa > .oot«!Oirt'<*rt« 
oonn«rtcoc*5nc»5c<5rtnmnnTOconmo:cowromrocofOKmncioc<5 



o is Li li ui o a l 1 ) >fl li in o w o ifl in io in in lio o n a in io in hi m in o o 



372 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



•Is 



teS 3 

all 



31 £ 



^3 1 

£-:i 









© „• soixBoiOHCTMTitkntfl^QOftOHDiM^moNQomoHwn 

ES-g! CiC}Cneft©©00©©©©0©-Hr-<^Hr-H.-Hr-li--l,--li-Hi-lCM(MCM(M 



cmcmcmcmcmcmcmcococo j ad(iuai 



CTnrftmot^oomorHwn^mtoNQO 



31st dynasty, Persian, begins. 

OOc=r>©rHCMCO^O^^aOi^C^r^CM^CMCOTr'r^<M<re^O<£>t---aO. 

i— li-Hi— MHr li— ii— IH i. Darius III, Alexander — Macedonian or 

according to Manetho. Ochus. & ,~«j ^.Codoraa- Grecian empire, begins ac- 

<J §)o 2 nu3> cording to canon of Ptolemy. 



gs t * ss « e s 



llllsfllllll^ 



£^£ll 



Sfl 5fl 3 S a S^ 3t3 JJ'S a S^ sfl 31c SS-S s-§ 3*2 

k-H - b» r 3 H «3 3 Ch ^ h». r 5 ~ ^ 3 ti ^S.-" 1 ** rt 3 Ji 3 k. p H cj 3 



O^CT5CX300aOOOt^r^- ^^©©^©lOiAu-ain^^^-^COCOCOCOCMCM 



OOOiOrt«COTt<irtCOr-QOaiOH«n^incflN00050r-(OT 

CT5©©©©©©©0©©©,-lr-lr-l,-l^-lr-H,-lr-l^-l— .(MCMCM 

CO CO "^ "^ •!? ^ x? Tt 1 ""^ "^ "^ ^ ^ "^ ^ Tj* "^ Tf* Tf 1 Tj* Tt^ ^ ^ "^ "^ ' 



QCiOOOOOi-(i-lrHHHr-lrtHi-(rH<S'<N(M(MOT(N(N® 



00 050 



g.g tON00050HWM'*m«)NQOff)OrHCQ«^ ( " , 5tOr'Q0050r-iO)M 
as OJCJCTOJrOCOCOCOCOC^COCOr^CO^^T^^^^^^^rt'tfSiOirtift 



05Or-io^-^intDr'00C5OrHH(^Hwn^HC}n'<jiifl«3r'a)H 

HrlrlrtHrlHHi-tHCTH j. D.iriua III, Alexander — Macedonian or A 
o ,/■< • Codomanus. Grecian empire. 
<§)SS t Oct 1, battle of Arbela. £j 



.-cm 12; 

,CM o - 



MTfL'lOr-'XmOH^n-t^tOr-.XaiOH^M^iOtOr-OOOlO 

w to o a to «d ta t» t^ i^ r- i- i- i^ t- t- t— go :o :o go x go go go go go en 
wnwwwrtwnrtnrofomwmwcocoMweoncoweomeoej 



I HOC5'»r-OiOT|injlHOmXr««)ift^MJ!HO?)Xr-tfii.'5T|l 

I LOi^^^^^^Tt<^^^Tfroror:rocor'iro^r:cO'^CTC^C^22 < ^ 

cocococorocococococococccococococococorococococococococo 



uiOr-X'noH'M~t kfl to r- x cr. © — i ?! :? -* ifl © r-io.onC! 
,_ ,_, _, h ^ ?! CI ?! ?! ?! CM ?^ ?! ?! ?! CM ?! ?! ?! ?! CM CM CM CM CM ?} CM CM 



1 I 

53 ci 






-8 A 



a * * 






= 






GENEKAL TABLE. 



373 



•Is 


r: ?: ^ ^ ^ ■* ii •* rji Tf ^ ^ i,o o o ^ lo m in l"5 m o '-o ^ a ^ t=> eo 10 to 'o o 




ooxxxoDX^xoosasiaimcnnflimaicoooooooooH-H 
co««nn«Mnnn.:ro«?5Mnnn?5nnnw««n?5connr:n 


O £ 

ill 


Tfifltat-oooiOHCT^rtiotDt^oomorHtMco^indit-aomoHfMw^in 






t-aooopH«co'^in!oi>xo>OH(rjM^mat'ao330Hwr:T|imtoi>QO 


&{4 


r ~' °* Onias. r-Hi-i.-f.-ir-irH.-i^r-ir^CttCN simoll) the just. 



ill 

>j2*BI 



according to Eusebius. Antigo- 
"leruetrius Poliorcetea 
reigned, iu part, at the same time over Babylon, Media, Susiana,i— I rH 
Persia, Assyria, Bactria, etc., with Seleuces Nicator. 



C5 CK 



Lvbia, Arabia. Palestine, Celosvria, etc. 

Andajus.. (Some j^^imder, son of Alexander. ^ 

here begin Ptolemy ' 

Lagus.) 



1—1 Ptolemy Lagus Soter. 



> 

O 2 2 - 2 



fe» 



>, 



4f6 






c5«HHHHOoooc505a)050oaoooaot»M»t-ototoooiniflin^'* 



CD J— 00 C5 O 
GN! Of CI O) — 
"^f "^ ^ ^ 



c<Jco^irjcot^ooCT5CSr-((^!fo^in«r>i>-oocr5CrH 



< c* « t)h »n to t^ 



^^ l~- VJ~< ^J <^ I— i ^,x wj ■■ 

^"* ^st* *^ ^t* ^* ^3* "^ "*^ "^* "^ "^ "^ ^* ^t* ^^ *^* ^* "^t 1 ^* ^J* ^* "^ ^t* ^3"* ^* ^* ^^ 



iHOjn^ma3t^QOC30H?jco^ir,t£it-Qomor-i(j}co^into^QOff)OHM 

"^ ^^ -^T* "^J* ^^ ^* 'nT 1 ^^ ^3* T^ ^* ^* ^* ^* ^^ "^ TjH ^JH ^* TJ< T^ T^4 *^ ^J* Tgi ^4 ^J4 T^i ^< T^< ^J* ^H 



ij O O t- X O) o 
"^ ^ ^ ^ ^ "^r 1 ^ *^ 



NXC50H^n^uoot-oomorH(MMTfirt 

tOOOt-^t-^ONf-t-r-NQOaX'ODQOX) 



Era of the Seleucidae begins about 

Nisan, 1st book of Maccabees, r— iG^CO^^OtOt— 00OTO 
and Tisri, 2d book of Maccabees, and one i-H 

year later than here, in the style of Chaldea. 



Aridseus, brother Cassander, son of AntipatPr, T—l Sons of C; Biander, 

of Alexander. ruled over Macedon and. Gieece. Demetrius Polior- 



m 

jij!C>c:nr:j!ar.occcccc;oooHHHH-iHH-iHHT!!>)« 



^ CI H O Ci 00 l^ O Li >* ^5 f ! 



!DOONOiO-^r:o<HOOX)r-(Dm-*nW 

««I)(?)HriHHHHHHHHCOSOOOOOOO3>OfflO5101IlC! 

n to co co re co co co co co co co co co co co co co co co co co co re c* c? c? cn CM cj c* c* 



re -* m to r- x crs o -h ci re -* io 10 t- qo oj o ^i cr<t co rt< uo to t- go cs cs — < ?t ro ^ 
« CT CT ?J C 1 ! ?! CT :*: ~ .-: « r: r: ^ « co x -^ -* Tf •># t(* -* Tf ^ t< tji o o o m m 
ct cr? o! ci c-j o? c-! c^i ?} o oi o> c-5 oj o? c? o? o? cj G^? o? oj o; c> o? o c-i oi a a o? o? 

O >-0 uO lO C O C uQ O O O 1.1 lO O ifl L* O ifl O O ifl Li O ifl O O l.1 O O O O O 



374 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 









m^iow^xooMUjco^mcat-xciOrtCirjTtoci^xooHor^ 



? — 5 



cr>^ooc^Or-H(>jro^io<x>i--X)cr50r-i(^co^ir5cci^ooc>Or-i(>}coTt<iocr>i-- 
i/5miftift©U(oacflxi«(flatOfr'i^t'Nt»r»t'r't- / x go go x x x go 



o Q 



050r-iC5n^iio«o^xo30HCTn^incjDNXOiOHC}«Tfi>fltDi^cocno 

Cflt-t-t^t-t-t-t^t-t-l>XXXXXXXXXXaiC505 55a5nCJja)C5C50 

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHrtHrtrtrlHHrtHHrlHrtHHrtW 



HC5co^m5Di>xa50HC5n^irtHCTn^moi>xo>OHff5n^irto^ 
Eleazar. <-( i-h ri 1-1 i-h i-h Manasseh. HrtHnnnnH 



^(MCNOKNCNCMCMMWCrj^^^g^^ r-. r- rt -, r-, -. -. r-, r-. ^ ^ 






lOto^XKOHwn^ioot-xaiOHwm^intDt-xmOHtNeo^irsco 

Ptoleruy Philadelphia, his aon. 

T77TT7777^7TT7l7T7TT77T777r77777 



^ 



^ .o 



KS rt 



^ ^ 



*s *$3tt £5 ^MN *3 ^1*8-1 bl s£4f SI *3 



-J5 £>-> 



2-6"S 



s^B^s^cStfs^^ 



£-H CO £3 » ( ^ K^ "—I 5-t TO " b— I *"^ ^ r "" 1 H C3 5 l_u ""' * — F — ' ^ d ^ » I '""' ^ **** "- < TO" U* — ^ 









cococococoirococo(^c<JGS(CNC^c^c^oJ(^c<l 




xoiCrHWM^mtot-XiDOHCTm^vrtcir-xojOHCjn^inaNXcj 

lO lO W (C CD (D O C Cfl !5 WCJD t- t- l- i> N N r- t- t^ t- OO 7j X X X X X X 00 00 



co^toc£it-a)cr50rH(^co^io«r!t-a)a50--(CJr:"*o | ;ot^x<riO^-<o?c^Tf 

tjj to en C C3 CD ^ N t^ t^ N t- t- l~ 1- N N X X X X X >X X X T' oc ^ c; r; CT) Ji 



o 

=g i SB 



co^xmcHfMcoTjiiocaNXctiOHwn^iotoNXcDOHWM^iocoi^ 

xa>'Ha)iKffla)ff!a)S)noiO)ffloooocoooooHHHHH--HH 






t^ooc^o^c^co^»r5crii^ooa50rHrHC^ro^ir5cr>t^ooa50 

cetes, Pyr- 1 -* r-(i-4r-ii-<i-ii-H^Hi-Hi-((MCl Aatigonus Gonartas. T ~ t : 

rhus, Lysiirmchiis, Ptolemy, Meleager, Antipa- 
ter, Sosthenes, anarchy, etc. 



GM 00^ if} to t- 



?? ci C! o> C! O) Oi ro n '.^ « ro w r^ r: r? ro -* ^ ^ r|t ■ 

^ ^ "^ "^ *^ *^f "^t* "^ """^ "^ ^ "^ "^ "^ Tf "^ Tf "^ ^ ""^ "^f "^ 






HCClXt-CCifl^KCJHOOlXr-tOiOTrroaHOCDXr-COin^nWrHO 
3) ^ JO X X X OC OO T 'X » X t- r- r- (^ r- r- r- r- N N O (D O O C ^ a O O O 
G^C*OiC4c^C4C^C^C^C^<^C^eiGStOJC4CJi^CJCJC?*C^ 



mtONXC50H'M^'^^Or-XCT5CH(NfO'i l >0!Ot-XO)OH«^^intO 
>h m m i-i >■? to to to to to to to to to co i- i- t^ t- t- (^ r» i- i~ «— ro go go go x xj x 

?> ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?> ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?* 

inininiOininininininiflOiflininirtioinuTininoininoininiftoinom 



GENERAL TABLE 



375 



wn^toot-xo50H(MnTjnft(or'OOfl , >OH'rJM"fO!3i>xic50H«co 

OOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHHrtlNCTSiKNNWOICiKMOilMnnn 
i.O i.O iO O "-O lO iO in l.O to uT5 in lO in iO O iO O in O in in in iO lO in in in iO in o O 

cor:cococotrocococococococococococooocococo.^cocococococococococo 



lnwt-ooaiOHCTm^ifltONXiDOHCt^-^oot-xfflOHfNnTfir}^ 
^ tji tji ■<# ^ o m m m m in 10 o m 10 <a o to o to en -j 'jj to o i> n t^ i^ n n t» 

rococotrotrococococowcocococococococococococotrocococococococococo 



?JS 



oomoHC}co'*intot-!}ocjOH(Mro^if!toNCoa)OHCTnt(<L'5to^QOOi 

QOTomcioimoiaioijimcioooooosooOHp-iHHHHHHHH 



HNCCT)lintO^Q0ff)OHCT«TfintON0005OH(?!C«5TfK5tOt-Q0cT)OH(^ 
OOOOOOOOO— i^Hr-i— i r-, M H H H ^, « O! « C! Ol CT (M (M CT O! n CO n 
CM(M<MCMCMCMCMCM<M<MCMCMCMCM<MC*CMCMCM<MCMCMCJO}<^CMCMCJC{CMCMC^ 



amoMwn-*irttOHCTn^oto^ooaiOHO}n^in(oi>QO(j)OH(?}cf) 

r-lr-lCMCMCMCMCMCMCM QniaS II. rHr-lr-l,-l,-Hr-lr-l,-f,-li-lCMCMCMCM 

(roM , ^^t'OOOTo-^cico^inr^c^co^into^Qo<^Or^c^fo^intxit-ooa5 

rH rl r-l rH r-< rH g e l eucu g CalHtlicUS. f-HrHr-li-ir-li-li-lr-lr-li-H 

Theos. _^^______ 

r-cco^o^c«co^in^t^(X)>^t^co^o^t^ooo^Oi^c^corfincrit^ooat)0 
CMCMCMCocococococococoeo Ptolemy Energetes I. rHr-.-i^.-ir-ir-i.-i^rHCM 

_____ , 

tu 
,038 383 38 8 8 33 S. 88 8 83 8 8 8 8 8388 8 8 S ! S 

lflrfiii!!rfiiifi%liiiffcliiiff^ 

M*iO!Ctotoinminin'ti | '*'#n«mn(NWCTiMHHHHOOooo)C5 

<M(MCMCM(MCMCMCMCM_^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMO*<MCMCMCMCMCMCMCM<MCMCMr-ir-i 

OHW«"*intON00t73OHff?nTtiintoN00ffjOHC}n^mtONC0moH 
aioiommommritnocoocooooortHMHHHHHH-ojoi 
•^^"^'^''f^'^^'^^iooiooiciflioininoioi-'joiniflinioioiniomifl 

OtOi>00 0)O-H0IC0Tf(ir5tONQ0t7)Or-(C?«'*in(Ot^00C>OHCTm-l<intO 

OOSl^fflOOGOOOCOCCHHHHHHHHHHffiTKMCIC'OKM 

Tti^Tt |- ^ - ^i | ininin>n>ninininoinininininininininininin>nininininin 



«.= - 






QOffiOHCTn^iotONGoraoHonTtiiotoi-oomoHCTWTjufltoNQom 

r-t r-i <M CJ CM CM CM (M CM <M C! ?! co CO M CO CO co TO CO CO CO ■*# ^t* ^ -* tF ■«# ^ -^ ^tcH tH 

m in in o >n in in m o in >n >n ui in in m m o m in in o in in in in in >n in in >n o 



3-r oo 


oomoHCTCT'i'iotONOOosor^CTnHwn'^mto^QOQOHOjnrtiinto 
HH«««««(N««««nconco DemetriuSi ^ Fuscus. 
























Tsin dynas. be- 
gins — Chinese. 

Chi-bwangti 
begins a new 
dynasty. 

































mtj:t^GOC50HCJ«-tmtoNOOo^OrHO!«^iocot-(»a50HC}trirfioto 
io lo io n in to o to to o o o co co co t- i— i— r-- t— r- t— i^ t- t- x tj oo t. r > oo oo 

cjost'Wirt^nwHocioo^toorjtnCTHomQOt'Oin^MCMHcajT) 
inininininininoinin^^^^^^T^^^r^ro:oc^coc^rococororoo>o' 1 

33 CM CM CM CM CM CM CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 

t-Q0050Hwn'^inc^Qoa)0!-i / ?}«'*mot>cooO'H(Mro-*if5toNoo 
xiicio^nouansoooooooooooHHHHHHHHH 
(M cm -M ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! ?! CM ?! ro ro ro co ro ro ro ro co co co ro co co co cro co «r? 
m m m in m in o in o to o in in in in in in o o in in in in in in in >n in in in o in 



376 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



IS 



r: ^ m m ^ ^ "^ t)i ^ ^ Tf rj< ^ ■* lt m lt l<: i« rt lo is ift o o a o o tc o 
in o lO in in m in in in in to o in in in in in m m in in in in in in in in in in in in 1.0 



S ,_ 



t»xnoH««i | ine^.x«OH(Mr:^L'5 0NXCiOH^K'<tL'5to^x 
t'NNXXxxxxxxxxcm^aoisafflSfflcccoocooo 
r-- r- c^ t- t- r- t-~ t- o- t- t- t- i- r- r- t- t~- t- t- t- t- i— r- x oo x x x x x x oo 



OH«M^ifttct»xo)CH(Nr:'5fintCNXOiOH(Nn^in»i>'X350H 



ftl 



w^m50r»0055OrH(Mn^int0NXC5OH(N«'*in*JNXff)O-HiMr'# 
nnnnnnn^rf'^iiii^^^^^L'jin-ninmininninooaatoo 
(M<M<M<MC*c^(McM<M(M<M<M<M(M<McM(McM<MG^<McM<MOiC3(M<^ 



- - ij ^mcoNxoiOH^nrttNn^intot-Xffio 
ggg w«««<s«»nnn SimonIIi 



!| OHtMwrfiinto^Xffio 

! j *** Seleucus Ceraunus and Anti- rH 
i ochus Masrous. 



H^m^inHWM^moNxojo 

CJ Ci « C* CM p tolemy p hi l opator . rH 



c^co^in<xit-i-icico'<*in<x>t^GoaiO 
HHHHHH Ptolemy Epiphanes. '"" , 



n&m 



^b 






romxxxxNt-^t-'-oa'jtoininmin^^^^nnnrtCTNCTtMi-i 



_3 - 
- - * 
■^■< -1 



c^co^in^t^ooc^Or-ic^co^incrit-xic^o^HG^fC^in^i^oocrsOrHC^co 
(MiMiMfMCMCTCMC^c^oorococ^c^foc^rcc^^^^T^^^^T^^^inininin 
inininininininininininininininininininmLninininininininmininin 



^xc50rt(Mn^in!Ot»xo)OHwnTi<inco^xa)OH(NP!Tjiin!o^x 
CTC!C)c<5rtnmmmnco«n'*Tj<Tf'^'^^-*'^T)<-^iniomininmininin 
m>nminin>ninin»nm>nminininminininininmininmminininin>nin 



OH«n^Lnot»(»o)OH?)nTj(in!ONX05CH«M^L'5«ot-xooH 
iflininininmifliflomwteoto(oau»ooN^^t»i>t«t'^t-t«xx 
mininininininminininmininininininmmininininmmininmininm 



<m co t* m co t-^ 



^ooooHCTHCTnrfocfl^coajorHwn^mcNfficnoHCMnrfintn 



•49 



• a 

: >^> 



M 



t-xoiOi-iCNK^inoNXcOHMn^inwt^xojOH^n^intoh'X 
xxxoionr.r.^rr.sjiocococooooHHMrtHH^HH 
^ t)< rf Tf ■* rj •<* Tj<^ -v* Tf -^ in m m m in o o m in lo m o o m m m m o in 



NWin^KOjHOcnxt'UJin-^ncjHCorot-oin^naHcmxt-tfl 

Uj 0)r , ,-., (ji « ^ Ol -h -h f^ H r- (r-irHr— I r— • ■ — lCOOOOOOO~OCT>CiC:Ci 

«cMCTCM<MCNcMcM?JCMCJ(M<MCM<Mtrio<ci<MCMtM^c^ 

ttiQHC]nfinto^XCTOH05rt^in«ONXff)OH(MJ , : , *mut>;XSio 
S«c5c*<M«C$C<«c«a4Ww«we^o5eo«eoMri»T(<^^^^^Th^^fcO 

S in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in o in in in in in in in 



GENERAL TABLE 



377 







1^ 


moH«.'»3^ifto^xc)OH(Mn-*in(o^oomOrt^?:M | in50Nxoo 
c M ^ M rt ^ rt ^ rH ^ rn C! C! C! W Ci C! Cl « CJ (M n n ^5 r: co r^ :-: c^ r; x t? 

00 X X X X X X 30 X X X X 00 X XXX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 00 

nfOcoco«mcomcocorocor:co^ror;nnn«nnmronmKcomc»:fo 


pi 


c^nT)iL'5ut-xncrH?!nTtoot-xao-HO)n^irttct-xff)Or-,c}?5 
m io io m io in io in to a o a to o a a a a h m- n t- t- t- t> ^ n oo x x x 


p| 


Litat-xoiOHMninnoNXJiOHon^intONXttiOHffjm^L'jto 
to to to to en r- t- r- t- r- t^ t- t- t~- t- x ■ x x x x x x x x x en Oi cr> 01 cti en =n 


ill 


H<Nn^iiO(flt»xo50'H(Nn'<j | ifltot'XC5CrH(^W'*(jici5 , *ocoH(Nco 

OlliaS III. rtHHHrtHHrtrtHWCTCJCTCT g g , 

( - i 'ai s9aqB0OBi\r J) 'tflipnf io saouuj* * Jason. Menalaus. 13 =» 5 


a 5 -a 

.a -So 


ff)n'*mtot'XO)Hwr:^intot>xc!OHHon^intONOoooHCiH 
« co w w co co co co geleucus philopator# ^ ^ Antiochus Epiphanes. ^ ^ -• ^ 

-5 o 




HffjrnTjiin<oh.xo50fHO}co-<*HCj«r)<irttoi>xa)Ort(M«'^iotDr-x 
^^^^^^^r^c^cic*^ Ptolemy Philometor. * * * -* r-< * * r* ^ 


1 

1 


o " 




HHOooommoiffixxxx^t'^t^totistotoioiflom'^^^TfcofO 


°c 9 ~ 
1^1 


TfmcDt-xooHfNm^irtto^xcjOriwn^mcoi-xmoHCTn^m 

lfilfllflininL')atO*OtOtOt3!5*>StOt-t»l^ft»t>'t*^Nh"XXXXXX 

momininoininoininininininominininiflinoininoininininoo 




0)OH(NC<5^ifltO^X050H«MTltu'J'>0 1>XOiSM««riiinfflNXC)0 
LO tO tO to 'O tS O O tO O 'O (- N i^ t- ^ M' h i^ M X X X K X X X 1 X » 35 

mininininininmininininininminomininmioininoinmininiflinin 


2" £ 
J" I, 


(N«^nntot"X050H(Nw*ifl»NXC!OH(NnT)iifltoNxc50HC | }P5 

XXXXXXXXfflmKOnfflSlClSKOCOSCOOOOOHHHH 

iflininoioioooininifliftOinmiOinintotfitotototofDtotatstBtcoto 


z a Z 

^53 


G0C^Oi^C^C0^Ot0^00JJlO^0lC0"^ , >0tOt>Q005O<--lG , ilr0'«*u0tOJ>-00aj 
r^^<^(<^CiC^(^C}(^(CNC?C?COCOCOrCCOCOCO^COCO^^^Tf^T^rf^^^ 


111 


t'XC)OiHCinT)lirttDNXC50r-CJH(MCO'*»ftiai-.X050>-iH«rt^U , 5 
C^CMGSICOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^^^ Perseus. M rt Liberty under the 

Romans. 


5 
(2 




< 


in in in in in in lo in m in in in in m in >n m in in in m in m in m in >n m in 
^* ^* ^r 3 ^* ^? ^* ^j* ^^ ^tt* ^3* *^ ^* ^ 1 ^3* ^* "nP "^ ^tr* "^ ^^ "^f "^J* "^ *^t* ^r 1 ^^ "^ ^* ^* ^J* "^^ ^* 


d 


m-*^(MHOffjx^tcmT)<r:KHCc5XNainTi'rtC!HOff)X^toin^ 

Cni?)C3C:CJC5XXXXXXXXOOXNt't't»r-h.l>^i>ftOtOtOtOtOtCi 


53 
< 


h ci -^ ■* m to t- x c> h ci r: tji m to t- x tr, c rt n r: •* a n x c h ?! 
inminom m m in ifl to to to to to to to to to to r- t- c^r^c^t^i— t^t^t^xxx 

^coeorococ^co^c^c^cocococ^coe^r^coeocococococo^cococococo^co 
in l* in in lo in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in 



378 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



ff)(JlOOOOOOOCOOHHHHHHHHHH««J!CTM«(MO(ri« 



00 00 00 CD 00 00 00 OO OC 'GO 00 X GO jO X) 00 00 D "JCJ X X X X CO 00 X » 00 X 00 00 GO 

Tiiiotot-xaoH(Mm^iO(flNxa>OH(^co^LT«:t-xoiOHa«^vn 

coxxxxoooimoiSifflSimjiooiooooooooooHHHHHH 



^ooo^o^c^co^iotot-XOTOnHCGNco^'iocriiL^ooaiOrHC^co^irscot-oo 

0101fflOOOOOOOOOOHHHHnHHHHHCiJ)0(NCTCT««« 

csic^c^cococococomcocr:corococo«cococv2cococ^cococo«cocococococc 



•^iflWHWco^mcc^ooCTio 
Jonathan. 



OJCO^mcOt-r-fCMCOTT'iOCOlr-OO 
HHHHHH Simon. 



CTrtWco-^iotONOomor^ci(HCTm^irtH(MmTfnflH&Mmx(iincoi>ooc) 

§■ „• Demetrius Soter. "" ' I— ' rH Alexander Ba- Demetrius Nica- Demetrius, son of Demetrius 



and Antiochus Sidetes, etc. 



050H(MM'^ir5(Or-COaiOH(Mn'^iOH(Mn'^ir)«5fCOmOH<NW^O 

PH&i©t©»&ic*c«©*c*&ic*coMooorsMcr5 ptolemy Energ etes II. 

ft) Ph 

o m 

^ff|| l^^^ll .|^^^l| .|^^^|t |^bf1 
^ fi S'-S 3^d B^ B $"C B-S B^ a ©-B 3tJ 3 B B $ ^ 3 "3 3 ^ B £ "^ 



eo co o? c* cm cm 



coi>xo50H«M^irttoNXcrjOHCTm^intoNxcnoHCT«Ti<incot- 

GOOOOOOOO)050J050)C)0)ff)0)mOOOOOOOOOOHHnHHHHrt 



HCTCO^m«)NX050-lCTMrfintOi>OOOCHC}^TJiintDNX050rtCT 

omooffiaioiaiffioocoooooooHHHHHHHrirtHC!?^ 
^irtco^xaiOHWco^intDNXO>OHO!n^ictor-ffioiOr-i(N«-^in 



= 6 .1 



w t- ooo^ © 



CMCOTritfiCOt^OOOJr-l 

HHHHHHHH Pseudo Philip. 



iHom^intot~xmorHCTro^ino(-xmoH&N«^nftOi~-xmoHGN 

iflininifJifjLOinLOiCOmtOtDffltOtflCOtflWt-l-l^t^l^t^Nr'r-^XXTi 



«TjiocNX05OrHwr:-tift!r!N0C05OHV«'*iftaNTCiO-i?jMTj< 
xxxxxxxajoiomcr.maiaicjcnocoocoooor-H- — — i 



GENERAL TABLE 



379 



a • o>— i<^!eO"^iO«nt~aoc7iO'— iO*ro-rf<ir5<r>t--GOCT30i— iC<?co^iotot^oocr30'-H 
(5<! j cocococococororocococ^corocococococococococococococccococococoM 


2 S 1 t-Nt^t-Nt-NaooorrjoooooocoaoGooocimmmmmmommooooo 

a • QOQOOOOOQOOOCOOOa)OOQOX'QOOOQOOOOOGOOOXOOOOOOXlQ0000005C:05iXOi 


2 sf 


(nt-oocsor-K^m^iLocDixBmoHCjn^mccNOomor-KMm^ictO!^ 


o ft! 




*Avistobulns. 

lOCD^ooaiOi^c^co^inixi^oocrso^c^co^incot^oooir-irHCQco^iocci 

rtr H^.H,-^.H.-.rH^(ttC*<N<NC*C*«CN<M©l* Alexander Jannsus. 


e.F -a 

.2 -3 '3 

L 

w 03 


rt^^^rtr-lrHrH ^jo^g Grypu3 and Anti-"- 1 rHrHr-lTHnH,-l.-l,-t,^<N<NCN<NCl 

ochus Cyzicenus. 


S d "3 


rH-«nHrH<*C*C«©«&lC*<NC«C«C* p tolemy g oter> r-*^^^^^^^^ 


1 
1 


GQ 


Si 


iaifl'<*Tl<TJ<^M««n(M(M«(NHrtHHOOOOO)05m0500QOOOQOr'r- 


sis" 

3 s g 


QooiOHNco^irttot-QOffiOHfMn^ocot-cooorHwnTtiflo^oom 


d 




I 1 




a at 3 

W5 ? 


ooQcoooocooocoaommmmciaimmmaioocoooooooHHHH 


§ 




pi 

< 


OOOOQOOOO&OO'XOiOnKOJm^mOIOOOOOOOOOOOHHHHH 


d 


HOO00r-tcm^«WHO0!Q0r'«)if5'!)im«HOQQ0t'!OO'!j<n(NHO 

nMCICI(J).(M(MJiU(NK^HHHHHHHHHHOOOOOOOOOO 


-4 


mct-ooffi'OH^coTfmoNOomoHwn^mtoi^QomoHwm-^irtto 
ininoointflioinifloinioinoomifltnioomoioifloioiomoiouiifl 



380 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 









iooi>oc(j)OHO)co^iflwt-oomoHCTniioct-ooa)Oi-iOin-<*»nto 
forowwcocorowwcoraoocorofoncocortcocococ^cocC'WcoMrocscofO 



£-*! 



SS4 



aoo^Oi^(^co^ocr>t^QOc^OrH(^iro^tf5cr)i^-X)cnor-iG^ro^iocct^ooo^ 



H^n^mtoNoomortCTn'itiow^QOffiOHCTcoTfiirttot-.acnoHW 
co^ocD^ototD^cotot-t^r-r^t^t-r-t^t^t-ooooQOOOoooocxjxi^ooojosas 



!>OOC50HCTP5-^mtOt^Q0030HNn^kOtOh-HClW^OtOt^QOffi 



<M CM CM CM <M CM CM CM 



Alexandra — her son, Hyrca- Aristo- 
nus, as high-priest. bulus. 



irtCOt^i-KMCO^^C^CO-^irstOt^QOCTli-lC^CO-^iOCDt-OOffJO 

CM cm CM geieucus. Philip and Demetrius. Tigranes of Armenia. *"* 



(Mn-^mo 



£BS 



rtCMCMCMCMCMCMCMtMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCCCO Di onys i us . i-1 i-l »H r-M rH 



CO 



0, 



5» - 






fe» 



6 5 k » 



"O R 






? £ r£TC -g 3 £ 3^^-C 



© 3, 



1_L '-'t-^ 1 — 1 S-i Cj 3h ^S» rM *■« C3 a5|_H^b» r ^ ^ tS ~ kr-l -"^ b>- ^~ l *-i C3 3 |_j — S» r ~ l 



t^t^tOtOCOCOinift^O^^^^CfOCOOOCOCMCMCMCMi-* 



i-H OOOO Oi C5 



OrHI^CV5^iniX5t-00<T)O^C?C^'*iOtOlr^OOCnO>-lC<JCOTf<irtCDt^QOCrsOr-l 

LOOi«oici«oiA»nu^cocococococococococot~t^t^i^i^t^t^^j^i>ooao 

tD5flCOCDCDtOtOtD5000tOCOtfiCOOtDtOtOCflCDOtOtOtOtfltOCDtOWt5(fl 



incOr^OOOTOrHCMCO^OeO^OOO^Oi^CMro^incOt-CDOTO^CMCO^OCO 

iomiftinm*o«rnDtou:(DO«flcocit»t^t^r'r-NNt^r^t^xQOGoao!riQOQo 

(fitOCflU5tfltD5fltDOO(00!flCOdC£HOtOtfl(£)tDCDCDCfltOCfltO(OtDCO(BtO 

QomoHCJM^ifltct-oooiOHiMn^tnMJr-ooojOHfNnTfioteNooa 

t-t»Q000Q000Q00000Q000C05>0)0i!J>050)m0>0)0iOOOOOOOOOO 
C^COCO<0<OCOCOCOcOCOU30COCOCOCOCOCOCOtOCOCOt---J>-t'-t--»t^l>'t'-t--.t^t-~ 



Tj<LOCOt^OOCT>0^(^CO^^^t--COCr50'-HC<{fOTt*LOiXit^QOCnOT--lC^C^Tf<ir5 

rHi^^rH.^r^cM<MCMCM<MCN<MCMCM<Mco«eocTOCOcoMMcoe»3TfTf^TP^'^ 
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMcMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 



MS ~ ^ r ~ 



^■is s £s 



^pc, 



«* to 
. * « CQ ^ ^ ^ 

. w cu as -rj .2 -^ ^ 

• "d t>-ra co sy)r-i <a 

• CM 






^a>a)OHC!fo^ino^QomoH(M«'*irt«or-coo>CHC)r:^>rtOr'00 

Tt< -ji re oio in m ift m o o i.i ifl ^ to a to tc to to to to (O r- i^ ^ i^ ^ ^ r- t~ n 

ouToooininoooooooooioooioooooooiotr}if5»OLf;o 



GENERAL TABLE, 



381 



05CT5<r5CT5C5C5OOOOOOOOOO'-l— lr-l^-1— I— I r- < — IHHW^WCTOJN 

CJ co -* o co r- oo 

_ lOLOLrSuOLOiOiOUOuOCOCOCO'-OCOCOCOCOCO 

onooxcooocoaoooQOooaimmoiooimoffiQOOOOOOOOoOHH 

jimammmaiooooooooooHHHHririHHHHCi^ciCT^ 
co co co co co co co ^j* ^f* ^p ^r ^* ^^ ^p ^? ^ct* ^* ^* ^ct* "^ "^ ^t* ^^ *^f ^^ ^* *^f ^* "^ ^* ^* ^^ 



Ji! 



Reformed calendar of 
Julius Caesar. Jan- 
uary 1. 



(MCOTffOCOt-OOCnO 



nTto«>HOin'<*0(ONX)030H(NnTjtint£it-a)050H«nT)((^p5HW 
Hyrcanus again. ^^rH^-<^rtrHrtPH(M{M^<M^ ■« J | 

Antigonus t to~* 

1-4 ffi^.3 



to«r>t^ooo50>-<(r?co'^uoto«^ooairHC^coTt<intot^ooa50i-HC?co"^»r5tot- 
rtr Hr-r-.^<^c<c?c*<?*<*^<MC*c< C1 eopatra. S rt M^3r^rt,H 

GO 






-SS-S^l-3 l-SS^ ^^ 3^ S-3^ 3^1-3 3-3 S^? 



CO 



c^o^oooooooot^t^i^i^tDtoocr>oooir5^Tit-^T^cococococQ(>ic*c<{T-ir-i 



(Mn^iflCDt-QOCDOHCTW^iOO^OOOOHlMPO^mO^OOmOHffJfO 

Q0XC000C000C00005fflC5mC)C5a0im05OOOOOOOOOOHr-(rtH 

cocococococoocococococococococococot-~t^t^t~i^i>'t^j>»£^r~r^t^t-~t~» 



'* I 



t-00C5OH«m'^i0t0NQ005O-lCT«'*iOONG0CiOH(MM-i'inC0i>0D 

a)XKX)3)C5CiO)0)OClOC)C)0000000000- i^-ir-lr-(r-(rHr-i^Hr-( 

OH«n^irttDt-ooo50H(Nco-^irttONcomoH«co^irtcot-coaiOr-i 
^r^^^^^^^^rtC^^OJOJCJCJGNiC^G^CJcocor^roroc^rocococo-*^ 









is « s 



• <Vn3 i 

• a o s 

: o &^ 
: © g 6o • 

. OS <y ." CD 
. CU 

.03 



t^cociOrHC)W"#iflcoNC&c50rtoiP5'*ntot^GOQOr-icjn'^^ta^QO 

•*# -^< -^f UO lO o >o lO uO lO lO lO HO to co co CO CD CO co CO CO CO t— r- I"- I— t— t— t— t"» I— 

cocococococococococococococococococacocococococococococococococo 



t^COOTtiMCTHOffi OO^COiO-*n(MH005QOt-CDL'3'D<«C?H0050jt-CO 

<OQcocDcoococoirtiflinininioif3irtiQO'>*'<*'^TjT}"'*-^'*^T)<mn«rt 

G5OH(Mrt"*O(Dt-!»C5OH(M«^m(0t«.000)Or-iWrt'*ifll0t-.G0C)O 

i^ oo ao x x / Tj'X/jXY.CffiCjancsociciffiocoocosoocH 

Tt ■* rf t)* Tf ■* rf Tf ^ T(< ^ ^ ^t Tf -* ^ Tf Tf ^ t« Tl< in LT Li O O Ll O O O O O 

minooinoifioo^iflioinoooiominiflifliflOinnoinoioioinin 



382 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



tDt-aoaiOHO.'o-^mtDNaoaiOrtOin^oto^oojiOHOj^TjiLiON 

co n n w-o ro rs « n n n en n n co ro w m « « x n n w x n n .-<: w w n n n 



ooH«co'*iflOr'aoa>OHC{co'*incot'00cnOH(MroTjiLO(£it^QOdo 
cot^f^t^t^^f-t^t^t^r-oocDXioo;X)Xi'X)OOTOcocr3CJ5c:cr5cnc^cnc^a^^o 

co n .-o co co m co .-o co co n co .-o co co co co .-o « co n co co co .-o co co co co pj « ^ 



iMco^oefl^aocsoHiNco^otct-xcnciHOjco^incc^oocftOHwn 

rtHHHrtHrHrH(^OJO}CTO}(NOJCTCTCTCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO'<1'- , -|''* 

(O^Cfitfl(OOQ<I)iO(fiOtO(J3(I)tJ^kflO^)CC)'^a;D'JtOwCO(flOOi3IB 



OJDt^OOCOOr-KMCO^ifttO^'XCnOrt^COTCvn^NXCOO'HWCOTCirSCO 

CT(NCQWWCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO , *"^TJiTi^ , *'1 , 'i'T l ^inO'OiftifliO»0 



§1? 
•2-5 = 



the preceding year, nad 1 "" ' ""• "- ' r 
Judea becomes n Roman province. 



is 

S o 

C4W 



Augustus Cae- 
sar begins,-! CMco^mcDf-aOCTiO 
from the battle ol Aetium September 2,A.rH 
J. P. 4682. 



oorooHCJ 

r-t r-t CM CM CM 

Conquered by Augustus. 






^J? 






^"S^5 ^ ^bc?§^s . 






^5*5 S3 -a 



T3 



cJ t^ >> „ 
O — a) n^ *j n; o *-3 cj _2 •.— 






^ir5C0^XOOrHrNC0^OONKC35OHCN«T)iif)Or'XC?JOHWC0-'i0 
hh^hh-hCTCNCNCJCNCJJWCNOICNCOCOCOCOCOC^cOCOCOCO^'*'*^'^^ 



cr>OHC}co-<jiint3NXcc)OHWco^iotflt^xcnoH(^co'^iocor-xcc:o 

HWWCJCNWCNWCNCJWCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^T)'Tr^rJ('*'^--iT!ji-!jii.O 



I si 

•'- IS 

al i 



cMco-^mcot— ocas© 



tj< m to r^ ao oo 



t— t~t— r~t-t-t-t~t- t— r~t^t^r~t-t^r^t— r- t~- c- t^t— t-t— t-t^t'-r^t— t— t— 



(»0)O^DICOT|ii.OCr'XOCHC«!COTrin»r'XC50H«COTjiO!Or-TCO 

r.r-Q0CCC0X'*iG00)!Ba)r.c;c5C)C)Cicnoma!Oocooococo 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOrc 



•-3 CM CM 

"S °° 

Q3 -l-j 



rcc; o 
° 3 CM 



CriOHC!CO-*iOOr-XCftOr-i(^COTJ(irttOr-Xa)OHOJCO'*>ntOr'XC)0 

^crjXXXXCOCOXCOXcjm^cnmcnr.cimcoocooooooooH 

(J(£KOtflOCOOtOO^COOOOtt)OOOOr'r-r'r'r-r'r"r-t~r-r' 



OCOQOf'tOOi 1 



„• rt a co •* m o r» cc o c h oi .- - >o a i- 

g p| HH HHHHHH(NCMC4(M 

I o in in >o o m m in in io in uo m 



.,o^?)c7Tfinot-»cnoHOj 

I CM CM O' OJ O! CM CO « -. CO CO CO CO c: CO CO -^ Tt* "^ 

. I m m m io o m m m o m m o < ~ o >o .o m ico in m >o >o m in m m m m m m in o 
< o o in m m m m m in m m m m m m io io >o >o m m m m >o m >r: >.-. m in m o o 



GENERAL TABLE. 



383 



OOff)OH(^«Tilin«ONX050H(^«Tj(iOO^OCC50H(M«^iOtONQOa5 

m in to to to co to to so co (0 to « - t- t- t- t- t- t- i- i- t- go oo go go % go 30 oo oo oo 
t^t^t^t— t^t^-t^f~t— t~ t— t~ i> r^ t~ r— r-c-t— t~t">t~r~t'-r— t-t~r~i^t— t-t— 

crjcocococococoeococoeocococococococococococococococococococococo 



3< 



r^?}C0^inC0t^G0c-nOi^?}C0^incOt^G0OTO^?}C0^int0t^G0C->O.-l?l: 
O O O O O O O O O r-t — < r-i — ( — — < — i r-i r-i ^h C! ?! CI ?! ?! ?! ?! Oi "> ?! ro CO n 

oooooooooooooooooooooooocooooooo 



Titmco^QOOiOHCjn'fiocDr-oomcT-icfnTCintoNTOoOHOWi'ii'j 
tji ■* Tf ^ ^ ^ m ifl m in o m o >n o o o c a a to ^ -j o id to t- t- i- n n n 

to to to to to «o tc to to o ta o to to co to to a to o to » a a a a a to a to o to 



■a * 



* Last year of the fi-2 or 69 weeks of Daniel ends about Saturday the 30th Dec., at Christ's baptism, the time 
of manifesting him. * 

NGDc7io-H««'*mcoN'»c75Crt^n^».naNQOoor-iC!co^'inat-QO 
Ln m m a a a a a a a a a a i- i- t- t- t- t- r- i^ t- t- oo x oo xj a x> oo oo go 



Hww*inai>coo50 

Arrln-Uius, from the preceding""^ 
spring. 



i-Htr»coTj<>ncot^ono50»-(i-(c>?cctt , >n 
Valerius Gratus. r ~ t '" H Pontius Pilate. 



(MCO^mcOt-GOC75 



*In Feb. Tiberius with Augustus. August 19, sole reign of Tiberius Caesar began. 




£fc i 



af'QOffiOHWM^mat^oomoHiMn^oar-.oonoHijinrjimtoN 
■* Tf rr tj< o o o m m m m m m lo a a a a a a a a a a i- r^ t- i^ t^ ^ t^ n 



--• ?! co «rj< m to t- go ot o h ?! co -* m to t- go en o ^ ?! co Tt m to t- go o o — t ?! 
m in m m m m >n m m a a a a a a a a a a n o i^ n ^ o i- t^ ^ t^ x x oi 

t-t^t-l^l— t^t^t^t— t- t^ t~ C— t'- t— t~t>t~t~t"-t-t'-i>-^t— »>-l> t"- t^ t> t— t- 

Tfinat-xmoHCTM^inat-xciOH^M^ina^XQOH'Mro^in 

N l' N t^ t^ t^ X 'JO X X' CO X X X X X O O J) (J) C5 05 O O) C5 t7) o c o o o o 

^^t~^^i^^t^t^r^^i^t^t~^J^t~i>'t~F~t~i^^r~t~L^GOGOcoccGOGO 

OHCTn^mat'XcDCHOjco'^inaNxmoHCjw^mar-xcnoH 
h h h rn -I h h h h .-( <?j ct ci m ct C! o ?! o ?i n « n « n n n m r. « 'f* 
cocococococococococococococccococococococoeococococococococococo 



i^c>Jco^intor^GOc^o^G>Jco^intot^GOctiOr^c><coTt<intot^GOCT)0--i'rj 

M -h H ^ M -( M fh H '/! ?! 7! C! Tl C! C! T! ?! ?! r: n X C5 « M rt m PJ n -^ T)t Tjt 

cooir-tr^cjco-^intot^coci 



n -* m a i^ x o o h ?! r. -? m a t- x it. o h ?! w •# m a t- x g c h c! ?; rji 
! ^ rf rf ^"-ji tj< Tf tn m li l? l? o in m li m a a a a a a a a a a t- t- t- n t- 
i in in o in >n >n in in in >n o >n m >n o in o in m in in o o in m in m in in in in in 

lo o o in in in in o o in o o o in o o in in in o in o o o m in >n in in in in in 



25 



THE PUBLIC MINISTRY OF CHRIST, 

FROM HIS BAPTISM, ABOUT SATURDAY, THE 30TH OF DECEMBER, A. J. P. 4737, AN. 
EX. ISR. 1671, THEBET 23D, UNTO HIS CRUCIFIXION, FRIDAY, MARCH 26TH, A. J. P. 
4741; AN. EX. ISR. 1675; ABIB OR NISAN THE 14TH; (See chap, xyi;) AND TO THE END 
OF THE SEVENTY WEEKS. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1671. 



A. J. P. 4737; A. D. 24. 



Thebet 
Shebet. 
Adar . . 





co 


w 




CO 
















c 




s 


s 


1 


2. 


3. 


& 














I 


? 


? 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 





Synchros 



Dom. Let. 

....G 

A. D. 25. 



9 


CO 


CO 


en 

P 


CO 








S 




3, 


i 


3. 




1 




9 








? 




•< 


^ 




9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


3 





Dec, Jan. 
Jan., Feb. 
Feb., Mar. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1672. 



A. J. P. 4738: A. D. 25. 



Abib 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tararnuz .. 

Ab 

Elul ...... 

Tisri 

Marches.. . 
Casleu. . . . 
Thebet . . . 
Shebet.... 
Adar 



go 

S" 
p 


cp 

1 

3. 

i p 

i ? 


CO 

O. 

P 


CO 


CO 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 





A.J.P.4739 
A. D. 26. 
...F 



23| 2 



Julian Months. 



Mar., Apr. 
Apr., May. 
May, June, 
June, July, 
July, Aug 
Aug., Sept, 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Nov. 
Nov., Dec. 
Dec, Jan. 
Jan., Feb. 
Feb., Mar. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1673. 



A. J. P. 4739: A. D. 26. 



Abib 

Ijar 

Sivan .... 

Tarnmuz. 

Ab 

Elul 

Tisri 

8 Marches.. 

9 Casleu... 

10 Thebet.... 

11 Shebet. 

12 Adar . . 



oa 

2. 


CO 

i 


CO 

o. 

1 




CO 

3. 
1 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 





Synchronisms. 



A.J.P.4740 
A.D. 27. 
...E 



Mar., Apr. 
Apr., May. 
May, June 
June, July 
July, Aug, 
Aug., Sept, 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Nov. 
November. 
Dec, Jan. 
Jan., Feb. 
Feb., Mar. 



386 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1674. 



A. J. P. 4740: A. D. 27. 



Abib 

Ijar 

Si van 

Taramuz . . 

Ab 

EM 

7 |Tisri. 

Marches . . 

Casleu 

Thebet . . . 

Shebet 

Adar 



X 


co 


CO 


CO 


CO 


1 

1 


1 
1 

8 


EL 
15 


3. 


! 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 . 


7 


14 


21 


23 




5 


12 


19 


26 


33 



Synchronisms. 



A.J.P. 4741 
A. D. 28. 
..D. C... 



GO 

p 

2. 
<< 

8 


co 

2. 
1 


73 

C 
| 

P 


5. 
1 


CO 

1 
1 


15 


22 


29 


5 


12 


19 


26 


3 




10 


17 


24 


31 




7 


14 


21 


28 


5 


12 


19 


26 


2 




9 


16 


23 


30 




6 


13 


20 


27 


4 


11 


18 


25 


1 




8 


15 


22 


29 




6 


13 


20 


27 


3 


10 


17 


24 


31 




7 


14 


21 


28 


6 



Julian Months. 



Mar., 
Apr., 
May, 
June, 
July, 
Aug. 
Sept, 
Oct., 
Nov. 
Dec, 
Jan., 
Feb., 



Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 
, Sept. 
, Oct. 

Nov. 
, Dec. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1675. 



A. J. P. 4741; A. D. 28. 



Abib.... 
Ijar 

Sivan. . . 
Tammuz 

Ab 

EM. . . . 
Tisri . . . 
Marches 
Casleu . . 
Thebet . 
Shebet . . 
Adar . . . 



1. 


CO 

P 

S" 
p 


w 


CO 

p 

p. 

1 


2" 

3. 
p 


1 


8 


15* 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 





Synchronisms. 



A.J.P. 4742 

A. D. 29. 

....B 



10 



10 



Julian Months. 



Mar., Apr. 
Apr., May. 
May, June. 
June, July. 
July, Aug. 
Aug., Sept. 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Nov. 
Nov., Dec. 
Dec, Jan. 
Jan., Feb. 
Feb., Mar. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1676. 



A. J. P. 4742; A. D. 29. 



Abib 
Ijar 

Sivan. . . . 
fain muz. 

Ab 

Etal 

1'i.sri 

Marches . 
Ca-l.m... 
Thebet . . 
Shebet . . . 
Adar . . . 



GO 

1 


CO 

p 
c 

a 
"i 


CO 

1 


CO 

9 

e 
l 


CO 

1 
1 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 





A.J.P. 4743 
A. D. 30. 
...A.... 



CO 

w 

<< 


CO 

£■ 
s 

p 


CO 

p 

I 


CO 

S" 
I 


CO 

p 

$ 

1 

9 


12 


19 


26 


2 


16 


23 


30 


7 




14 


21 


28 


4 




11 


18 


25 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 




12 


19 


26 


3 




10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 


4 




11 


18 


25 


4 





Julian Months. 



Mar., Apr. 
Apr., May. 
May, June. 
June, July. 
July, Aug. 
Aug., Sept, 
Sept., Oct, 
Oct., Nov. 
Nov., Dec. 
Dec, Jan. 
Jan., Feb. 
Feb., Mar. 



* Crucifixion, Abib 14. 



END OF THE SEVENTY WEEKS 



387 



An. Ex. Isr. 1677. 



A. J. P. 4743; A. D. 30. 



Months. 


p 
3. 
1 


CO 

p 


3. 
1 

15 


w 
p 

22 


GO 

1 

P 

? 

29 


Abib 


1 


8 


Ijar 


6 


13 


20 


27 




Sivafl 


4 


11 


18 


25 




Tammuz. . 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


Ab 


7 


14 


21 


28 




Elul 


5 


12 


19 


26 




Tisri 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


Marches . . 


6 


13 


20 


27 




Casleu .... 


4 


11 


18 


25 




Thebet . . . 


2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


Shebet 


7 


]4 


21 


28 




Adar 


5 


12 


19 


26 





3. 3. Synchronisms. 



A.J.P.4744 
A. D. 31. 
...G.... 



CO 


DO 


CO 

f 


w 
p 

1 


1 
1 

8 


11 


18 


25 


15 


22 


29 


6 




13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


5 




12 


19 


26 


2 




9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 


4 




11 


18 


25 


2 




9 


16 


23 


30 


6 


13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


3 





Mar., 
Apr., 
May, 
June, 
July, 
Aug., 
Sept., 
Oct., 
Nov., 
Dec, 
Jan., 
Feb., 



Apr. 
May. 
June. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
, Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 



An. Ex. Isr. 1678. 



A.J.P.4744: A. D. 31. 



Abib 

Ijar 

Sivan 

Tammuz , 

Ab 

Elul' 

Tisri . . . 
Marches 
Casleu . . 
Thebet . 









CO 




- 


p 


p 




p 












3, 


p. 


3. 


2. 


a. 












? 




"? 


«^ 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 




5 


12 


19 


26 




1 


8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 




4 


11 


18 


25 




2 


9 


16 


23 


24* 



CO 

p 
§■ 
3. 


CO 

p 

I 

p 


w 

p 

3. 

p 


CO 

c 
3, 
p 


CO 

1 


10 


17 


24 


31 


7 


14 


21 


28 


5 




12 


19 


26 


2 




9 


16 


23 


30 


7 


14 


21 


28 


4 




11 


18 


25 


1 




8 


15 


22 


29 


6 


13 


20 


27 


3 




10 


17 


24 


1 




8 


15 


22 1 


29 


30 t 



Mar., Apr. 
Apr., May. 
May, June. 
June, July. 
July, Aug. 
Aug., Sept. 
Sept., Oct. 
Oct., Nov. 
Nov., Dec. 
December. 



* Sunday, f Sunday. Last day of the "seventy weeks," or 
ning of the Gospel dispensation to the Gentiles. 



years, of Daniel, and hegin- 



QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTERS 



CHAPTER I. 

Note. — The figures denote the sections in which the required answers Bhould be sought. 

1. What is chronology? 4. By what method were the years of the world first 
preserved in the Bible? 5. What chapter of Genesis contains iUustrations of 
this method? State some of them. 6. How could the number of the years of 
the world be counted by this method? 7. How would the past fraction of the 
current year, at the birth of a successor, most likely be counted? Why? Might 
the whole of the current year be counted to the progenitor without deranging 
the years of the world? Have we any illustration of a similar practice in the 
succession of kings? Adam was created on the sixth day of the first week — 
did his first tabular year end with that year of the world? 8. Did the 600th 
year of Noah's life synchronize with the current year of the world? 9. In 
what year of the world was the Flood, according to the different authorities in 
the first table? 10. From what authority did Josephus profess to get his chro- 
nology? When and in what language did he publish his antiquities? With 
which does his chronology best agree, the Hebrew or Septuagint? Does this 
prove that, when he wrote, the Septuagint and Hebrew chronology agreed, 
except six years? In what patriarch's life did the difference of six years occur? 
State the number of years, on the different authorities, from the Flood to the 
birth of Abraham. Total number of each from Adam to that event. 11. What 
correction, in each copy of these authorities, should be made at the birth of 
Abraham? Why? 12. Where was the Hebrew text chiefly preserved till the 
destruction of the temple by Nebuchadnezzar? Were any copies kept during 
the captivity? By whom was a corrected copy of the law enforced upon the 
Jews on their return to Jerusalem? When were the books of the Old Testa- 
ment finished? When were the Hebrew Scriptures much neglected? Why was 
this neglect? When were they again critically studied by both Jews and Chris- 
tians? What Greek versions were then completed? Were many discrepancies 
then discovered in the Hebrew manuscripts? When was the Jerusalem Talmud 
issued? When was revised and published the sacred text by the Jews, calling 
the true reading the Masorah, and the meaning Mishna and Gemara? 13. Give 
some account of the Samaritan copy of the Pentateuch. 14. Give a short ac- 
count of the Septuagint copy of the Scriptures. 15. What two authorities, in 
the second table, exactly agree, except in the life of Cainan? 16. What author- 
ity may be given for retaining Cainan in the ancestral line of the Christ? 17. 
What is the testimony of Demetrius of the number of years from Adam to the 
coming of Jacob into Egypt? 18. Give the testimony of Eupolemus. How 



390 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

many years does this Introduction make it from the exodus to the " fifth year of 
Demetrius?" 19. How long after the Flood, according to the Hebrew numbers, 
■was the birth of Peleg? Was that sufficient time for required events at the 
dispersion? What would be the probable number of grown men at that 
time? 20. When was the translation from the Hebrew made by the Seventy? 
Did Jesus Christ and his apostles use this translation? 21. Does the Septua- 
gint now contain the same numbers it did then? Did the Hebrew and Greek 
copies then agree? What is the inference from this fact? Who charged the 
Jews with altering the Hebrew text? What apparent reason induced this alter- 
ation? How many years did they shorten from Adam to the birth of Abraham? 
Give the number of years from Adam to the exodus. The principal items. 
Show how the Israelites were 215 years in Egypt. 

CHAPTER II. 

1. Give the number of months and days of each in the ancient solar year, with 
the proof, according to Watson, Calmet, and Michaelis. 2. According to Pri- 
deaux, Kepler, Usher, and Lydiat. 3. How were the fragments of the year 
made up, according to Scaliger, Usher, Shuckford, and Jackson? 4. What was 
the length of the Roman year, as reformed by Sosigines? How long did it then 
continue unaltered? Is it allowed that the same length of a solar year had 
obtained from the beginning? What did Scaliger construct on the principle 
of this measure of time? What did Usher construct on it? 5. What Scripture 
proofs may be offered that the years of the Bible had only twelve months? Give 
proof that these were solar years. What is the testimony of Josephus on this 
point? 6. How many days tn each month, according to the Scriptures and 
Josephus? How many according to the form of the prediction of the man of 
sin? 7. When Josephus speaks of " a lunar month," how many days does he 
mean? Give proof of this. 8. What strange assertion did Dr. Clarke make on 
Genesis viii, 14? How may this be refuted? 9. What different Hebrew words 
are used for month and moon in the Old Testament? What are the Greeek words 
by which these are translated in the Septuagint? What Hebrew and Greek 
words are used in the Old Testament for the "beginning of the month?" What 
plea did Maimonides set up for beginning the month at the new moon? 10. 
What say you on the translation of Isaiah lxvi, 23? What on Col. ii, 16? 11. 
What on the question of the world beginning in the spring or autumn? 12. 
How many years make a solar cycle? Explain the following synchfonical cycle. 
How long may this cycle be used to point out the defined day of auy event in 
the Bible? How do you find the first day of the Flood in Julian time? Show 
the day of the resurrection of Christ in the year of the world. What number 
of weeks did that day finish in the world's history? How do you ascertain 
this? How do you show that the first reputed day of time was Monday? 
Point out the Julian day of the exodus. Point out the corresponding day in the 
Rabbinical year of the world. 

CHAPTER III. 

1. Explain A. M. 2. Explain B. 0. 3. Explain A. J. P. Show how it was 
connected with A. D. 1. Why is this period called Julian? What years when 
added must always make the sum of 4714? 4. Explain A. D. When was the 



QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTEES. 391 

advent of the Savior? "What years, being added together since A. D. 1, will 
give the current year of the Julian period? Work out the illustration given in 
this section. 6. Explain the Dominical or Sunday Letters. 7. Explain Olym- 
pic years. How is the beginning year verified? Turn Olympic years into 
Olympiads, and vice versa. 8. Give some account of A. U. C. 9. Explain the 
Julian cycle. When and by whom was this calendar reformed? What is it now 
called? Show on what day of the week Rev. John Rucker was born. Also 
the day of the week on which the author was born. On what day of the week 
was you born? 

CHAPTER IY. 

1. Give an account of the era of Nabonassar, its beginning, and the length of 
each year. Prove the beginning of this era by the eclipse alluded to in this sec- 
tion. 3. What correction is needed in the list of the kings of Babylon? 4. 
What two kinds of years is it contended that the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and 
ancient Persians had? When did the solar year of the Israelites begin and end? 
Give Scripture proof. Does this fact prove that other nations, having the same 
origin, had also the same year? What distinguished chronologer said the first 
month of this year " contained part of September and part of October?" When 
did the ecclesiastical year annually begin? 5. In what did the sacred year of 
the Egyptians differ from their solar year? When and by whom was their 
sacred year conformed to the length of the Julian year? When did it begin? 
6. How many years make a cycle of Egyptian or Nabonassarian years? On 
what days of the week do they severally begin? When did these years orig- 
inally begin? 7. If one of these years begins on Wednesday, on what day of 
the week will it end? How do you find the year of the cycle in which a re- 
ported event took place? When did the first great cycle of 1461 Egyptian 
years end? On what day did both the 2262d year of Egyptian history, and 
the first year of Nabonassar begin? 8. How many years in Egyptian history 
are called for down to the year of the exodus? With what year of the world 
does this synchronize? If this Egyptian year be continued, will it synchronize 
exactly with the first of Nabonassar? Does this establish the correctness of 
the whole series? 

CHAPTER Y. 

What is the object of this chapter? 1. What quotation from Manetho leads to 
a solution of this part of chronology? 2. Name the shepherd kings and the 
sum of their reigns. Who drove the shepherd people from Egypt? What was 
the error of Josephus about these shepherds? Who were they? How many 
years, after the shepherds were expelled, were required to make Manetho's 511? 
Name the kings and their reigns which complete the number required. 3. How 
many years from Salatis to the second of Rameses III of the monuments, if 
the odd months also be counted? Why should they not be counted? 4. In 
what time did this Egyptian year recede through the solar year? In what 
Julian year, and in what time of it, did the second year of Rameses III begin? 
How is this ascertained? In what time of the year was Moses born? Give the 
evidence of this. 5. State the first part of the correspondencies between Mane- 
tho and the Bible to the end of this section. 6. State the correspondencies 



392 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

mentioned in this section. 7. State those mentioned in this. 8. State those of 
this section. 9. Give the agreement between the authorities stated in this section. 
10. What are the points of agreement here stated? 11. What is the amount of 
correspondence alluded to in this section? What year of the world corresponded 
to Manetho's 511? What was the day of the exodus in each kind of year? 12. 
On what day in the Julian year did the reign of Salatis, the first shepherd 
king, begin? On what day began the 16th dynasty of 190 years? When began 
Menes, or the 443 years of fifteen generations or dynasties? Then, when began 
the first period of 217 years? When did the coincidence of the year of the 
world and this Egyptian year beginning on the same day occur again? When a 
third time did they begin on the same day? What is said of the declaration of 
Censorinus on the subject? When did the solar year of the Israelites, when in 
Egypt, and that of the Egyptians, begin and end? What is said of an error of 
Syncellus? What did the Egyptian priests mean by the sun rising twice in the 
west during their history? Could this have occurred twice since the discovery 
of the Sothic years before Herodotus visited Egypt? Does this fact require a 
solar year much more remotely used for this coincidence? 13. What first 
prompted the author to write on chronology? 15. What results are summed 
up in this section? 16. How many Egyptian sacred years had to be reversed 
from the era of Nabonassar to the era of the Mizraimites in Egypt? Who prob- 
ably began this historical calendar on the first day of A. M. 2540? 17. Explain 
the synchronisms in this section. 18. Were the Jews required to keep the Pass- 
over at the vernal equinox? What assertion of Jackson is disproved on this 
subject, and how disproved? 

CHAPTER VI. 

1. Do the Scriptures teach that there was any separation among the descend- 
ants of Noah before the confusion of tongues? What proof may be given that 
the settlement of different portions of the earth was the fulfillment of a previous 
decree of God? By whom and how was this Divine order opposed? By whom 
and how was this order fulfilled? From what did different countries take their 
respective names? Give illustrations. 2. Had each country been previously 
occupied by the person whose name it bore? What insurmountable difficulty 
have those who, adopting the Hebrew numbers, say the name of Peleg was 
given because of the dispersion from Babel? 3. What difficulty have those who 
adopt the Samaritan numbers? 4. What difficulty have they generally on this 
subject, who adopt the Septuagint? What time would Ashur have to build the 
eities, Nineveh and others, after the birth of Peleg? What time would even 
Nimrod have — see Genesis x, 10 — to build Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh? 
5. Is the birth of Peleg too late for the dispersion to answei* the demands of 
history in the settlement of different countries? Instance some. Is it satisfac- 
tory to say the history of nations, before the birth of Peleg, is all fabulous? 6. 
Can any good reason be assigned why Noah and his three sons should have 
been dead before the rebellion at Babel? What opposite influences were at 
work when the proposition was made to build a tower to reach to heaven? By 
whom was the counsel of God enforced upon the multitudes? By what inter- 
position was the Divine purpose accomplished? 7. For previous reasons stated, 
Trhen should we allow the dispersion took place? How would this answer to 



QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTERS. 393 

the demands of history and holy Scripture? 8. "What was probably the very 
year of the dispersion from Babel? How many were, perhaps, then living on 
earth? Who were generally the different emigrant companies? What principal 
parts of the earth were assigned by divine Providence to the different sons of 
Noah? 9. Why was the name Peleg given to one of the sons of Eber? Was 
this a physical or political division? Give reasons in support of this opinion. 
10. Does this view of the subject require that the history of some other nations 
beside the Mizraimites should begin about the same time? What presumptive 
proof is there that Nimrod's reign has been curtailed? What cities did he 
found after the dispersion? How long is his reputed reign? 11. Who first set- 
tled the country called Persia? Probable time settled? Who stands at the 
head of the list which has reached us of Persian rulers? When and by whom 
was Persia subdued to Assyria? How long after that did Abraham pursue 
Chederlaomer, and rescue Lot? Who was Chederlaomer? 12. Who is the first 
reputed king of Assyria? What evidence is there that Assyria had kings before 
Ninus? When did Babylon become subject to Assyria? 13. Give the synchro- 
nisms at the time of the exodus. 14. What is supposed to be the whole number 
of people at the dispersion? State the supposed number according to the Hebrew 
copy of the Scriptures, at Peleg's birth. 15. Also according to the Septuagint 
copy at the birth of Peleg. What year is adopted for the dispersion? 16. 
Whose testimonies are added in favor of this time? When did Sanconiatho 
write? 17. When was the temple of Hercules built? On what testimony does 
this depend? Where was Tyre? When would the Hebrew numbers require 
the building of the temple of Hercules, according to the testimony of its priests? 
How long after the Flood was it built? What events, according to Sanconia 
tho, after the dispersion, preceded the building of that temple? What time did 
these events probably require? 18. Why is Eliun supposed to be Sidon? 
What was probably the age of Sidon at the dispersion? What is said of his 
wife? 19. State the sum of the testimony that the dispersion had taken place 
about 254 years before the birth of Peleg. 20. What is said of Thoth in this 
section? With whom was he cotemporary? How many years would he proba- 
bly live after the dispersion? Who settled upper Egypt? Was there time for 
this after the birth of Peleg? Why? 21. How long did Noah live after the 
Flood? What important testimony is given by the British Druids in favor of 
the dispersion before his death? 

CHAPTER VII. 

1. What is to be regretted in respect to the weekly Sabbath of the Jews? 
What is proposed to be proved on this point? 2. What is agreed to by all, as 
stated in this section? 3. By what is the fifteenth of Abib distinguished from 
other days mentioned in this section? 4. What two institutions connected 
annually with the Passover? On "what days did they always occur? What 
Sabbath was it, the morrow after which they were to offer the wave- offering, 
and begin the count for the feast of Pentecost? What is the testimony of Jose- 
phus on this point? 5. Does the keeping of the first Passover at Gilgal support 
the testimony of Josephus? On what day of the month had the Passover 
always to be? On what day came the feast of unleavened bread? How long 
did it continue? 6. What proof is furnished at the crucifixion that the Sabbath 



394 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

of the Jews came on the fifteenth of Abib, or Nisan? 7. What has caused 
much perplexity in respect to the weekly returns of the Jewish Sabbath? Illus- 
trate. 8. Mention the days of the months when the Sabbaths recur in Abib, 
Ijar, and Sivan. When did the Pentecost always come? Give the Sabbaths in 
Tammuz, Ab, and Elul. Why should this month always have thirty-two days? 
State the days of the Sabbaths in Tisri. When did the feast of tabernacles 
begin and end? What day of it was required to be a Sabbath? When was it 
required to have the next Sabbath? What illustration of this order is given in 
Nehemiah? What in John vii, viii, ix? Give the Sabbaths in Marchesvan, Cas- 
leu, Tebet, Sebat, and Adar. How must this month be ended so as to make the 
first day a Sabbath in Abib the next year, that the fifteenth, as required, may 
be a Sabbath? 9. How many days in the year thus regulated? How could it 
be lengthened so as to bring the Sabbaths on the days required by the law, 
and make it, as needed, conform to the years of the world? 

II. Christian Sabbath. 1. When and where was the Sabbath instituted? 
Has this law ever been repealed? For whom was the Sabbath made? What 
obligations and interests does it always comprehend? What was the penalty 
of the Divine law? 2. When it is said Messiah " will magnify the law, and 
make it honorable," was the Sabbath included? Were any services required on 
the Jewish Sabbath which were not on the Sabbath made originally for man? 
In what three ways has the Lord, by his own acts, signally distinguished the day 
we call Sunday? Why did the disciples adopt Sunday as their Sabbath? 
What allusion is made to this subject in Hebrews iv? Why is this called the 
Lord's day? Give a proof of this. When did the Lord make this a day of 
spiritual rejoicing and gladness? 3. With what was the Jewish Sabbath bur- 
dened too much to be considered the one given to man in innocency? What 
did it involve in reference to the Jews? When the law was published at Sinai, 
on Sunday, how was the previous Jewish Sabbath day spent? Was the law of 
the ten words uttered exclusively for the Jews? On what days did Christ sanc- 
tify himself, that he might sanctify his disciples? By what did he sanctify 
them? How? What did they then begin to distinguish? 4. What distin- 
guishing sign did the Lord give between himself and the Israelites? In what 
did the sign consist? What became the most distinguished day of the week 
among the nations that became idolatrous? Is it likely this was done on the 
original Sabbath day? Why? 5. How long was the Sabbath of the Jews to 
be a sign between them and the Lord? When did these terminate? What 
were the Jews then bound to do? What inspired writer pronounces the Jewish 
Sabbath a shadow of good to be received in Christ? What has Christ given as 
answering to this shadowy day? 6. State the substance of reasons given in 
this section why the Jewish Sabbath should not be considered the original 
Sabbath. 7. State the illustration here given of their early unfamiliarity with 
their Sabbaths. Lastly. Show the Sabbath days observed by Noah in the year 
of the Flood. Again : Show the original Sabbath days in the month of the 
exodus. And again : Show the same day at the resurrection of the Lord of the 
Sabbath. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

1. Give a general statement of the contents of this section. 2. Show on 
what day the children of Israel crossed over Jordan. Show on what day of 



QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTERS. 395 

the week Aaron died. In what manner are set down the years of the patriarchs, 
kings, etc., from Adam to Christ? 3. When does this synchronical cycle begin 
in both its parts? 4. To the end of Adar, in what years was another week 
added? What effect had this addition? 5. Where will this calendar be more 
extensively defended? What infallible proof is here given of the correctness 
of this calendar? 6. What similar instance occurred in the 26th year of the 
life of David? 7. What is said of the months of the Syro-Macedonian and 
those of the Asiatic-Macedonian years? 

CHAPTER IX. 

1. Why does the author give this chapter on lunar months? What is pro- 
posed here on the subject of Jewish lunar months? What defect is found in 
the cycle of Dr. Clarke on this subject? 2. What else makes his " Perpetual 
Table " perplexing? When does the cycle begin as presented in this work? 
How was this beginning ascertained? What was the day of the week and year in 
Julian time of this beginning? On what day does the Jewish calendar require 
the first Sabbath in their years of the world? What effect has this fact on the 
present claims set up for theirs being the original Sabbath? 3. What days are 
synchronized in the following cycle? Explain the Index. State the number of 
days in each month. 4. State the substance of the fourth section. N. B. How 
is any Rabbinical year of the world to be found in this cycle? 5. Repeat the 
substance of this section. Why are the Gregorian years A. D., in the previous 
cycle of 247 years, said to be reversed? 6. Explain the following table of four- 
teen different kinds of Jewish years. 7. What is said of the length of Adar 
and of Veadar? 8. Give the illustration of the foregoing cycle and table, 
stated first in this section. Show how Dr. Clarke, using the cycle of Diony- 
sius, made the fifteenth of Abib that year correspond to Friday, the fifteenth of 
April, in Julian time. When does the Metonic of Julius Caesar require the 
fifteenth of Nisan for that year? What should have been the day of Pentecost 
that year, according to these several cycles? What days do these cycles require 
for the fifteenth of Abib, A. D. 28? Do any of these results of those cycles 
answer to Scripture demands for the Passover at the crucifixion? How will the 
Mosaic cycle answer, as presented in this work? 9. Explain the different parts 
of the illustration, or example, in this section. How many days are in a cycle 
of 247 Rabbinical years? How many lunar cycles are in the said 247 years? 
10. How many Rabbinical years are in twenty-three of their cycles of 247 
years each? With what days of the week does each Jewish cycle begin and 
end? Is this true whether the cycles be run through the Jewish, Gregorian, or 
Julian calendars? 11. How many days are there from the last of the twenty- 
third cycle back to the first day of the first cycle? 12. What cycle did the 
Council of Nice use in respect to the Passover, Easter, etc.? Is the came cycle 
used yet by commentators, to ascertain the time of keeping the Passover among 
the Jews at the Christian era? 13. What is the Dionysian period? What was 
always considered the second year of this period? If the synchronical year of 
the Julian period, 4714, with A. D. 1, be divided by a lunar cycle of nineteen 
years, what will be the Golden Number for that year? 14. In a lunar cycle, 
how many common and how many Embolismic years? How many moons in 
each kind, and in all? How many moons in thirteen lunar cycles, or 247 Gre- 



396 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

gorian years? How many weeks or Sabbaths? "What is the mean length of 
one of those solar years? What is the mean length of one of these moons? 
15. State the substance of this section. 16 and 17. Tell how this Metonic 
cycle is to be understood according to these two sections. What was the 
Golden Number, according to this cycle, for A. D. 1? 18. What is the 
Epact? Explain the balance of this section. 19. In what does the cycle of 
the Council of Nice differ from that of Julius Csesar? 20. For what was 
this cycle adopted by the Council? 21. How do you ascertain by this cycle the 
day of the change and full of the moon in any year of the Julian period? 
Show the beginning and ending days of the Rabbinical A. M. 3761, in the cor- 
responding Julian years. 22. What was the Golden Number in the year of the 
session of the Council of Nice? In what Rabbinical A. M.? What year of the 
reformed calendar? 23 From what Julian and R,abbinical years, and to what 
years, does the author propose to synchronize them, according to the Nicene 
calendar? For what purpose? In what chapters of this work has a calen- 
dar been deduced, from the Scriptures, corresponding to their dates after the 
exodus? According to this calendar, in what time of the Julian year had every 
Passover to come? When had each Passover to be eaten? On what day of the 
Jewish month was the first of unleavened bread? What day in the correspond- 
ing year of the Julian period was the first Passover? How do you prove this? 
24. Prove when the wave-sheaf was required to be offered. Show when the 
following feast of Pentecost was required by the law. Show how the regula- 
tion of these feasts settles some chronological questions connected with the 
crucifixion of Christ. What is asserted of Luke vi, 1? What is proved by 
Exodus xii, 16, 17, and Deuteronomy v, 15? How long after the second day 
of the first Passover till the law that kills was spoken? From the second day 
of the same feast, when it was fulfilled by Christ, how long to the day when 
the Spirit that giveth life was poured upon the disciples? What did the Bai- 
thuseans contend for against the rabbins on this subject? State the case quoted 
from Nicolaus of Damascus. 25. State Scripture proof that the fifteenth and 
twenty-second days of Tisri, the seventh month, were always Sabbaths. 26. 
State the evidence that the twenty-second of Tisri was a Sabbath, when the 
battle at Gabao was fought. Test this fact by the various lunar cycles, and 
also by that deduced from the books of Moses. Show how many days after 
the exodus to the said twenty-second of Tisri. Show how many days thence 
to Saturday, April 23, A. D. 1853. Give the whole number exclusive of the 
days of the exodus to said April twenty-third. 27. Give the substance of this 
section. 28. Mention texts to prove that the years of Scripture had only twelve 
months. How many days had these months? What is said of a reason urged 
by Maimonides for intercalating the year? What typical reason is manifested 
for making Friday, the fourteenth of Abib, the day of killing the Passover? 
29. What reasons may be given against intercalating a month in the year of 
Herod's death? 30. In what year of the different kinds was the Jewish altar 
desecrated by Antiochus Epiphanes? and what day of the week, month, and 
year was it purified and dedicated by Judas Maccabeus? How does the au- 
thor's cycle of the Mosaic calendar accord with the requirement of the recorded 
day of the dedication? When did Moses set up the tabernacle? Give the proof 
that it was Saturday. 31. What determines the day of the week on which Sol- 
omon began the dedication of the temple? What proof of this, also, did Solo- 



QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTERS. 397 

mon mention to Hiram? What error was committed by Usher in respect to the 
day of this dedication? "What further proof that this was Saturday is found in 
reference to the feast of Tabernacles, which immediately followed the seven 
days' feast of dedication? 32. What proof is furnished that, on the return from 
Babylon, Zerubbabel purified the altar and consecrated the priests, beginning 
on the Sabbath day? 33. Give proof that the dedication of the second temple 
commenced on the Jewish Sabbath. 34. What is said of the argument for lunar 
government, taken from the noumenia of the Seventy? 35. What has been 
proved by the calendar given to Moses in respect to the first and seventh months 
after the time of the exodus? Speak of a supposed difficulty and of its solution 
in respect to the Passover of the Passion- week. 37. How do you find the Golden 
Number for any one of the preceding years of the Julian period, according to 
the Nicene calendar? How for any year of Christ according to the Metonic 
cycle of Julius Caesar? How do you test the same lunar question in the corre- 
sponding Rabbinical year of the world in Julian and Jewish time? What cycle 
must be used to synchronize with Julian time any day of a Jewish month men- 
tioned in the Bible since the exodus? Give the different results of the various 
cycles for the crucifixion, Abib fourteenth, An. Ex. Isr. 1675, A. J. P. 4741, A. 
D.28. 

CHAPTER X. 

1. Against what does the author state his objections in this chapter? 2. What 
varying statements does Dr. Clarke, on the years of the world, make in the Old 
and New Testaments? 3. Show what error he stated in respect to " the Jewish 
computation" of time. 4. When did Usher begin his A. M. 1? What was the 
length of his years and months? In what way is it first proved that Usher's 
years of the world began too late in those of the Julian period? How is this 
proved secondly? 5. What exceptions are taken to the synchronical cycle of 
Usher? How is it proved that his years and the calendar of each are both 
wrong? 6. What objection lies to Usher's calendar after the exodus from Egypt? 
How is Usher's cycle to be used to find, according to him, the synchronism of a 
Scripture event in Julian time: Why has the author taken so much pains to 
exhibit Usher's chronology? 9. How do you ascertain that Usher made Tuesday 
the first day of the exodus? In what month do the years of the exodus begin? 
From what month do the years of the world begin? What convenient demon 
stration is afforded that Usher's year of the exodus is wrong? 

CHAPTER XI. 

1. How do you ascertain the day of the exodus in Julian time? What proof 
is there that they came into the wilderness of Sin on Monday? On what day 
did the Lord speak the ten commandments? On what day did Moses start up 
the mountain and remain forty days and nights? On what day did he return to 
the camp of Israel? What proof in order can you give of this? On what days 
did Moses go up and return the second time? Show on what day Moses set up 
the tabernacle, and commenced the consecration of Aaron and his sons. On 
what day did Aaron begin the duties of his office? On what day of that month 
were the paschal lambs slain? On what day did the Israelites move from Sinai? 
On what day did the spies start, and on what day did they return and report 
concerning the land? Prove that Aaron died on Sunday. Prove on what day 



398 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

Moses died. On what day did the people cross over Jordan? 2. On what day 
did the judges and kings probably begin their tabular years? 3. In what in- 
stances did the Israelites travel, or do any thing on the Sabbath days? 4. Do 
these instances countenance servile work on the Sabbath? 5. What great relig- 
ious work did Moses perform on the Sabbath day? 

CHAPTER XII. 

1. How many years were taken from the Hebrew numbers from Adam to the 
birth of Abraham? How many from the exodus to the foundation of the tem- 
ple? Prove when it was that Caleb applied for the hill of Hebron. What error 
do those get into who begin the forty-five years of which Caleb speaks, at the 
time sentence was passed on the murmurers? How long after this second divi- 
sion of lands was it that Joshua died? When does Paul's 450 years unto Samuel 
begin? What is said concerning the question of giving one year to Shamgar's 
administration? 2. What time elapsed from the exodus to the foundation of the 
temple, according to Mr. Smith, author of the " Hebrew People ?" 3. What is 
the testimony of Josephus on this question? How does the headings of the 
books of Josephus make out the number " 592?" 4. What number of years do 
the intervening items make, according to both Josephus and the Bible? 5. What 
number of years from the exodus to the captivity of the ten tribes by Shalma- 
nezar, according to the headings of the books of Josephus? What number, ac- 
cording to his items, from the exodus to that captivity? Which of his items 
differs from those of the Bible? How is this difference accounted for? 6. 
What other proof is given that Josephus intended to apply the excess of forty 
years as done in section fifth? What is the true number of years from the 
exodus to the burning of the temple, including the eleventh of Zedekiah? 7. 
What further confirmation of the above result may be given? Again: Further 
prove this by Jewish Wars, book vi, chap. 10, sec. 1. What other part of 
chronology is also proved by this quotation from Josephus? 9. Give the prin- 
cipal periods from Adam to the exodus. Give the principal divisions thence to 
the foundation of the temple. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

1. Show the proof that Solomon died B. C. 990. Prove the time from that 
event to the deaths of Ahaziah and Jehoram on the same day. What correc- 
tion is adopted in the reigns of the kings of Israel? From what time of the 
year did the kings of the two houses, Israel and Judah, probably date their 
reigns? 2. When did Rehoboam and Jeroboam begin their reigns? 3. What 
kings succeeded Rehoboam, in the house of Judah, as mentioned in this chap- 
ter? How long did each reign? Who reigned, and how long each, over the 
house of Israel during the same period? Distinguish between the two Aha- 
ziahs in this chapter. How many years does this chapter number? 

CHAPTER XIV. 

1. Who next reigned, and how long each, over the two kingdoms? 2. State 
the reigns distinctly mentioned in this section. 3. When did Jeroboam II begin 
and end his reign? 4. Show how eleven years' minority of Uzziah preceded his 
reign. 5. Show what years of anarchy, in the house of Israel, preceded the 



QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTERS. 399 

reign of Menahem. 6. State the beginning and ending of the reigns of this 
section. 7. In what year of the world did Ahaz begin to reign? 8. How do 
you prove there was an interregnum of ten years in the house of Israel after the 
death of Pekah? 9. Point out the time of the captivity of the ten tribes. 10. 
On what day of the week did Nabopollassar's last year begin? Explain the 
time of the beginning of the captivity mentioned by Daniel and Jeremiah. 11. 
Prove that the temple was burnt on Tuesday. How do you prove that Solomon 
laid the foundation of that house on Tuesday? Explain the difference in reck- 
oning the years of Nebuchadnezzar by the Jews and the canon of Ptolemy. 
Show what day is required for the burning of the temple according to different 
calendars. 12. Explain the two dates of Ezekiel's first prophecy. What is 
further proved by the latter date, or fifth year of Jehoiakin's captivity? 

CHAPTER XV. 

1. Show with what year of Cyrus the last year of the captivity coincided. 
Show how the canon of Ptolemy and the chronology of the Bible are united at 
the captivity. Show when Jehoiakin was taken out of prison. Tell when and 
by whom the kingdom of Babylon came under the dominion of the Medes and 
Persians. 2. How do you prove on what day of the week they laid the founda- 
tion of the second temple? How long was that from the burning of the tem- 
ple? "When and under whose reign was that house finished? Explain what is 
said concerning the beginning of the prophecies of Haggai and Zechariah? 

CHAPTER XVI. 

1. Give an account of Xerxes, the successor of Darius Hystaspes. 2. How 
do you get the time of the accession of Artaxerxes Longimanus to the throne? 
(See chapter iv, 3.) 3. "When did this king issue a commandment in favor of 
the Jews? "What prophecy was fulfilled by this order? "When was the time 
of the prophecy finished? 4. On what day of the week did Ezra start with his 
company to go to Jerusalem? How do you fix the time of the " going forth of 
the commandment?" How do you fix the time of the manifestation of Messiah? 
How the time of his being " cut off?" "When was the crucifixion? "When did 
the seventy weeks end? 

CHAPTER XVII. 

1. How do you ascertain the present year of the world? 2. How do you 
ascertain on what day of the week the Lord spoke what is recorded in Genesis 
vi, 3? 4. How do you find out the day of the week on which the promise was 
made to Abraham? 5. How long has it been since the Lord spoke to Hagar? — 
Genesis xvi, 3, 10, 12. 6. "When did the 400 years begin mentioned in Genesis 
xv, 13, 14? How do you ascertain that Ishmael was nineteen years old when 
Isaac was weaned? 7. How and when was the prediction fulfilled mentioned 
in Genesis xxv, 23? 8. How do you prove the time from the utterance to the 
fulfillment of Jacob's words in Genesis xlviii, 21, 22? 9. How long since Jacob 
spoke the words in Genesis xliv, 10? How long and how have they been in a 
course of fulfillment? 10. How long after the death of Joseph before his words 
were fulfilled, spoken in Genesis 1, 24, 25? 11. "When were the words of Moses, 
B. 0. 1647, and of Balaam, B. C. 1641, concerning Amalek, fulfilled? 12. How 

26 



I 
400 BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

long have the promises and threatenings in Leviticus xxvi been fulfilling? 13 
How long since the Lord promised to raise up a prophet from the midst of the 
Jews like unto Moses, who was to speak the commands of God unto them, etc.? 
How has this been fulfilled? 14. How have the words of Balaam — Num. xxiii, 
9 — been fulfilled? 16. How and when was the prediction of Joshua vi, 26, ful- 
filled? 17. How have the words of the Lord unto David — 2 Sam. vii, 11-16 — 
been fulfilled? What is the present prospect of a continuance of his kingdom 
forever? 19. Give the outline of the prophecy and its fulfillment, found in 
Hosea iv, 4, 5. 20. Mention the prophecy in the ninth chapter of Amos, and 
quoted in Acts xv, 16, 17, and how long it has been fulfilling. 21. What was 
the prophecy in Isaiah ii, 2-4? and what has been its fulfillment to this day? 
23. What are the principal facts stated in this section? 24, Give the prophecy 
and views on its fulfillment. 



INDEX TO THE SUBJECTS 



THE FIGURES CITE TO THE PAGES. 



A. 

Page. 

Aaron died, when-. 223 

Abijam 241 

Abraham, when born 13 

Abib 15th, Sabbath day 99 

Achenkeres adopted Moses 75 

Actium, battle of 55 

Ahab 243 

Alexandrian copy of Sep 98 

Ahaz 245 

Alexander's reign 61 

Ahaziah 243 

Alush 212 

Amalech 212 

Amaziah 244 

Amenophis perished in Red Sea. . 68 

Amon 246 

Avaris and Aven 67 

America settled before the " earth 

was divided " 87 

Amraphel 89 

Antiochus Epiphanes 171 

Anatolius 178 

Antipater put to death 169 

Arbela, battle of 61 

Aristobulus 178 

Asa 242 

Ashur, after dispersion 83 

Artaxerxes Longimanus. . . 53, 253, 257 

Athaliah 244 

Asiatic-Macedonian year 134 

Author's birthday 46 

B. 

Birthday of Moses 61 

Baithuseans, or Sadducees, on the 

Passover 161 

Beginning day of each Rab. cycle 

in J ulian time 151 

Beruth 95 

Baasha 242 

Babylon taken ; 252 

Balaam's prophecy 269 



C. 

Page. 

Caleb 221, 227, 228 

Calendar of Egyptian sacred years 55 

Calendar of Jewish Rabbin, years. 106 

110, 132, 138 

Canaanites subdued 228 

Canon of Ptolemy corrected 52 

Censorinus, when wrote 44 

Cestius 164 

Callirrhoe, baths at 169 

Chronology, what is 11, 12 

Champollion 69 

Chodesh 27, 29, 177 

Chirst our Passover 179-181 

Chapter 1 11 

II 20 

III 41 

IV 51 

V 59 

VI 81 

VII 98 

VIII 122 

IX 136 

X 197 

XI 211 

XII 227 

XIII 241 

XIV 244 

XV 250 

XVI 257 

XVII 262 

Captivity of house of Judah 247 

Clarke, Dr. A., in error 25, 26 

" " conflicts with Hebrew 

numbers 93 

Chederlaomer 89 

Chinese history begins 88 

Clarke's perpetual Table 136 

Clarke's year of crucifixion illus.. 148 

Council of Nice, cycle of 154 

Clemens Alexandrinus 71 

Ctesias 53, 89 

Cycle short of Egyptian years. ... 55 



402 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Page. 
Cycle, synchron. years of world. 30-40 

Cycle, Julian 45, 46 

Correspondencies, Manetho 63-69 

Cynic cycle 71 

Cambyses 253 

Crucifixion 260 

Cyrus 252 

D. 

Daniel's 2300 days, or years 278 

Darius Hystaspes 176, 253 

Darius, the Mede 252 

Darius Nothus 261 

Days in Rabbinical cycle 150 

Days of Egyptian ana Julian years 

synchronized 78 

Days of Egyptian and Julian years 
syn. with years of the world. . 78, 79 

and these with Rab. years 79 

Days in a Scripture year 23-26 

Dedication feast day a Sabbath. . . 177 

Delay of this work 261 

Demetrius, testimony of 16 

Dispersion from Babel 81-86, 89 

Dispersion, num. of people at. . 89, 92 

Dionysian period 151 

Dophka 212 

Darius III, Codomanus's reign ... 61 
Dominical Letters 43, 44 

E. 

Earth settled by nations after the 

dispersion 91 

Egyptian years of exodus.. . 59, 69, 76 

Eighteenth dynasty began 74 

Elah 242 

Elam settled Persia 88 

Elim 212 

Eliun was Sidon 95 

Equinox 167 

Epuct explained 154 

Era of Nabonassar 51, 52 

Esther 259 

Etham 211 

Eupolemus's years of the world. . 16 

Evil Merodach 252 

Ezekiel 249 

Exodus, years synchronized 89 

F. 

Fast for the broken tables of law.. 217 
Fast for the exclusion and death of 
those who believed the evil re- 
port 221,223 

Feast of the Pentecost 100, 102 

Feast of tabernacles began on Sab- 
bath 162-165 

Flood, year of, begins 12, 16, 18 

Forty days and nights, the first. . . 215 
Forty days and nights, the second. 218 



Page. 
Foundation of temple, when laid. . 227 

G. 

Gabao, battle at, on Sabbath 164 

Gilgal, passover in 102 

Golden calf 218 

Grecian reign ceased in Egypt. ... 55 

Gregory reforms the calendar 45 

H. 

Haggai 253, 256 

Hale's, Dr., error about Shamgar. . 229 

Hebrew text 13, 15 

Hebrew numbers too short for his- 
tory 16, 17,90,91 

Heliopolis same as On 67 

Herod, time of his death 168 

Hercules' temple built 93 

Hercules' genealogy given 93, 95 

Hermes 96 

Herodotus 71 

Herodotus visits Tyre 93, 257 

Hezekiah 245 

Hipparchus 80 

Horeb, from, to Kadesh-barnea. . . . 221 
Horus, the king, "knew not Jo- 
seph " 75 

Hoshea 246 

Hoshea's prophecy 271 

Hycsos, shepherd kings 59 

I. 

Ilus 95 

Index to Lunar cycle, Rabbin 139 

Isaiah's prophecy 274 

Isaac died 74 

Israelites in Egypt 215 years. . . 18, 19 
Israel, ten tribes of, carried away. 246 

J. 

Jacob moves into Egypt 74 

Jacob's descendants numbered.. . . 90 

Jackson on intercalating solar y'rs. 21 

Jackson, quotation from 54 

Jackson's year of the exodus 80 

Jackson's day for exodus shown to 

be wrong 80 

Jackson in conflict with history . . 93 

Jareach 27, 178 

Jarvis, Dr., erred on Golden No. 1 . 156 

Jehoahaz, of Judah 246 

Jehoahaz 244 

Jehoash, king of Israel 244 

Jehoram, king of Israel 243 

Jehoram, son of Jehoshaphat 243 

Jehoiakim 246, 247 

Jehoiakin 247 

Jehu 244 

Jehovah-Nisi 212 

Jehoshaphat 243 



INDEX TO THE SUBJECTS. 



403 



Page. 

Jeroboam I begins 241 

Jeroboam II begins 244 

Jeremiah's prophecy and the cap- 
tivity 276 

Jethro 212 

Jeshua consecrated by Zerubbabel. 175 
Jewish and Julian years, 39, syn- 
chronized, including the life of 

Christ 182-194 

Jewish cycle of 247 years 140 

Jewish corrupt Hebrew text. . . . 17, 78 

Joseph sold into Egypt 74 

Joseph died 74 

Josephus proves only twelve rao's. 

in a year 22 

Josephus on feast of unleavened 

bread 101 

Josephus mistook Hycsos for Isra- 
elites 60 

Josephus on show-bread 172 

Joash or Jehoash 244 

Jotham 245 

Josiah 246 

K. 

Kaiomars, first reported ruler of 

Persia after Elam 88 

Kennicott 90 

Kings anointed on the Sabbath. . . 224 
Kohathites order show-bread every 
Sabbath 172 

L. 

Lactantius 260 

Lightfoot, Dr., followed Rabbins. . 161 

Lunar government 105, 106 

Lunar cycle of 247 years 136 

Lunar cycle of 19 years, how long. 151 
Lunar Metonic explained and 

stated 152, 153 

Lunar cycle of Council of Nice, 

rule for using 15G 

M. 

Macedonian-Syro months 1 34 

Manasseh 246 

Mardoc-Ernpadus 246 

Maimonides 167 

Menes began to reign 69, 73 

Menephtha succeeds Rameses I. . . 67 

Menahem 245 

Men, month 27, 177 

Mercury — , . . . . 96 

Mizraim settles Egypt 70, 73, 85 

Messiah the Prince 258 

Minority of Uzziah 244 

Miriam died 223 

Mishna 178 

Moab, plains of 62 

Moou, new, dogma of 166 



Page. 
Months in a year, number of. . . 22, 167 

Months, length of 23-26 

Mosaic calendar, uses of 211 

Moses born and died 13th of Feb- 
ruary 61, 62, 75 

Moses began to repeat the law .... 223 

N. 

Nabonassar, era of 51 

Nadab begins to reign 242 

Nubopollassar 247 

Nabonadius, or Belshazzar 252 

Names of countries given to the 

first settlers 81,82 

Nebuchadnezzar 247 

Neriglissar 252 

Nice, Council of, when sat 156 

Nicolaus of Damascus quoted 161 

Nirnrod's reign 88 

and General Table, A. M. 2789. 
Nimrod opposes the dispersion... hi 

Ninus king of Assyria 89 

Noah's Flood began in the fall. . 53, 54 

Noah lived after the Flood 97 

Noumenia 27-29, 177 

Number of people at the birth of 

Peleg, according to the copies of 

the Hebrew and Septuagint. . 90-92 

O. 

Omri 242 

Orosius 260 

Orsarsiph, Egyptian name of Mo- 
ses ^ 63 

P. 

Pathros, or Thoth 97 

Passover 99, 100, 102 

Passover came in March always . . 157 
Passover, law of, settles chronolog- 
ical questions for passion- week . 159 

Paul's 450 years begin 228 

Pekahiah 245 

Pekah 245, 246 

Peleg's name not caused by disper- 
sion 82-84, 90 

but by a physical division of the 

earth 86, 87 

Pentecost 100-1 02, 224 

Persia conquered by Ninus 88 

Persia next governed by his son, 
Ninyas, the Chederlaomer of 

Scripture 89 

Phauostratus 51 

Pharaoh-Necho 246 

Philo 96 

Pihahiroth 211 

Pontius Pilate 260 

Prideaux, Dr 254 

Prideaux's ancient solar year . 20 



404 



B IB LI A 1- ll R ON L G V 



5 don o( equinox, not reliable. SO 
Princes of the tribes dedicated bo 

the altar 220 

Prophecies and their fulfillment . . . 262 

Ptolemy Philometer ITS 

Ptolemy, canon o{, reversed. ... 76, 77 
Ful. father of Nabonassar and Tig- 

Lathpileser 5] 

Purification of altar 171 

K. 

Rabbinical and Julian years. 39, 

synchronised ISO, 194 

Rabbi Judah Bakkodesh ITS 

Ratified covenant at Sinai Oil 

Rehoboam begins Oil 

Resurrection. 105, 131 

Rephidim 319 

Rucker, Kev. J .. bom 16 

Roman solar years intercalated ... 01 



Sabbath. Jewish, when given. ... 161 

Sabbath. Jewish 98, L03, 1 14, 117 

Sabbath, Christian 1 10 

Sabbath following crucifixion .... 104 
Sabbath, burnt-offerings and drink- 
offerings for, doubled 175. 17ti 

Sanconiatho's history 93 

Samaritan text 15 

Savior's birth 260 

Selucidte 201 

Selucidaa, era of, B. 312 

Septuagint copy of Scripture. . . . 15-18 
Sesostris. a mythic personage 68 

Seventy years captivity. . 250,251,252 

Severn's." 000 

Scaliger on the ancient year 20, . . 53 

Shallum 245 

Shalmanezer 246 

Shamgar, no year assigned 009 

Shem and his brethren's numbers 

at the birth o( Peleg 92 

Shepherd kings ' 59, 74 

Shittim, from, to Jordan 224 

Shuckfbrd on Hebrew months.. 07. 100 

OU length of years 70 

Sirius 53 

Sixteenth dynasty began 73 

Smerdis 053 

Shushan 255 

Smithy difficulty of his scheme.. . 83 
Solomon, from death o(, to death of 

Jehoram and Ahaziah Oil 

Sparthaeus 89 

Spies sent and returned 003 

St. Augustine 260 

Succoth Oil 

Sulpiciua 260 

Sunday the original Sabbath. 31-33, 98 



Vu.v 

69, 71 
. . L34 



136 

10 
13 



Syncellus 

Syro- Macedonian months 

T, 
Table, perpetual 

Table o( years to Flood 

Table of years to Abraham 

Table o\ i'ouneeen kinds of Jewish 

years 

Tables o( stone 

Tabernacle being built 

Tabernacle o( David 

Tabernacle set up 

Tabernacle removed from Qilgal to 

Shilo ; 

Targumist quoted 

Talmuds 

Ten commandments given 

Tertullian 

Temple burnt by Ohaldeatoa 

Thucydides mentions an eclipse. . 

Thoth, son of Misor 

Tibni 

Tiberius OflBSar 

Tyre built, time o( 

U. 

Unleavened bread 

Uranus, grandfather of Hercules. 0.1 

Uranus bom after dispersion 

Usher's chronology 

Usher on years and months. ... 00 

Usher in error on dedication 

Uzziah 

V. 



Yictorius 060 

W. 

Watson, R., on solar years 00 

Wave-sheaf 100, 101 

X. 

Xerxes 057 



Year of the world, when began. 09, 11 

53, 54 
Year of the world before Christ.. -11 

Year of the Julian period 41,49 

Year o[' our Lord 42, L3 

Year of the world from (he build- 
ing o( Rome 45 

Fears, Olympic It 

Years, summary o\\ to exodus. ... 18 

Years, length o\\ number of months 

in each: 20-30, 53 

Fear, fixed, of Egyptians same as 

that of all at dispersion 54 

Year, sacred, of Egypt'nS began. 55, 70 



i 15 
01 S 
219 
073 
219 



63 

17S 

213 

260 

17 

14 
96 

010 

000 

93 



LOO 

1,94 

94 

197 
. 53 
173 
245 



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Zecbariah, king « Israel 245 

Zedekiah 

Z-;/ .'/,iv ; . :■:'..:■.-: ■:.'■: h.:- . 75 

/! ' ^ 



INDEX TO THE GENERAL TABLE. 



THE FIGURES EEFEfi TO THE TEARS BEFORE CHRIST, 



A. 

E. C. 

Aaron born 1730 

Aaron died 1 607 

Abaris 810 

AbdoQ 1330 

Abraham born 2152 

Abraham died 1 077 

Abimelech 1319 

Abijarn 973 

Adam 5546—4616 

Ahab 932 

Ahaz 741 

Ahaziah, (house of Judah,) 896 

Ahaziah, (house of Israel,) 012 

Alexander 332 

Alexander, son of 317 

Alexander Balas 150 

Alexander Jannaeus 105 

Alexandra 78 

Arnaziah 840 

Arnasis 560 

Arnenophis 1861 

Arnenophis 1774 

Arnenophis 1578 

Altadus, or Sethos 1808 

Arnon 641 

Achenkeres 1708 

Achoris 303 

Amesses, or Amosis 2207 

Arnrarn 1833—1686 

Amyntes 1588 

Amyortheu3 405 

Amythus 1776 

Anapherites 370 

Antigonus Gonarius 276 

Antigonus, another 40 

Antiochus Soter 280 

Anarchy 1581 

Antiochus Theos 261 

Antiochus Epiphanes 176 

Antiochus Eupator 164 

Antiochus Gnpus 123 

Antiochus Cyzicenus 123 

Antiochus Sidetes 140 

Anebis , 2260 

A.pachnas 2094 



B. C. 

Apophis 2058 

Aralius 2003 

Anus 2033 

Arbelus 2177 

Aristobulus 69 

Aristobulus, another 106 

Archel ans 3 

Arrnais 1 663 

Arkianus 700 

Arrnosses Miarnmun 1581 

Arrnanithres J 033 

A rmesses 1841 

Arornjs, or Arsos W.',H 

Arphaxad 3283 

Artaxerxes Longimanus 466 

Artaxerx''-. Mnemon 405 

Ascatedes J 626 

Asseth J048 

Ashur born J ] 8 

Astyages 600 

Augustus Caesar 32 

Axerdis 646 

B. 

Babylon, first dynasty 2757 

" second dynasty begins. 2567 

" third dynasty begins. . 2.i52 

" fourth dynasty begins. 2135 

Baasha 067 

Babius 2207 

Baleus J 860 

Baltetares 1518 

Battle of Actiurn 32 

Betas 2352 

Benjamin born 1804 

BelochusI 1806 

BeloehnsII 1543 

Belitras 702 

Birth of Christ 7 

Been, (Egypt,) 2 J 38 

Bochoris 772 

C. 

Cainan, son of Enos, born 4021 

Cainan died 4011 

Cainan, son of Arphaxad 3147 



408 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 



Cycle of Egyptian years begins. . 

China, years of, begin 

Chomasbolus 

Chaealus, son of Anebis 

Chebron, (Egypt,) 

Ching-tang 

Ching-wang 

Chong-ting 

Chao-wang 

Cheu 

Chuang-wang 

Chinzirus 

Chyniladanus 

Cyaxeres I 

Cycle, (Egyptian,) first, ends 

Call of Abraham 

Caleb born 

Captivity 

Captivity from burning to build- 
ing again of the temple 

I>. 
Dan born 

Darius, the Mede 

Daniel's dream 

Daniel's visions 

David born 

" anointed by Samuel 

" at Nob 

" made king 

Darius Hystaspes 

Darius Nothus 

Darius Longimanus, decree of. . . 

Darius Codomanus 

Daniel's third kingdom begins . . . 

Deborah and Barak 

Dejoces 

Demetrius 

Demetrius, son of Demetrius. . . . 

Demetrius Nicator 

Demetrius Soter 

Demetrius Poliorcetes 

Dercylus 

Dionysius 

Dynasty, 27th, of Egypt begins. . 
28th " 
29th « « .... 

" 30th " " 

31st " " 

E. 

Egyptian, 21st dynasty 

22d « 

23d « 

24th 

" 19th " ends 

Egyptian, 20th dynasty begins. . 

Egyptian 2d large cycle begins. . 

Egyptian years, 2, begin on the 

same Julian year, namely, 4193 



B. C. 

3006 

2953 

2751 

2222 

1874 

1766 

1114 

1562 

1051 

1154 

714 

731 

647 

640 

1547 

2077 

1687 

605 

587 



1923 

538 

555 

552 

1100 

1075 

1074 

1069 

522 

424 

460 

336 

331 

1405 

715 

243 

140 

145 

162 

297 

1097 

81 

525 

405 

399 

378 

340 



1135 

995 

861 

772 

1363 

1362 

1546 



Ehud begins to reign. 

Eber , 

Eli 

Elon 

Elah 

Eleazer 

Eliashib 

Enos born 

Enos died 

Era of Nabonassar 

Esar Haddan, of Babylon. 
Esar Haddan, of Nineveh. 
Euphsemes, or Eupalas . . . 

Evil Merodach 

Exodus 



F. 



Flood 

Fohee 

First division of lands. 
Fuseus 



G. 

Gemsheed, (Persia,). 

Gad born 

Gideon 



521 | 



Hoang-tee , 

Hushang 

Han-tsoo , 

Hau dynasty begins. . 

Hiao-wang , 

Horus, or Hor , 

Hotan-kia , 

Hoshea , 

Herod , 

Hezekiah , 

Huan-wang 

Hyrcanus, high-priest. 

Hyrcanus again 

Hycsos's rule ends 

I. 



Ibzan 

Interregnum 1st, house of Israel. 
2d, " « . 

« at Babylon 

'« 2d, at Babylon 

Isaac born 

Isaac died 

Ishmael born 

Ishmael died 

Issachar born 

Israelites serve Mesopotamians . . 

" " Moabites 

" " Canaanites 

" " Midianites 

« " Amorites 

« " Philistines 



B. C. 
1506 

2887 

1182 

1240 

944 

291 

453 

5111 

4206 

747 

680 

675 

1057 

561 

1647 



3284 

2953 

1602 

233 



2142 
1920 
1359 



2698 

2222 

2119 

202 

927 

1744 

1534 

728 

37 

725 

737 

78 

63 

1900 



1247 

792 

738 

704 

688 

2052 

1872 

2066 

1929 

1913 

1572 

1524 

1426 

1366 

1271 

1222 






INDEX TO THE GENERAL TABLE. 



409 



B. C. 
Israelites serve Philistines again. 1142 

J. 

Jacob born 1993 

" goes to Haran 1935 

" marries 1928 

" leaves Haran 1895 

" goes to Egypt 1862 

" dies 1845 

Jair 1293 

Janias 1997 

Jarad 4586 

Jaddua 341 

Jason 175 

Jephtha 1253 

Jehoshaphat 929 

Jehoash, or Joash 889 

Jehoash, (house of Israel,) 850 

Jehoahaz 867 

Jehoiakim 607 

Jehoiakin 597 

Jehoahaz 607 

Jeroboam 990 

Jeroboam II 834 

Jehoram 904 

Jeshua 536 

Joakim 483 

John Hyrcanus 135 

Jonathan 160 

Johanan 373 

Joseph born 1901 

Joseph sold into Egypt 1884 

Joseph, from death of 1790 

Joshua born 1692 

Joshua reigned 1606 

Joshua died 1582 

Josiah 639 

Josadack died 536 

Jotham 752 

Judah born 1924 

Judas Maccabeus 166 

Julian period begins 4713 

Jugaeus 726 

K. 

Kaiomars 2292 

Kang-wang 1077 

Keng-ting 1219 

Kie, or Kooei 1818 

Kien-wang 603 

King-wang 636 

King-wang 562 

Kohath born 1892 

Kohath died 1759 

Kong-kia 1879 

Kong-wang 964 

L. 

Lamech 4072 

Lampraes 1438 



B. C. 

Lamprides 1488 

Lausthenes 1019 

Levi born. 1925 

Levi died 1788 

Lin-sin 1225 

Liberty under the Romans ' 168 

Li-wang 896 

Li-wang, another, 699 

Ling-wang 589 

M. 

Mahalaleel 4751 

Manasseh 696 

Mane Ash 1746 

Mardocentes 2567 

Marducus 2522 

Manasseh 276 

Manetho's 511 years begin 2157 

Mamylus 1696 

Mardoc-Empadus 721 

Menes 2790 

Menahem 770 

Menalaus . 172 

Medopersian empire begins 539 

the second kingdom of Daniel. 

Merodach-Baladan 701 

Menephtha 1687 

Mephres 1820 

Mephrathutmosis 1808 

Merri 1558 

Mesessimmordicus 693 

Methusalah 4259 

Minority of Uzziah 820 

Mithracus, Memnon 1346 

Moses born 1727 

" goestoMidian 1687 

" died 1607 

Misraim's years begin 3006 

Mo-wang 1019 

N. 

Nabius 1 2680 

Nabius II 2454 

Nabonadius 2377 

Nabonassar 747 

Nabonadius, or Belshazzar 555 

Nabopollassarus 625 

Nadab 969 

Nadius 733 

Nahor born 2361 

Nan-keng 1433 

Nephtali born 1921 

Nebuchadnezzar 604 

Necho 609 

Nechas 1 671 

Nectanebo 1 378 

Nectanebo II 358 

Nerepsus, or Necepsus 677 

Nepherites 399 

Neriglissar 559 



410 



BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



B. C. 

Nichubes 2716 

Nineveh taken 606 

Ninus 2165 

Ninus conquered Babylonians. . . 2135 

Ninyas, or Chederlaomer 2071 

Nimrod begins to reign 2757 

Noah 3884 

0. 

Ochus 359 

Ochus reigns over Egypt 340 

Ocrazeres 871 

Old Testament vision ends 411 

Olympic years 776 

Omniballus 2639 

Omri 943 

Onias I 321 

Onias II 250 

Ophrataeus 943 

Osorcho 821 

Osroth and Osorthon 974 

Othniel, judge 1564 

P. 

Panyas 1408 

Parannus 2417 

Parus 2744 

Pekah 758 

Pekahia 760 

Peleg born . 2753 

Peloponnesian war begins 431 

Perseus 179 

Petubastes ^ . 861 

Ping-wang 788 

Pontius Pilate 24 

Puan-keng , 1401 

Pul 777 

Philip 221 

Philip Aridaeus 324 

Priam 1312 

Psammus 813 

Psammetichus 663 

Psammuthis 380 

Pseudo-Philip 149 

Ptolemy Energetes 1 247 

Ptolemy Energetes II 146 

Ptolemy Philopater 222 

Ptolemy Philometer 181 

Ptolemy Soter 117 

Ptolemy Lagus-Soter 305 

Ptolemy Epiphenes 205 

Ptolemy Philadelphus 285 

Pyrtiades 974 

Q. 
Quang-wang 630 

R. 

Rabbinical era began 3761 

Rehoboam 990 



} B. 0. 

| Rameses III 1649 

| Rathotis, Rameses 1 1696 

! Reu born 2623 

1 Reuben born 1927 

Reform of Church finished 411 

Reformed calendar of Caesar. ... 45 

Rigebelus 693 

Rome, A. U. C 753 

S. 

Samuel born 1164 

Samuel's call to be a prophet. ... 1152 

Samuel delivers Israel 1122 

Samuel died 1072 

Samaria taken 719 

Sammughes 667 

Sammuthis 603 

Salatis 2157 

Salah 3017 

Sarah born 2142 

Sarah died 2015 

Saracus, called also Sardanapa- 

lus 625 

Sardanapalus, or Tonas Concolo- 

rus 829 

Sasosducheus 667 

Saul 1110 

Sennacherib 713 

Sevechus, Sethon 716 

Seleucus Nicator 312 

Seleucus Callinicus 246 

Seleucus Cerannus 226 

Seleucus Philopater 187 

Seleucus Philip 96 

Seleucidae 312 

I Semiramis 2113 

Sesostris, or Amenophis 1648 

Serug born 2491 

Sethborn 5316 

Sethdied.. 4404 

Sethos Egyptus 1556 

Seventy weeks begin 460 

Seven weeks of seventy ended .. . 411 
Seventy years from burning of 

the temple ended 518 

Shallum 770 

Shao-hao 2598 

Shem 3382 

Shishack 995 

Shing-wang 669 

Shoa-kang 2097 

Shun 2255 

Siao-sin 1373 

Siao-ye 1352 

Sias-kia 1666 

Siemek 2292 

Simeon born 1 926 

Simon 1 143 

Simon II 217 

Simon the just 300 



INDEX TO THE GENERAL TABLE 



411 



B. C. 

Sisimardacus 2482 

Sixtv-ninth week of Daniel ends 

30th December, A. J. P. 4737, 

A. D. 24. 

Smerdis 523 

So 728 

Sodom destroyed 2053 

Sosares, or Posares 1458 

Solomon 1030 

Sosarmas Teos, or God 1368 

Sparthaeus 1666 

Sphserus 1718 

Stephinetes 684 

Suen-wang 845 

T. 

Tai-ting 1194 

Tai-kia 1753 

Tai-keng 1691 

Tair-vou 1637 

Tahmurs 2172 

Tarakus, or Tarhaka 704 

Tay-kang 2188 

Tay-siang 2146 

Tchuen-hio 2514 

Tchang-chang 2159 

Tee-kee 2197 

Tee-shoo 2057 

Tee-hoaee 2040 

Tee-mang 2014 

Tee-sie 1996 

Tee-kiong 1921 

Tee-kin 1900 

Tee-koo 1848 

Tee-fa 1837 

Tentaeus 1287 

Temple began 1027 

Temple burned 587 

Tentamus 1319 

Terah bom 2282 

Tethmosis 1899 

Tiberius Caesar, A. D. 10, began. 

Tiglathpileser 747 

Tigranes 83 

Ti-ko 2436 

Ti-tchee 2366 

Ting-wang 624 

Timaus Concharis 2163 

Tiuzirus 2606 

Thirmaeus 1127 



Theos 

Tmosis 

Troy 

Tyncelle 

Tola 

Two Egyptian years occur 
Tsi dynasty 

U. 

Usherian years began. . . . 

Usher's Flood 

Uzziah 



B. C. 

360 
1783 
1190 
1243 
1316 
1981 

249 



4004 

2343 

809 



V. 

Vaigin 1549 

Valerius G-ratus begins, A. D. 13. 

Vokia 1490 

Von-ye 1198 

Vo-ting 1720 

Vu-ting 1324 

Vulgar era, A. D. 1. 

W. 

Wu-wang 1121 



Xerxes, or Balaeus 

Xerxes, (Medopersian,) . 

Y. 

Yao , 

Yang-ki , 

Yang-kia 

Ye-wang 

Yeou-wang 

Y-wang 



Zechariah 

Zedekiah 

Zet 

Zebulon born 

Zi-ye 

Zu-kia 

Zu-keng 

Zo-hauk, or Ninus. 

Zu-ye , 

Zu-zin, , 

Zu-ting 



1963 

487 



2357 

1649 

1408 

952 

799 

912 



771 

597 
803 
1911 
1191 
1258 
1265 
2112 
1525 
1506 
1465 



THE END 



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